even to her capital, found it necessary to sue for peace on such terms as she could obtain. By a treaty concluded in July, France was to restore all her conquests in the Peninsula, and to be indemnified by the cession of all the Spanish part of Hispaniola, with its artillery and military stores. Spain was to recognize the French and Batavian republics, and to employ all its influence for detaching Portugal from its alliance with Great Britain against France. Thus another member of the hostile coalition was converted in effect to an ally.

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Among the advantages obtained by the republic, a pacification with the heads of the Vendean and Chouan insurgents, concluded in February, might be reckoned one of the most important, since it terminated a domestic war more dangerous to the new government than any foreign confederacy. But this tranquillity was not durable. These people, still royalists in their hearts, were under the influence of their leaders, who maintained a correspondence with the French princes, and were liberally supplied with English gold and paper. Complaints of the violation of conditions were made on both sides; correspondences of the disaffected with the emigrants were discovered, and some of the Chouan chiefs were on that account taken into custody; and about the close of May the Chouans again rose in arms. armament had in the meantime been preparing in England to assist the projected insurrection, and in the beginning of June it sailed for the coast of Britany under the command of Sir J. Borlase Warren. landing of about 3000 men was effected in Quiberon bay, who, having taken a fort, were joined by a great number of the country people, to whom arms were profusely distributed. After some skirmishes, in which most of the French, who had been taken out of English prisons, deserted, General Hoche, the republican commander, made a nocturnal attack upon the adverse camp, in which the greater part of the emigrant troops were killed or taken prisoners. Among the latter was the Count Sombreuil, a young nobleman

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who had obtained high esteem in England, and who was sentenced to death and shot at Vannes, with the Bishop of Dol, and many others. A great booty was made by the victors, consisting of clothing and accoutrements for 40,000 men, which had been landed from the fleet for the use of the numerous royalists who were expected to join the emigrants. Charges of gross mismanagement were the consequence of this unfortunate expedition; in which too much confidence had undoubtedly been given to the usual sanguine hopes and exaggerated representations of an exiled party. The British squadron remained sometime longer on the coast, and took possession of Isle Dieu, which caused the French government to station a good number of troops in those parts.

The operations of the French army on the side of the Netherlands began with the siege of Luxemburg, which was defended by a garrison of 10,000 men under General Bender. Being entirely cut off from succours, he capitulated on June 7th, on condition that the garrison should be allowed to retire to Germany, not to serve against the French till exchanged. There now remained for the complete extension of the boundary of France to the Rhine, only the acquisition of Mentz, and this enterprize was not undertaken till August. It was commenced by the capture of Dusseldorf, after which, Pichegru crossed the Rhine, and took possession of Manheim. General Wurmser in the meantime advancing to the relief of that city, a French division was detached to prevent his junction with Clairfait, who put the Austrians to the rout; but whilst they were engaged in plunder, Wurmser's cavalry rallied, and drove the French back to Manheim. Jourdan having now crossed the Mayne, invested Mentz on the right side of the Rhine; but his rear being attacked by Clairfait who took the train of battering cannon, he was obliged to re-cross the Mayne. Pichegru also found it necessary to re-cross the Rhine; leaving a garrison in Manheim; and all the French works before Mentz were afterwards carried by the

Austrians, and their artillery was captured. Clairfait and Wurmser then uniting, they recovered the Palatinate and the greatest part of the country between the Rhine and Moselle. The career of the Austrians was at length stopped by Jourdan and Pichegru, but they could not prevent the recapture of Manheim with its garrison. The Austrians afterwards made an attempt to penetrate to Luxemburg, but in this they were foiled; and the ground was disputed by the two armies with much bloodshed, till the severity of winter brought on a suspension of hostilities.

On the Italian frontier the Austrians had the supe riority in strength during this campaign, and all the French could do was to maintain themselves in the posts which they had before occupied.

The domestic politics of the French in this year partook of the turbulence and violent movements of the parties which still divided the nation. The destruction of Robespierre and his principal associates had not so far quelled their principles, but that a considerable number of terrorists, as they were called, still subsisted; and the hatred with which they were regarded by the majority in the convention, and the public at large, occasioned much reciprocal rancour and abuse. Some members of the committee of safety, who had been accused as partners in the crimes of Robespierre, but acquitted, were still objects of denunciation; and upon a further enquiry, it was decreed by the convention that there was ground for examining into the conduct of Barrere, Billaud Varennes, Vaudier, and Collot d'Herbois, the latter of whom was particularly infamous for the barbarities which he had practised at Lyons. The result was, that they were put upon their trial; but whilst it was pending, the Jacobins, taking advantage of the popular discontents from the scarcity of bread, incited an insurrection, in which a mob broke into the hall of the convention, and threatened the members. The riot was at length suppressed by the exertions of the armed citizens, and the convention proceeded to sentence the

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accused persons to transportation to Guiana. ber of others who had belonged to the mountain party were arrested and imprisoned. These measures occasioned a still more violent insurrection, originating in the factious suburb of St. Antoine, during which the greater part of the convention was obliged to withdraw for safety, and the hall was left in possession of the opposite party. After raging for three days, and endangering the whole city, it was quelled by the troops of the convention. Disturbances were at the same period excited in various parts of France by the Jacobins on one side, and their opponents on the other, which were not suppressed without bloodshed.

On June 9th, the unfortunate son of Louis XVI. died under confinement at the Temple, in his 12th year. It is reported that he was treated with much inhumanity; but probably a feeble constitution, joined to residence in a prison, were the causes of his early death. The convention afterwards finding the public commiseration raised for the sufferings of this unhappy family, agreed to liberate the daughter of the late King, and entered into a negotiation with the Austrian court, by which she was exchanged for the commissioners delivered up by Dumouriez, and two French ambassadors to the Ottoman court, who had been seized on neutral ground.

The convention was now actively employed in framing a new constitution which it was hoped might conciliate the jarring parties of the nation. The business was assigned to eleven members, who, on June 3d, laid before that assembly the result of their labours. Its essential parts were the establishment of a legislative body, consisting of two elected chambers, one of seniors, 250 in number, the other of juniors, 500 in number, one-third of each chamber to be renewed every year; and an executive of five persons, nominated by the legislative, and styled the directory. Provision was made for public education; perfect equality was declared among all the citizens, with the exception of public functionaries in the discharge of their office;

religious vows inconsistent with the rights of man were disallowed; and freedom of religion, and of speaking and writing, were established.

This constitution appears to have been generally approved by those who were attached to a republican government; but a decree, passed by the convention previously to its adoption, was the cause of a very serious disturbance. That body, actuated either by a regard to the public safety, or by personal ambition, determined that the electoral bodies should choose two-thirds of the deputies forming the legislative, out of the members of the subsisting convention, and that in default of this election they should fill up the vacancies themselves. This decree, when transmitted to the primary assemblies, excited vehement censure, as being an usurpation on the national rights; and the Parisian electors assembled on their own accord before the time fixed upon for that purpose. They were for the present dispersed by a military force, but discontent generally prevailed in the capital, and at length broke out into open resistance. On the night of October 4th the different sections of Paris beat to arms, and at noon on the next day they were arranged in fighting order, and took possession of several posts. A bloody conflict now took place between the citizens and the regular army, near the hall of the convention, which, after the loss of about a thousand lives, ended in the total rout of the Parisians. It was on this occasion that Napoleon Buonaparte first distinguished himself as a commander by his intrepidity and conduct. Tranquillity was restored, and the constitution and decree for election were acquiesced in; and on October 26th the convention resigned its authority, which it had possessed for more than three years, to the new legislature.

The five directors who now assumed the reins of executive government were Reubel, Latourneur, Barras, Sieyes, and Larevelliere Lepaux. They were installed with regal pomp, had guards assigned to them, and on public occasions appeared with all the appendages of