Understanding the Navstar: GPS, GIS, and IVHS

Cover
Springer Science & Business Media, 31.10.1995 - 330 Seiten
Two complete new chapters have been introduced. The first one, Chapter 16, amplifies the many rich interactions between Geographie Information Systems (GIS) and the Navstar CPS. The words and pietures in this new chapter foeus on the powerful eleetronie mapmaking techniques that rely on Navstar navigation together with the many benefits stemming from the full-eolored "layered" maps now being produeed. Chapter 17, which is also new, deals with Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (lVHS). Navstar navigation techniques form the hidden backbone of most of the new electronic teehnologies that are helping to make America's traffic f10w more smoothly. Chapter 17 c10ses with narrative descriptions of three interesting IVHS projects: emergency tow-truck dispatching, optimum ambulance-routing, and the in-car traffie reports now being beamed into family cars cruising along Ameriea's major traffic arteries. Many helpful individuals contributed toward the successful completion of Under- standing the Navstar. My lovely wife, Cyndy, was unquestionably the most beneficial contributor. Her affectionate comments and her broad-ranging support were greatly appreciated. So was her diligent and uncomplaining work in word-process- ing the many drafts of the final manuseript. The artists, Lloyd and lInka Wing and Anthony and Dianne Vega, were also enormously helpful in providing quality figures and tables on schedule. They have become true masters of the Macintosh computer with its many beils and whistles. Preparing a book for publication is a time-consuming, invigorating task. I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I enjoyed putting it together for your use.
 

Inhalt

The Science of Navigation
1
What is Navigation?
3
A Typical Groundbased Radionavigation System
6
The Advantages of Spacebased Transmitters
7
The Transit Navigation satellites
8
Gravity Gradient Stabilization
10
Disturbance Compensation Systems
11
Compensating for Tropospheric Delays
12
Onorbit Test Results
146
The Multiyear Spacecraft Procurement
147
Booster Rockets
149
The Spacecraft Ephemeris Constants
152
Satellite Viewing Angles
154
Repeating Groundtrace Geometry
156
Orbital Altitude Trades
157
Precise Time Synchronization
158

The Navstar Revolution
13
The Navstar Clocks
15
Practical Benefits for All Mankind
16
The Navstar GPS
17
The Space Segment
18
Signal Structure and Pseudorandom Codes
20
Navigation Solutions
21
Correcting for Relatlvistic Time Delays
22
Correcting for Ionospheric and Tropospheric Delays
24
Decoding the 50bitpersecond Data Stream
25
The Various Families of Navstar Satellites
26
The User Segment
27
Operating Procedures
29
The Control Segment
30
The Monitor stations and the Master Control Station
32
Performance Comparisons for Todays Radionavigation Systems
34
Loran CD
35
Omega
36
The Microwave Landing System
38
Inertial Navigation
39
JTIDS Relnav and PLRS
40
A Sampling of Todays Spacebased Navigation Systems
42
The Navstar Global Positioning system
43
The French Argos
45
Userset Architecture
49
The Receiver Antenna and Its Associated Electronics
51
Navigation Processor
52
Control Display Unit
53
Performance Comparisons
54
Selecting the Antennas
56
Solving for the Users Position
58
Computing and interpreting the Geometrical Dilution of Precision
59
Ranging Error Budgets
61
Kalman Filtering Techniques
62
New Trends in Receiver Design
63
Userset Performance
64
Performance Criteria to Consider when Purchasing a Navstar Receiver
66
Receiver Design Choices
67
Access to Selectiveavailability Signals
68
Available Performance Enhancement Techniques
70
Computer Processing Capabilities
71
Receiver Design Smart Card
72
Handheld Receivers
74
Commercially Available Navstar Chipsets
75
The GPS as Celebrity in the Evening News
76
Differential Navigation and Pseudosatellites
78
Absolute and Differential Navigation
79
Special Committee 104s Recommended Dataexchange Protocols
80
The Coast Guards Differential Navigation System Tests
82
The Differential Navigation Transmitters being Installed by the US Coast Guard
83
Motorolas Mini Ranger Test Results
85
COMSATS Data Distribution Service for the Gulf of Mexico
86
Widearea Differential Navigation Services
87
Pseudosatellites
88
Special Committee 104s Data Exchange Protocols for Pseudosatellites
90
Comparisons between Differential Navigation and Pseudosatellites
92
Interferometry Techniques
94
Measuring Attitude Angles with Special Navstar Receivers
96
Eliminating Solution Ambiguities
97
Attitude Determination at Adroit Systems
98
Using Interferometry to Fix the Users Position
100
Single Double and Triple Differencing Techniques
101
The POPS PostProcessing Software
102
Todays Available Surveying Receivers
103
Motorolas commercially Available Monarch
106
Tomorrows Generic Spaceborne Receivers
108
Integrated Navigation Systems
110
Integrated Navigation
111
Error Growth Rates
113
Ring Laser Gyros
114
Monolithic Ring Laser Gyros
115
Fiber Optic Gyros
116
Using the GPS for Testing Inertial Navigation Systems
118
Chassislevel Integration
121
The CMICITS Integrated GPSINS Receiver
122
Interoperability with Other Navigation Systems
123
The Glonass Specification Release at Montreal
125
Orbital Maneuvers for the Glonass Satellites
127
Building Dualcapability GPSGlonass Receivers
129
Dualcapability Receiver Tests at Leeds University
131
The FAAs Joint Research Efforts with Russian Scientists
132
Integrity Monitoring Techniques
133
Eastport Internationals Integrated System for Underwater Navigation
134
The Navstar Satellites
137
The Eight Major Spacecraft Subsystems
138
The Orbit Injection Subsystem
139
Attitude and Velocity Control
141
Electrical Power
142
Navigation Subsystem
143
Thermal Control
144
John Harrisons Marine Chronometer
159
Celestial Navigation Techniques
160
A Short History of Time
161
The Atomic Clocks Carried Aboard the Navstar Satellites
163
Rubidium Atomic Clocks
165
Developing Atomic Clocks Light Enough to Travel Into Space
166
The Growing Need for Precise Time Synchronization
167
Time Sync Methodologies
168
Fixing Time with the Navstar Signals
170
Lightweight Hydrogen Masers for Tomorrows Navstar Satellites
171
Crosslink Ranging Techniques
174
Digital Avionics and Air Traffic Control
175
Four Major Concerns of the Federal Aviation Administration
177
Integrityrelated Failures
179
Continuous Fivesatellite Coverage
180
Using a Dedicated Constellation for Air Traffic Control
181
An Alternative Architecture Using the GPS
182
Comparisons between Geosynchronous and Semisynchronous Constellations
185
Piggyback Geosynchronous Payloads
186
The Autoland System Test Results
187
Carrieraided Solutions for Aircraft Landing Operations
188
Geodetic Surveying and Satellite Positioning
192
Determining the Shape of Planet Earth
193
The Theory of Isostasy
195
The Earths Contours under Hydrostatic Equilibrium
196
Kinematic and Pseudokinematic Surveying
198
Freeway Surveying during war in the Persian Gulf
200
The Landsats Spaceborne Receiver
201
Onorbit Navigation Accuracy
202
Todays Available Spaceborne Receivers
203
Military Applications
208
The Military Benefits of the Worldwide Common Grid
209
Projected Battlefield Benefits
210
Test Range Applications
212
Military Receivers
215
Amphibious Warfare Operations
217
Precisionguided Munitions and the Navstar GPS
220
Civil Applications
221
Dinosaur Hunting with the GPS
222
Guiding Archaeological Expeditions
224
Tracking Hazardous icebergs
225
Offshore Oil Exploration
228
Fixing the Positions of Railroad Trains
229
Automobile Navigation
230
Tomorrows Spacebased Vehicle Navigation Techniques
231
Todays Available Automotive Navigation Systems
233
Futuristic Applications for Navstar Navigation
235
Geographic Information Systems
237
Historical Perspectives
238
Todays Multilayered Mapping Techniques
239
Businessrelated Ventures in CIS
242
The Symbiotic Relationship between CIS and the Navstar GPS
244
Digital video Displays
245
Raster vs Vector Scanning
246
Graphic and Nongraphic Data Items
247
Data Structures and Computerprocessing Algorithms
251
Dataentry Techniques
252
Using CIS Technology to Grow Bigger and Better Sugar Beets
253
Protecting Gambias Territorial Waters
254
Chasing RADs in Washington State
256
Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems
258
Helping Americas Traffic Flow More Smoothly
259
Precursor Technologies
260
The Argos Positioning and Messagerelay System
261
OmniTRACS with Its Unique Digital Architecture
262
Terrestrial and Spacebased Cellular Telephones
263
The Four Common Types of IVHS Systems
264
IVHS and the Navstar GPS
268
Todays Available Digital Maps
270
Designing Tomorrows Intelligent Highways
271
WhiteKnight Rescue Squads Buzzing along the California Freeways
272
Using High Technology to Help Clear Houstons Impending Traffic Jams
274
Highspeed Emergency Medical Response
275
Additional Sources of Information
277
The Computer Bulletin Board at Holloman Air Force Base
278
Global Satellite Softwares Computer Bulletin Board
279
Precise GPS Orbit Information
280
GPS Information with a European Flavor
281
The Netherlands
282
Information for Surveyors
283
GPS World Magazine
284
Todays Global Family of Userset Makers
285
Foreign Userset Makers
289
Navigationrelated Clubs and Organizations
293
Navigationrelated Magazines and Periodicals
296
Glossary
299
Bibliography
310
Index
321
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