4. The restrictive relative clause is never separated from its antecedent by a comma; the descriptive relative is regularly so separated. (See § 254: 10.) Notice the punctuation in the examples under 2 and 3 above.

75. Indefinite pronouns refer to objects or persons in an indefinite manner. They are as follows:

each, every, either, neither, some, any, all, few, several, many, such, one, none, other, another, each other, one another.

1. Each other and one another are called reciprocal pronouns.

2. Compounds like someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, everything, nothing, are also classed as indefinite pronouns.

3. Indefinite pronouns are also used as adjectives. See § 86: 5, on pronominal adjectives.

Syntax of Pronouns

76. The personal pronoun derives its number and gender from the noun which it represents; as,

1. We, the undersigned ladies of your district, present this petition.

2. When the President found that his train was late, he telegraphed.

3. The book delights all its readers.

The pronoun

is plural with a collective noun (§ 109: 3) denoting plurality; singular with a collective noun which names persons or things as a unit; as,

4. The committee are united in their opinion.

5. The committee holds its meetings in the morning.

77. A pronoun may stand in any of the case relations mentioned in Chapter VI. Those rules will therefore not be repeated here.

EXERCISE 13

Parse every personal pronoun in exercise 12. Give the person, number, gender, and case.

78. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, number, and gender. Its case depends on its relation to the clause in which it stands; as,

1. He that watcheth over Israel slumbers not nor sleeps. 2. We met the agent whom you sent.

The relative should stand as near as possible to its antecedent.

79. The relative pronoun in the objective case is often omitted; as,

I engaged the man you recommended (whom you recommended).

80. The relative is sometimes incorrectly made to represent a clause as its antecedent; as,

1. [The man opposed me, which I expected.]

2. [Because he opposed me, and which I expected, I withdrew.]

It is better to change these sentences; as,

1. The man opposed me, as I had expected. 2. Because he opposed me as I expected, I withdrew.

81. But becomes a relative pronoun when it introduces a statement contracted after a negative assertion; as,

1. Surely no one is so heartless but loves a child.
2. There is not a soul here but believes it.

EXERCISE 14

Parse all pronouns in the following sentences:

MODEL: He that watcheth over Israel slumbers not nor sleeps.

That is a restrictive relative pronoun; singular number, third person, masculine gender, in agreement with its antecedent he. It is in the nominative case, subject of the verb watcheth.

1. "To the battlements!" cried De Bracy, "and let us see what these knaves do without."

2. "And that was what I was about to tell you," said the monk.

3. He will speak to one who hath never refused to meet a foe. 4. Ivanhoe expressed great repugnance to this plan, which he grounded on unwillingness to give further trouble. 5. I see how easy it is for the tongue to betray what the heart would conceal.

6. Thou art preserved for some marvel which thine arm shall work before this people.

7. It was only the cold question of Ivanhoe, “Is it you, gentle maiden?" which recalled her to herself.

8. They both ascended to the battlements to do all that skill could dictate.

9. He shall grant thee whatever thou dost list.

10. The knaves shall find with whom they have to do this day.

11. Is this the book you recommended to me?

12. They brought such specimens as they could find.

CHAPTER VIII

THE ADJECTIVE

Classes of Adjectives

82. Adjectives describe or limit nouns. There are therefore two classes, descriptive and limiting adjectives.

83. Descriptive adjectives express some quality or property of the noun to which they belong; as, yellow peaches; soft cloth; gray dawn; sweet cider; beautiful day.

84. Limiting adjectives limit or define the meaning of the noun to which they belong, without expressing quality. There are three kinds of limiting adjectives: numerals, pronominals, and the articles. 85. Numeral adjectives limit the noun by expressing the number; as,

ten men; first letter; double portion.

1. There are cardinal numerals; as, one, fifty, hundred, million,

2. ordinal numerals; as, first, tenth, fiftieth,

3. and multiplicative numerals; as, double, triple, tenfold.

86. Pronominal adjectives are limiting words which either accompany a noun or limit the noun understood; as,

All men are born equal; few die; none resign; several came; many sent regrets.

Few is equivalent to few men; several to several sons, etc.

per

Many pronouns become adjectives when the noun is expressed, as when you say these men for these. There are five classes of pronominal adjectives:

1. Distributives; as, each, every, either, neither. Of these, each, either, neither may be used alone as pronouns; every is used only as an adjective.

2. Demonstratives; as, this, that, these, those, yon, yonder. See § 72 for the demonstrative pronoun.

3. Possessives; as, my, mine, thy, thine, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs, his, her, hers, its, whose.

4. Interrogatives; as, which man? what book?

5. Indefinites; as, no, none, some, several, many, much, all, little, certain, divers, enough.

Such and other have a comparative sense; each other and one another have a reciprocal sense.

87. The article' is a limiting word used in close connection with nouns. There are two articles, an or a, and the.

An or a is called the indefinite article; the is called the definite article.

An is used before words beginning with a vowel or h silent; as, an ox; an honor.

A is used before words beginning with a consonant and also before words beginning with a vowel pronounced like y or w; as, a hat; a man ; a useful art; a European; such a one; a usurer.

1 The article is sometimes classed as a separate part of speech, but is here included under the adjective.