Understanding the Navstar: GPS, GIS, and IVHSSpringer Science & Business Media, 31.10.1995 - 330 Seiten Two complete new chapters have been introduced. The first one, Chapter 16, amplifies the many rich interactions between Geographie Information Systems (GIS) and the Navstar CPS. The words and pietures in this new chapter foeus on the powerful eleetronie mapmaking techniques that rely on Navstar navigation together with the many benefits stemming from the full-eolored "layered" maps now being produeed. Chapter 17, which is also new, deals with Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (lVHS). Navstar navigation techniques form the hidden backbone of most of the new electronic teehnologies that are helping to make America's traffic f10w more smoothly. Chapter 17 c10ses with narrative descriptions of three interesting IVHS projects: emergency tow-truck dispatching, optimum ambulance-routing, and the in-car traffie reports now being beamed into family cars cruising along Ameriea's major traffic arteries. Many helpful individuals contributed toward the successful completion of Under- standing the Navstar. My lovely wife, Cyndy, was unquestionably the most beneficial contributor. Her affectionate comments and her broad-ranging support were greatly appreciated. So was her diligent and uncomplaining work in word-process- ing the many drafts of the final manuseript. The artists, Lloyd and lInka Wing and Anthony and Dianne Vega, were also enormously helpful in providing quality figures and tables on schedule. They have become true masters of the Macintosh computer with its many beils and whistles. Preparing a book for publication is a time-consuming, invigorating task. I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I enjoyed putting it together for your use. |
Inhalt
The Science of Navigation | 1 |
What is Navigation? | 3 |
A Typical Groundbased Radionavigation System | 6 |
The Advantages of Spacebased Transmitters | 7 |
The Transit Navigation satellites | 8 |
Gravity Gradient Stabilization | 10 |
Disturbance Compensation Systems | 11 |
Compensating for Tropospheric Delays | 12 |
Onorbit Test Results | 146 |
The Multiyear Spacecraft Procurement | 147 |
Booster Rockets | 149 |
The Spacecraft Ephemeris Constants | 152 |
Satellite Viewing Angles | 154 |
Repeating Groundtrace Geometry | 156 |
Orbital Altitude Trades | 157 |
Precise Time Synchronization | 158 |
The Navstar Revolution | 13 |
The Navstar Clocks | 15 |
Practical Benefits for All Mankind | 16 |
The Navstar GPS | 17 |
The Space Segment | 18 |
Signal Structure and Pseudorandom Codes | 20 |
Navigation Solutions | 21 |
Correcting for Relatlvistic Time Delays | 22 |
Correcting for Ionospheric and Tropospheric Delays | 24 |
Decoding the 50bitpersecond Data Stream | 25 |
The Various Families of Navstar Satellites | 26 |
The User Segment | 27 |
Operating Procedures | 29 |
The Control Segment | 30 |
The Monitor stations and the Master Control Station | 32 |
Performance Comparisons for Todays Radionavigation Systems | 34 |
Loran CD | 35 |
Omega | 36 |
The Microwave Landing System | 38 |
Inertial Navigation | 39 |
JTIDS Relnav and PLRS | 40 |
A Sampling of Todays Spacebased Navigation Systems | 42 |
The Navstar Global Positioning system | 43 |
The French Argos | 45 |
Userset Architecture | 49 |
The Receiver Antenna and Its Associated Electronics | 51 |
Navigation Processor | 52 |
Control Display Unit | 53 |
Performance Comparisons | 54 |
Selecting the Antennas | 56 |
Solving for the Users Position | 58 |
Computing and interpreting the Geometrical Dilution of Precision | 59 |
Ranging Error Budgets | 61 |
Kalman Filtering Techniques | 62 |
New Trends in Receiver Design | 63 |
Userset Performance | 64 |
Performance Criteria to Consider when Purchasing a Navstar Receiver | 66 |
Receiver Design Choices | 67 |
Access to Selectiveavailability Signals | 68 |
Available Performance Enhancement Techniques | 70 |
Computer Processing Capabilities | 71 |
Receiver Design Smart Card | 72 |
Handheld Receivers | 74 |
Commercially Available Navstar Chipsets | 75 |
The GPS as Celebrity in the Evening News | 76 |
Differential Navigation and Pseudosatellites | 78 |
Absolute and Differential Navigation | 79 |
Special Committee 104s Recommended Dataexchange Protocols | 80 |
The Coast Guards Differential Navigation System Tests | 82 |
The Differential Navigation Transmitters being Installed by the US Coast Guard | 83 |
Motorolas Mini Ranger Test Results | 85 |
COMSATS Data Distribution Service for the Gulf of Mexico | 86 |
Widearea Differential Navigation Services | 87 |
Pseudosatellites | 88 |
Special Committee 104s Data Exchange Protocols for Pseudosatellites | 90 |
Comparisons between Differential Navigation and Pseudosatellites | 92 |
Interferometry Techniques | 94 |
Measuring Attitude Angles with Special Navstar Receivers | 96 |
Eliminating Solution Ambiguities | 97 |
Attitude Determination at Adroit Systems | 98 |
Using Interferometry to Fix the Users Position | 100 |
Single Double and Triple Differencing Techniques | 101 |
The POPS PostProcessing Software | 102 |
Todays Available Surveying Receivers | 103 |
Motorolas commercially Available Monarch | 106 |
Tomorrows Generic Spaceborne Receivers | 108 |
Integrated Navigation Systems | 110 |
Integrated Navigation | 111 |
Error Growth Rates | 113 |
Ring Laser Gyros | 114 |
Monolithic Ring Laser Gyros | 115 |
Fiber Optic Gyros | 116 |
Using the GPS for Testing Inertial Navigation Systems | 118 |
Chassislevel Integration | 121 |
The CMICITS Integrated GPSINS Receiver | 122 |
Interoperability with Other Navigation Systems | 123 |
The Glonass Specification Release at Montreal | 125 |
Orbital Maneuvers for the Glonass Satellites | 127 |
Building Dualcapability GPSGlonass Receivers | 129 |
Dualcapability Receiver Tests at Leeds University | 131 |
The FAAs Joint Research Efforts with Russian Scientists | 132 |
Integrity Monitoring Techniques | 133 |
Eastport Internationals Integrated System for Underwater Navigation | 134 |
The Navstar Satellites | 137 |
The Eight Major Spacecraft Subsystems | 138 |
The Orbit Injection Subsystem | 139 |
Attitude and Velocity Control | 141 |
Electrical Power | 142 |
Navigation Subsystem | 143 |
Thermal Control | 144 |
John Harrisons Marine Chronometer | 159 |
Celestial Navigation Techniques | 160 |
A Short History of Time | 161 |
The Atomic Clocks Carried Aboard the Navstar Satellites | 163 |
Rubidium Atomic Clocks | 165 |
Developing Atomic Clocks Light Enough to Travel Into Space | 166 |
The Growing Need for Precise Time Synchronization | 167 |
Time Sync Methodologies | 168 |
Fixing Time with the Navstar Signals | 170 |
Lightweight Hydrogen Masers for Tomorrows Navstar Satellites | 171 |
Crosslink Ranging Techniques | 174 |
Digital Avionics and Air Traffic Control | 175 |
Four Major Concerns of the Federal Aviation Administration | 177 |
Integrityrelated Failures | 179 |
Continuous Fivesatellite Coverage | 180 |
Using a Dedicated Constellation for Air Traffic Control | 181 |
An Alternative Architecture Using the GPS | 182 |
Comparisons between Geosynchronous and Semisynchronous Constellations | 185 |
Piggyback Geosynchronous Payloads | 186 |
The Autoland System Test Results | 187 |
Carrieraided Solutions for Aircraft Landing Operations | 188 |
Geodetic Surveying and Satellite Positioning | 192 |
Determining the Shape of Planet Earth | 193 |
The Theory of Isostasy | 195 |
The Earths Contours under Hydrostatic Equilibrium | 196 |
Kinematic and Pseudokinematic Surveying | 198 |
Freeway Surveying during war in the Persian Gulf | 200 |
The Landsats Spaceborne Receiver | 201 |
Onorbit Navigation Accuracy | 202 |
Todays Available Spaceborne Receivers | 203 |
Military Applications | 208 |
The Military Benefits of the Worldwide Common Grid | 209 |
Projected Battlefield Benefits | 210 |
Test Range Applications | 212 |
Military Receivers | 215 |
Amphibious Warfare Operations | 217 |
Precisionguided Munitions and the Navstar GPS | 220 |
Civil Applications | 221 |
Dinosaur Hunting with the GPS | 222 |
Guiding Archaeological Expeditions | 224 |
Tracking Hazardous icebergs | 225 |
Offshore Oil Exploration | 228 |
Fixing the Positions of Railroad Trains | 229 |
Automobile Navigation | 230 |
Tomorrows Spacebased Vehicle Navigation Techniques | 231 |
Todays Available Automotive Navigation Systems | 233 |
Futuristic Applications for Navstar Navigation | 235 |
Geographic Information Systems | 237 |
Historical Perspectives | 238 |
Todays Multilayered Mapping Techniques | 239 |
Businessrelated Ventures in CIS | 242 |
The Symbiotic Relationship between CIS and the Navstar GPS | 244 |
Digital video Displays | 245 |
Raster vs Vector Scanning | 246 |
Graphic and Nongraphic Data Items | 247 |
Data Structures and Computerprocessing Algorithms | 251 |
Dataentry Techniques | 252 |
Using CIS Technology to Grow Bigger and Better Sugar Beets | 253 |
Protecting Gambias Territorial Waters | 254 |
Chasing RADs in Washington State | 256 |
Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems | 258 |
Helping Americas Traffic Flow More Smoothly | 259 |
Precursor Technologies | 260 |
The Argos Positioning and Messagerelay System | 261 |
OmniTRACS with Its Unique Digital Architecture | 262 |
Terrestrial and Spacebased Cellular Telephones | 263 |
The Four Common Types of IVHS Systems | 264 |
IVHS and the Navstar GPS | 268 |
Todays Available Digital Maps | 270 |
Designing Tomorrows Intelligent Highways | 271 |
WhiteKnight Rescue Squads Buzzing along the California Freeways | 272 |
Using High Technology to Help Clear Houstons Impending Traffic Jams | 274 |
Highspeed Emergency Medical Response | 275 |
Additional Sources of Information | 277 |
The Computer Bulletin Board at Holloman Air Force Base | 278 |
Global Satellite Softwares Computer Bulletin Board | 279 |
Precise GPS Orbit Information | 280 |
GPS Information with a European Flavor | 281 |
The Netherlands | 282 |
Information for Surveyors | 283 |
GPS World Magazine | 284 |
Todays Global Family of Userset Makers | 285 |
Foreign Userset Makers | 289 |
Navigationrelated Clubs and Organizations | 293 |
Navigationrelated Magazines and Periodicals | 296 |
Glossary | 299 |
310 | |
321 | |
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Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen
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