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does not become non-Christian. It certainly does But this is, of course, not the way to state the question. The true statement is this. A religious sect, calling itself Freemasons, admits to its rights and privileges Jews, openly professing Judaism. But before these college can meet religionis causâ, common ground must have been made and established whereon they may all stand to perform their sacra. To enable baptized Christians and professing Jews to meet together in a religious concord something must be given up or ignored by one or other of the two religionists. But only that party can give up anything which possesses something more than the other-in this ease what constitutes the delimitation between the two religions. Ergo the Christian gives up or ignores for the time that something which is, plus Judaism, his Christianity. H. C. C.

CHARLES STUART (5th S. vii. 189, 417, 458.)As stated by me, the Biograph. Dramat. of 1812 assigns nine dramatic pieces to this author, viz.:1. The Cobler of Castlebury. 1779. 2. Damnation. 1781.

3. Ripe Fruit. 1781.

4. Gretna Green.

5. Box Lobby Loungers. 1787.

6. Distressed Baronet. 1787.

7. The Stone Eater.

8. The Irishman in Spain. 1791.

9. The Experiment. 1797 (attributed).

Nos. 1, 6, and 8 I have; 2, 3, 5, and 9 acted, but apparently not printed; of 4, the songs only printed. As to the author, my authority merely states that Stuart was a Scot, and concerned with his brother (Daniel Stuart, of the Courier) in several newspapers, and "died a few years ago." J. O.

OLD IRISH COINS (5th S. vii. 288, 397.)—DR. ADAMS will allow me to state, in answer to his reply to my query, that, contrary to what DR. ADAMS supposes, not only were coins issued in Ireland before the assaults and partial invasion of the Danes after A. D. 853, but it is even recorded by all Irish historians that a regular mint was erected at Armagh and Cashel, and money coined for the service of the state, in the time of St. Patrick and the reign of Laogare O'Neill, about A.D. 427. Therefore the coins struck by the Irish princes preceded by many centuries those of the Danes, and could not be an imitation of them. The Danes only succeeded in ruling over a part of the province of Leinster, and the other kingdoms maintained their independence. Are these genuine Irish coins difficult to be obtained, or a description of them?

O'NEILL.

BEATING THE BOUNDS (5th S. vii. 365.)-Evidence of the "whacking process" is to be found in Brand's Popular Antiquities (vol. i. p. 206, &c., Bohn's edition); thence I cull the following extract

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from the churchwardens' books of Chelsea, quoted at second-hand from Lysons's London, ii. 126 :— "1679. Spent at the Perambulation Dinner Given to the boys that were whipt Paid for poynts for the boys The second of these entries alludes to another expedient for impressing the recollection of particular boundaries on the minds of some of the young people. Bumping persons to make them remember the parish boundaries has been kept up even to this time. A trial on the occasion where an angler was bumped by the parishioners of Walthamstow parish is reported in the Observer newspaper of January 10, 1830. He was found angling in the Lea, and it was supposed that bumping a stranger might probably produce an independent witness of a parish boundary. He obtained 50l. damages." Reference is next made by the editor of Brand to an article by Mr. Barnes in Hone's Year Book. Turning to this (p. 590) we find that the procession along the boundaries of a parish or manor is, or was, in Devonshire,

"a proceeding commonly regulated by the steward, who takes with him a few men and several boys, who are required to particularly observe the boundary lines traced out, and thereby qualify themselves for witnesses in the event of any dispute about the landmarks or extent of the manor at a future day. In order that they may not forget the lines and marks of separation, they take pains' at almost every turning. For instance, if the boundary be a stream, one of the boys is tossed into it; if a broad ditch, the boys are offered money to jump over it, in which they of course fail, and pitch into the mud, where they stick as firmly as if they had been rooted there for the season; if a hedge, a sapling is cut out of it, and used in afflicting that part of their bodies upon which they rest in the posture between standing and lying; if a wall, they have a race on the top of it, when, side.......; if the boundary be a sunny bank, they sit down in trying to pass each other, they fall over on each upon it, and get a treat of beer and bread and cheese, and perhaps a glass of spirits. When these boys grow up to be men, if it happens that one of them should be asked if a particular stream were the boundary of the manor he had perambulated, he would be sure to say, in the manner of Sancho Pança, 'Ees, that 'tis, I'm sure paddled about there like a water-rat, till I wor hafe o't, by the same token that I were tossed into 't, and dead." If he should be asked whether the aforesaid pleasant bank were a boundary, 'O ees it be,' he would say; that's where we squat down and tucked in a skinperambulated after that, he would most likely declare: vull of vittles and drink.' With regard to any boundary I won't be sartin; I got zo muddled up top o' the banks, that don' know where we ambulated arter that.""

ST. SWITHIN.

The

Until a comparatively recent period, boys who followed (they were not taken or driven, as in Russia) the beaters of the boundaries in Nottingham-a beadle-like host-were bumped against the marks," whether of wood or stone. ceremony itself is still observed, but not annually, and there is no bumping. Those who are required to "assist" (mainly members of the Town Council) are formally summoned by the clerk to the lord (or lords) of the manor-the Corporation-and "sworn in." The expedition-provided with hoes,

spuds, spikes, and heavier implements-then starts. It takes the course of the well-known and welldefined line; and if, since the last perambulation, any encroachments have been made or obstacles put up, these are ruthlessly demolished, whatever they may consist of. The leader of the party is well versed in the route, whilst the "colts," who are on such a mission for the first time, are required to make notes of the limits. The journey involves breaking through fences, jumping ditches, and, in fact, overcoming by hook and by crook and by scramble any kind of impediments and Sancho Panza hardships. At fixed stations refreshments are served, the principal of which is a sumptuous luncheon at about noon, and the last an ample tea at a friendly farmhouse. After that the beaters, who are then very near the town, and very tired, for it is a long enceinture, get home as they may choose-very often stopping once more at some well-known hotel. The ex-sheriff (not the sheriff) pays for the luncheon, and at a convenient time after the perambulation he is entertained at dinner by the beaters. In one case a house has to be gone through, and the doors are kept open for the J. W. JEVONS.

purpose.

The custom of "beating in the bounds" was, I believe, very common in Norfolk up till the beginning of the present century. I personally knew the clerk of a parish a few miles from Norwich, who remembered, as a boy, being taken, with others of his age, round the parish to be shown its bounds. Among other means resorted to in order that the bounds might form more than a mere passing impression in their memories, several of the boys' heads were forcibly knocked against any tree or post that happened to be handy. This style of beating in the bounds was, I should say, rather successful-the old clerk seldom passed that boundary of the parish where he had received his "beating " without being reminded both of the boundary and a bruised head.

G. H. B.

OVAL FRAMES (5th S. vii. 368.)—The passage referred to by COLONEL FERGUSSON occurs in the first chapter of Paley's Natural Theology (Works, vol. iii. p. 4, ed. 1825). It will be seen from the passage that the manufacture of oval frames was not an unknown art in the days of Archdeacon Paley. He speaks of them as articles in common use, but he intimates that very few (perhaps not one in a million) were acquainted with the process by which they were made; and in this opinion I apprehend he was quite right. At least, I have to confess my own ignorance of the process, and I rather think my ignorance is shared by a great many.

Many years ago I saw, in the Mechanic's Magazine, a description of "Ibbetson's Eccentric Chuck," by which curves of many sorts could be drawn on

a flat surface-among others the oval or ellipse; and, what struck me as exceedingly curious, the perimeter of the ellipse could be divided into any required number of equal parts. It is probable that this machine, or some other designed for similar use, would meet the difficulty_suggested by your correspondent. J. ScoTT PORTER.

There is a belief here in Birmingham that the oval lathe was invented in Birmingham by a clever mechanic named Tipping, father of the late Mr. Tipping, gun manufacturer (of the firm of Tipping & Lawden), of this town. That would be, I should think, about eighty years ago or thereabout. I have heard this from good authority-from a man who worked at an oval lathe more than sixty years ago, when, if I understood him aright, they had just come out. It would take some years after the invention to get the lathe fully into work. FATHER FRANK.

Birmingham.

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In Brougham and Bell's edition of Paley's Natural Theology, vol. ii. p. 7, the process is described in a note. J. T. F. Hatfield Hall, Durham.

word used by a Sussex gentleman (though I think "TWITTEN" (5th S. vii. 348.)-I have heard this he pronounced it twittern) with exactly the same meaning as that given by MR. SAWYER. In an article in the Hampshire Chronicle of May 5, giving some extracts from a manuscript book of the chester Cathedral, the following explanation of seventeenth century, recently discovered in Wina term there used occurs: "Palliards Twychen,'

a palliard is a beggar or tramp, and twychen is a narrow lane or court." I cannot find the term in Bailey. H. G. C. Basingstoke.

In Hamburg there are several such byways called twiete, as Fischer Twiete, Brands Twiete, Gerken Twiete, &c.

See Cooper's Sussex Glossary.
Nottingham.

V. DE P.

F. D.

WHAT IS DEATH? (4th S. xii. 377; 5th S. vii. 392.)—The following lines are from the writings of James Clarence Mangan, and may be worth republication in "N. & Q.":

"Prison-bursting death,

Welcome be thy blow!

Thine is but the forfeit of my breath,
Not the spirit! nor the spirit's glow.
Spheres of beauty-hallowed spheres,
Undefaced by time, undimmed by tears,
Henceforth hail! Oh, who would grovel
In a world impure as this?
Who would weep in cell or hovel,
When a palace might be his?

Wouldst thou have me the bright lot forego?
Oh no, no!"

Waterford.

JOSEPH FISHER.

named Anne Gosnold, my mother in lawe." By a strange clerical error, in the first mention of her name she is styled "brother in lawe ":" during the lief naturall of one Anne Gosnold, my brother in lawe." This Anne was the daughter of Henry Rouse, of Dennington, in Suffolk, and the second wife of Thomas Bacon of Hessett, and by him great-grandmother of Sir Francis Bacon, the last Justice of the King's Bench made by Charles I., who is buried in St. Gregory's Church, Norwich, under a monument which bears a bombastic eulogy. The will of Edmund Bacon is in the Prerogative

[Are not the above lines a translation from the Court of Canterbury, f. 20, lib. Tashe. German?]

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RO. WILLAN'S SERMONS, 1622-9, CHAPLAIN TO CHARLES I. (5th S. vii. 427.)-In the British Museum Library are Conspiracies against Kings, Heaven's Scorne. A Sermon [on Ps. ii. 1-4] preached before the Judges upon the Fifth of November. London, 1622"; and "Eliah's Wish: a Prayer for Death. A Sermon [on 1 Kings xix. 4] preached at the Funerall of . . . Viscount Sudbury, Lord Bayning. London, 1630, 4to." (two copies). CHARLES VIVIAN.

"MADAME DE POMPADOUR AND THE COURTIERS" (5th S. vii. 448.)-I saw this picture, or a replica thereof, at Messrs. Foster's auction rooms in Pall Mall about, I think, a year ago. It was evidently an elaborate caricature. The fair lady, with her hair dressed and powdered, was placed on her perch in the character of a decoy bird, like a little civette, to attract other fowls of the air within reach of the gun or snares of the fowler.

Temple.

W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

SHAKSPEARE AND HIS FAMILY (5th S. vii. 287, 333, 475.)—I well remember that when I was a lad the Shakspeare Inn, in the Lower Northgate Street, Gloucester, was kept by an old gentleman named Smith, and that outside the passage leading to the inn was a signboard with this inscription : "The Shakspeare Inn, by William Smith, descendant from and next-of-kin to that Immortal Bard." I also well remember Mr. Smith's person, but not his features. He was a tall, thin, gentlemanly-looking old man, who wore a black cloth suit and a white neckcloth, and looked much more like a clergyman or a medical man than an innkeeper.

Temple.

J. J. P.

"MOTHER-IN-LAW" FOR "STEPMOTHER" (5th S. vii. 411.)—" Mother-in-law" is used for "stepmother" in the will of Edmund Bacon of Hessett, "in the countie of Suffolk, gentilman," which is dated "the seconde daie of June in the yeare of of Lorde God a thousand fyve hundreth fiftie and three":"during the lief naturall of thabove

WILLIAM COOKE, F.S.A. "Mother-in-law" for "stepmother' is frequently used by uneducated people in Lincolnshire. I imagine the same blunder is made by Londoners, for in Pickwick Mr. Samuel Weller asks his father, "How's mother-in-law?" (chap. xx.) M. G. W. PEACOCK.

Bottesford Manor.

HERALDIC QUERY: TULLIBARDINE (5th S. vii. 448.)-In the Scots Magazine for July, 1746, p. 349, there is an obituary notice of this unfortunate nobleman :

"On July 9 died William Murray, late Marquis of Tullibardine, a bachelor, and elder brother of the Duke of Athole, a prisoner in the Tower of London. He was in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and was privately interred in the chapel of the Tower on July 11." EDWARD SOLLY.

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place (the village of Tipperary) in his poem entitled the armorial bearings, which once ornamented the roof, to Academic Sportsman :—

'And thou, dear village, loveliest of the clime! Fain would I praise thee, but I can't in rhyme.''

Miscellaneous.

GIBBES RIGAUD.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Christ Church Letters. A Volume of Medieval Letters relating to the Affairs of the Priory of Christ Church, Canterbury. Edited by J. B. Sheppard, M.R.C.S. (Printed for the Camden Society.)

MR. SHEPPARD has performed his editorial work so well as to deserve a distinguished place among the foremost of the able and earnest editors of works published by the Camden Society. He produces eighty-five letters, gives an interesting account of whence they came, and adds notes which illustrate without overloading the text. The letters abound in views of social, conventual, and political life. In a letter from Dr. Langton to the Prior of Christ Church, 1478, there is a curious allusion to the Duke of Clarence, of the Malmsey butt legend: "There be assignyd certain Lords to go with the body of the Dukys of Clarence to Teuxbury, where he shall be beryid; the Kyng intendis to do right worshipfully for his sowle." At a later period, when Richard III. was king, Langton, then Bishop of St. Davids, was with that sovereign when in his progress in the North, 1483. The prelate thus speaks of the monarch whom Shakspeare and the Lancastrians have so grossly misrepresented: "I trust to God sune, by Michaelmas, the kyng shal be at London. He contents the people where he goys best that ever did prince: for many a poor man that hath suffred wrong many days have be' relevyd and helpyd by hym and his commands in his progress. And in many grete cities and townis were grete summis of mony gif hym which he hath refusyd. On my trouth I lykyd never the condicions of any prince so wel as his. God hath sent hym to us for the wele of us all." This is a portrait very different from Shakspeare's-of "Richard, the bloody and devouring boar!"

Poems on Places.-England. Edited by Henry W. Longfellow. 2 vols. (Macmillan & Co.)

THE venerable American poet has in these attractive volumes made the poets act as guides to travellers. The descriptions of places will attract some-should attract many-to stations of beauty, where they may compare the sketch with the reality, and often read it afterwards for the sake of fixing the scene in memory, as well as for that of enjoying the sweetness or grandeur of the poet. There is a good comic element now and then in the collection. Some of the extracts refer to persons as well as places; but only the masters are made contributors by a master. These handy and handsome volumes are admirably qualified for gift-books, and especially for prize-books. They charm while they instruct. They take tarry-at-home people far away from their thresholds, and they illustrate Mr. Longfellow's remark: "We are ready to leave the Happy Valley of Home, and eager to see something of the world beyond the streets and steeples of our native town."

THE SALISBURY CHANTRY CHAPEL IN CHRIST CHURCH. -Archæologists must rejoice that this historic monument is to remain undisturbed. Without disrespect to Lord Malmesbury, placing a modern tomb in it would have been a species of desecration. The visitor to its empty walls can scarcely forget the base murder of the royally descended founder by the bloody Henry, who, carrying his rage beyond the grave, caused the countess's

be cut and defaced with the chisel. There the marks, fresh as if they had been cut yesterday, remain, telling of the tyrant's futile attempt to efface the Plantagenet arms from history. It would indeed be singular if, supposing the remains capable of identification, Margaret of Salisbury were eventually to rest in her own chantry, as is said to be the wish of her descendant, Lord Loudoun. Yet, after all, with Shakspeare, one prefers an unviolated tomb. The crypt of St. Peter ad Vincula is hallowed as the resting-place of many other illustrious victims. There let them repose. They tell their tale on the spot where they were laid, and to remove them is to interfere with history. Some wished to remove the Plantagenet effigies from Fontevraud to Westminster, but better counsels prevailed. ANGLO-SCOTUS.

Notices to Correspondents.

ON all communications should be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

AVENUE JOSEPHINE.-The verbatim report of the trial of the Prince de Polignac and his colleagues, from which our extract was taken, will be found in a work containing that and similar verbatim reports of political State trials in France, between the years 1792-1840. The work is entitled Archives Judiciaires. It is edited by Baron Carl de Ketschendorf, and it was published in 1869, at Brussels and Liége, by the "Librairie Polytechnique de Decq" (Paris, Thorin; London, Baillière). VERITAS. - EYE-SNUFF, writing in our First Series (vol. ii. p. 14), says "that this doctorate" (D.D.) “is, like all others, an academical, and not a clerical, distinction; and that, although it is seldom dissociated from the clerical office in this country, any lay scholar of adequate attainments in theology is competent to receive this distinction, and any university to bestow it upon him."

R. HEMMING. "These were rules of life, printed on a large sheet, and sometimes illustrated" (see Annotated Poems of English Authors, edited by Stevens and Morris, Longmans).

T. A. W. asks where he can consult books containing a complete history of the Campbell family (Duke of Argyle) and of the Graham family (Marquis of Montrose).

F. RULE had better consult the notes on the subject in the Cambridge edition at the first opportunity; if necessary, we shall then be glad to hear from him again on the subject.

W. T. H. asks where he can obtain information con

cerning the elastic stone found among the Himalayas. L. A. ("Mother Shipton.")-Consult the index to the Fourth Series of "N. & Q.”

A. S. THORNHILL should apply to a second-hand bookseller.

"OLD ROMAN TILES" (Coventry.)-Name and address of writer are requested.

E. J. T.-Next week.

PHILOSOPHER.-Not suitable to our columns. H. J. FENNELL.-By Cowley.

NOTICE.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries '"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

Queries, with No. 186, July 21, 1877.

INDEX.

FIFTH SERIES.-VOL. VII.

[For classified articles, see ANONYMOUS WORKS, BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED, EPIGRAMS, EPITAPHS, FOLK-LORE, PROVERBS AND PHRASES, QUOTATIONS, SHAKSPEARIANA, and SONGS AND BALLADS.]

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Peers family, 395

Adamson (W.) on Hatcher: Hill, 267, 458 Addison (H. R.), his unpublished MSS., 249, 318, 438

Addison (Joseph), his ancestors and descendants, 31, 118; his step-son, 55; Marvell's claim to his hymns, 88

Addy (S. O.) on Church Registers, 290
Golda, its meaning, 315

Wine of the Bible, 151

Admirals, portraits of the Elizabethan, 27
Adventurers, payment to "Comittee" of, 288
Advertisements, singular American, 486
Adye (C. S.) on Governor of Malines, 507
A. (E. E.) on Prince Eugene's prayer, 7
A. (E. H.) on a married Cardinal, 406

"Præstat nulla quam," &c., 308

66

'Spalato's Shiftings in Religion," 308 Titles proclaimed at the altar, 15 Eneasina, a Christian name, 206, 273, 317 A. (F. S.) on book-plates, 76

Agmondesham, a Christian name, 66, 236
Aguillun (Geoffrey), temp. Edw. I., 449
A. (H.) on Venus de' Medici, 254
A. (H. P.) on Napoleon Bonaparte, 7
A. (H. S.) on "Essay on Woman," 409

A. (J.) on Billericay, in Essex, 28

Ajax on Peers, their historic precedence, 234
Prideaux family, 129
Alabaster, coloured, 169, 295

Albemarle (Lord), his reminiscences, and old Westminster, 461

Aleph on the "Te Deum," 98, 172

Alexander I. of Russia, his last days, 134

Algerine corsairs, descent on Penzance, 149, 394
Allestree (Dr.), portrait and biography, 388, 475
All-flower water, 37

Allnutt (W. H.) on Mews Gate, 112
Alpha on "Siege of Belgrade," 64

Alphabet, Assyrian origin of the Semitic, 445
Alston family, 308

Ambassadors, English and French, 1776-7, 149, 255, 316

American Constitutional History, Handbook of, 248 American dollar mark, its origin, 98, 155, 817, 355,

495

Amperzand, song on the, 345, 400
Anagrams, curious, 26, 214, 254
Anderson (J. S.) on H, its misapplication, 336
Anderson (T. S.) on "Man loaded with mischief," 36
Angeston (Jérome), noticed, 327, 457
Anglaise on Kitty Cuthbertson, 78
Anglo-Scotus on Beauly Priory, 425
Heraldic query, 356
War songs, 392
Angus Earls, 37

Anjuman-i-Punjab, 134

Anne (Queen of Denmark), letter of, 428

Anne's Lane and Sir Roger de Coverley, 185, 238, 374
Anon. on arms, but no crest, 170

Christian heroism, 147
Cromwell (Oliver), jun., 108
Matches, previous to lucifer, 469

Mayflower, ship's name, 446

Nomenclature, local, 246

Nottingham, its etymology, 218
Officina Elzeviriana, 193
Pinder, its meaning, 176
Pius V. (Pope), his Bull, 306
Sarawak, official account of, 389
Slaves, baptizing, 508

Stephens and Hartley nostrums, 38

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