Navigation Acts of 1651 and 1763: origin of Rigorously en-
forced-Effect-Right to tax colonies: discussions of, in Par-
liament: Chatham: Grenville: Mansfield-Of nine millions
of Englishmen (in 1763), eight not represented-Twelve mil-
lions in Great Britain not represented - Modification of naviga-
tion laws in 1824-Vacillating policy: effect on Canada (1843
and 1844) - Free trade: how far adopted in England: in
India-British goods taxed by British freetraders—What was
adopted in India denied to New Brunswick and opposed in
Canada-Protection in Australia- Inconsistencies of the Colo-
nial Office—the Secretary's opinions-Earl Grey-The theories
of the minister of the hour forced upon the colonies-Differen-
tial duties-New Brunswick and the Colonial Office-Right of
Parliament to legislate for colonies-Lord Glenelg's despatch:
its violation-Is free trade the policy of the empire?—Revenue
raised on imports: four millions on corn- -Two-thirds of revenue
on imports, &c., only one-sixth by direct taxation-Indirect
taxes easily raised: direct, uncertain: lead to fraud: limited,
and hard to collect-Mr. Laing-English free trade-English
practice, not their theory, adopted in colonies-Foreign pro-
duce pays £24,000,000 at British ports before it can be