fair degree of rapidity. It is, however, a wearisome matter to be always copying the same copy-slips over and over again. There is nothing, indeed, that is more calculated to destroy the learner's interest in what he is doing than to be, as it were, always "harping upon one string;" and to prevent this, as well as to save him the trouble of ruling lines for his copies, we have prepared a series of cheap ruled copy-books, based on the method which has been taught in our lessons on Penmanship, and furnished with suitable head-lines, which will answer the double purpose of providing the reader with a variety of subjects for copying, and save him the trouble of ruling his paper.

particular sin, they become legal, and fall out of liberty; or, charmed with the noble and heavenly liberty, they run to negligence and irresponsible living. So the earnest become violent, the fervent fanatical and censorious, the gentle waver, the firm turn bigots, the liberal grow lax, the benevolent ostentatious. Poor human infirmity can hold nothing steady."

and from all booksellers.

1. Initiatory Exercises.

2. Letters and Combinations.

3. Short Words.

4. Capitals.

5. Text Hand.

6. Text and Round.

7. Round Hand.

8. Round and Small Hands.
9. Small Hand.

10. Text, Round, and Small Hand.
11. Introduction to Ladies' Hand.

12. Ladies' Hand.

13. Commercial Sentences.

TEMPERANCE.

ESSAYS ON LIFE AND DUTY.-IV. THE success of life and the happiness of life, as well as the usefulness of life, depend to a very large extent upon the cultivation of the spirit of temperance. Men of intemperate speech and judgment, of intemperate likes and dislikes, are apt to risk alike reputation and influence. The counsel to be temperate does not, indeed, suit those whose passions predominate over their judgment, but all wise and thoughtful persons will see at once that there is no virtue which has so much to do with the force and excellency of character as temperance. It is a word difficult strictly to define, but it is evidently a holding of the mean between extremes in lawful things. Temperance implies the right in the thing itself, as there are some things which it would be wrong, under all circumstances, to be in any way connected with. To be temperate in swearing, stealing, or lying, would be manifestly a caricature of the word; there can be no temperance in that which is essentially evil. Can it then, the reader may say, be possible to be temperate in right? is it not counselling us to stop short in that course of duty which must get more right as we go on? Strange as it may seem at first sight to the student, there is a temperateness needed even in the virtues themselves, without which their very existence as virtues must be endangered. Amiability is one of the most beautiful excellences of character; and yet, if amiability is pushed to the extreme, there may be no righteous indignation at wrong, no earnest hatred of oppression, and no practical effort to remove it. Contentment is another praiseworthy grace of character; but content may run into indifference and sloth,

and the God-given powers of the mind may be suffered to lie

fallow, and even to rot.

These instances are only adduced as illustrations of a law which applies to all the virtues; push any one of them, however honourable in itself, to an extreme, and it becomes a vice. It will thus be seen what a careful nurseryman each man ought to be of the vineyard of his own nature; and also what the Scriptures mean when they say, Drunken, but not with wine." It is easy to be intoxicated with pride and ambition: either of these two powers has, indeed, its proper sphere, and their elimination from human life cannot take place without serious detriment to character. In all ages of the world men have been found to love and advocate extremes; some have been Epicureans, denying themselves no pleasure, and some Stoics, denying themselves all; and, doubtless, the disciples of extremes attract more notice, and are often credited with greater earnestness; whereas it should be remembered that, as it is more difficult to preserve the just balance, so is it more honourable and worthy of praise.

One of the clearest American thinkers says, "Men undertake to be spiritual, and they become ascetic; or, endeavouring to hold a liberal view of the comforts and pleasures of society, they are soon buried in the world and become slaves to its

: or, holding a scrupulous watch to keep out every

out of the province of this essay to specify all the evils which have resulted to society from intemperance in other provinces of character, but it must surely be admitted that no moral code can be perfect which does not inculcate temperance as well as justice. True, indeed, it is, that there is nothing high-sounding in it, and it is not likely to enlist in its advocacy those who are nothing, if not extreme. But it had of old amidst its advocates the wisest and most illustrious of the philosophers; and it is made more authoritative on us by its enforcement on the page of Inspiration. The pleasures of temperance are steady in their development, but they are very lasting and real. When nature is kept in proper equipoise of action, there is freedom from those and every kind. Instead of keen sensational pleasures, succeeded nervous depressions which are incident to excitements of any by times of leaden indifference and dulness, there is a quiet glow of interest and energy in the exercises of the mind, which experienced travellers prefer, after all, the temperate zoneneither the frigid cold of the far North, nor the glaring light and heat of the tropics-so the most experienced student of life will prefer the temperate zone of character as the one most conducive to the health and longevity of the virtues.

bring with them a cheerful sense of healthful recreation. As

thus related to the other virtues in a vast variety of ways, Temperance keeps the body cool and the mind clear, and is presenting to us that which is of inestimable value-a sane mind in a sound body. There is an insanity which results not only from the excessive use of ardent spirits, but from the would have been preserved in health and reason if they had intemperate exercises of pride and passion, and multitudes received and acted on the maxim, "Be temperate!" It must be seen that the exercise of this virtue is related to varieties and differences of temperament. Some are in little danger of celebrated maxim, "Know thyself," should be well pondered: excess of anger; others need fear no excess of pride. Solon's for then, when the danger is clearly apprehended, the remedy can be best applied, according to the specific difficulties of each stood, it will be seen that, instead of temperance being the mere separate constitution. As the subject becomes clearly undernegation of things, it is rather the right enjoyment of them. The dangers incidental to human character do not come in one it is as wise as it is right to be temperate in all things. direction only; and in the multitudinous aspects of life and duty

THE following are the Laws of the game of Cricket, including the latest revisions by the Marylebone Club, which is the recognised authority on the subject. Besides forming the standard of appeal in disputed cases, they will be found by the learner to throw light on points which were but briefly touched upon in our previous paper :

THE LAWS OF DOUBLE-WICKET.

1. The Ball must weigh not less than five ounces and a half, nor more than five ounces and three quarters. It must measure not less than nine inches, nor more than nine inches and one quarter in cir cumference. At the beginning of each innings either party may call

4. The Bowling Crease must be in a line with the stumps, six feet eight inches in length; the stumps in the centre; with a return crease at each end, towards the bowler, at right angles.

5. The Popping Crease must be four feet from the wicket, and parallel to it; unlimited in length, but not shorter than the bowling

crease.

6. The Wickets must be pitched opposite to each other by the Empires, at the distance of twenty-two yards.

7. It shall not be lawful for either party during a match, without the consent of the other, to alter the ground by rolling, watering, covering, mowing, or beating, except at the commencement of each innings, when the ground shall be swept and rolled. This rule is not meant to prevent the striker from beating the ground with his bat Bear the spot where he stands during the innings, nor to prevent the bowler from filling up holes with sawdust, etc., when the ground is wet.

site party; and in case any person shall be allowed to run for another, the striker shall be out if either he or his substitute be off the ground in manner mentioned in laws 17 and 21, while the ball is in play.

32. In all cases where a substitute shall be allowed, the consent of the opposite party shall also be obtained as to the person to act as substitute, and the place in the field which he shall take.

33. If any fieldsman stop the ball with his hat, the ball shall be considered dead, and the opposite party shall add five runs to their score; if any be run, they shall have five in all.

34. The ball having been hit, the striker may guard his wicket with his bat, or with any part of his body except his hands; that the 23rd law may not be disobeyed.

9. The Bowler shall deliver the ball with one foot on the ground behind the bowling crease, and within the return crease, and shall bowl four balls before he change wickets, which he shall be permitted to do only once in the same innings.

10. The ball must be bowled. If thrown or jerked, the umpire shall call "No ball.”

11. He may require the striker at the wicket from which he is bowling to stand on that side of it which he may direct.

12. If the bowler shall toss the ball over the striker's head, or bowl it so wide that, in the opinion of the umpire, it shall not be fairly within the reach of the batsman, he shall adjudge one run to the party receiving the innings, either with or without an appeal, which shall be put down to the score of "wide balls." Such ball shall not be reckoned as one of the four balls; but if the batsman shall by any means bring himself within reach of the ball, the run shall not be adjudged.

13. If the bowler deliver a "no ball," or a "wide ball," the striker shall be allowed as many runs as he can get, and he shall not be put out except by running out, In the event of no run being obtained by any other means, then one run shall be added to the score of "no balls" or "wide balls," as the case may be. All runs obtained for "wide balls" to be scored to "wide balls." The names of the bowlers who bowl "wide balls," or no balls," in future to be placed on the score, to show the parties by whom either score is made. If the ball shall first touch any part of the striker's dress or person (except his hands), the umpire shall call "Leg bye."

14. At the beginning of each innings the umpire shall call "Play.” From that time to the end of each innings no trial ball shall be allowed to any bowler.

15. The Striker is Out if either of the bails be bowled off, or if a stump be bowled out of the ground;

16. Or if the ball, from the stroke of the bat, or hand, but not the wrist, be held before it touch the ground, although it be hugged to the body of the catcher;

17. Or if, in striking, or at any other time while the ball shall be in play, both his feet shall be over the popping crease, and his wicket put down, except his bat be grounded within it;

18. Or if, in striking at the ball, he hit down his wicket; 19. Or if, under pretence of running, or otherwise, either of the strikers prevent a ball from being caught, the striker of the ball is out; 20. Or if the ball be struck, and he wilfully strike it again; 21. Or if, in running, the wicket be struck down by a throw, or by the hand or arm (with ball in hand), before his bat (in hand) or some part of his person be grounded over the popping crease. But if both the bails be off, a stump must be struck out of the ground;

22. Or if any part of the striker's dress knock down the wicket; 23. Or if the striker touch or take up the ball, while in play, unless at the request of the opposite party;

24. Or if with any part of his person he stop the ball, which, in the opinion of the umpire at the bowler's wicket, shall have been pitched in a straight line from it to the striker's wicket, and would have hit it. 25. If the players have crossed each other, he that runs for the wicket which is put down is out.

26. A ball being caught, no runs shall be reckoned.

27. A striker being run out, that run which he and his partner were attempting shall not be reckoned.

28. If a "Lost ball" be called, the striker shall be allowed six runs ; but if more than six shall have been run before "Lost Ball" shall have been called, then the striker shall have all which have been run.

36. The Umpires are the sole judges of fair or unfair play; and all disputes shall be determined by them, each at his own wicket; but in case of a catch which the umpire at the wicket bowled from cannot see sufficiently to decide upon, he may apply to the other umpire, whose opinion shall be conclusive.

37. The umpires in all matches shall pitch fair wickets, and the parties shall toss up for choice of inuings. The umpires shall change wickets after each party has had one innings.

38. They shall allow two minutes for each striker to come in, and ten minutes between each innings. When the umpire shall call “ 'Play," the party refusing to play shall lose the match. 39. They are not to order a striker out unless appealed to by the adversaries;

40. But if one of the bowler's feet be not on the ground behind the bowling crease, and within the return crease, when he shall deliver the ball, the umpire at his wicket, unasked, must call "No ball."

41. If either of the strikers run a short run, the umpire must call "One short."

42. No umpire shall be allowed to bet.

43. No umpire is to be changed during a match, unless with the consent of both parties, except in case of violation of the 42nd law; then either party may dismiss the transgressor.

44. After the delivery of four balls, the umpire must call "Over," but not until the ball shall be finally settled in the wicket-keeper's or bowler's hand; the ball shall then be considered dead; nevertheless, if an idea be entertained that either of the strikers is out, a question may be put previously to, but not after, the delivery of the next ball. 45. The umpire must take especial care to call "No ball" instantly upon delivery; "Wide ball," as soon as it shall pass the striker.

46. The Players who go in second shall follow their innings if they have obtained eighty runs less than their antagonists, except in all matches limited to only one day's play, when the number shall be limited to sixty instead of eighty.

47. When one of the strikers shall have been put out, the use of the bat shall not be allowed to any person until the next striker shall come in.

NOTE.-Complaints having been made that it is the practice of some players when at the wicket to make holes in the ground for a footing, the committee are of opinion that the umpires should be empowered to prevent it.

THE LAWS OF SINGLE WICKET.

1. When there shall be less than five players on a side, bounds shall be placed, twenty-two yards each, in a line from the off and leg stump.

2. The ball must be hit before the bounds to entitle the striker to a run, which run cannot be obtained unless he touch the bowling stump or crease in a line with his bat, or some part of his person, or go beyond them, returning to the popping crease as at double wicket, according to the 21st law.

3. When the striker shall hit the ball, one of his feet must be on the ground and behind the popping crease, otherwise the umpire shall call "No hit."

4. When there shall be less than five players on a side, neither byes nor over-throws shall be allowed, nor shall the striker be caught out behind the wicket, nor stumped out.

5. The fieldsman must return the ball so that it shall cross the play between the wicket and the bowling stump, or between the bowling stump and the bounds. The striker may run till the ball be so

6. After the striker shall have made one run, if he start again he must touch the bowling stump and turn before the ball cross the play, to entitle him to another.

7. The striker shall be entitled to three runs for lost ball, and the same number for ball stopped with hat, with reference to the 28th and 33rd laws of double wicket.

8. When there shall be more than four players on a side, there shall be no bounds. All hits, byes, and overthrows shall then be allowed. 9. The bowler is subject to the same laws as at double wicket. 10. Not more than one minute shall be allowed between each ball.

We come now to the practical part of the game, concerning which a few hints will be useful to the beginner. A good cricketer can only be made by practice, but it will assist the learner to have right principles before him at the outset.

The Batsman, at starting, should stand in the position shown in Fig. 1-his right foot firmly planted on the ground, and his left in readiness to move freely either to the one side or the other, as may be required in striking the ball. He grounds the end of his bat at a spot within the popping crease, and about the length of the bat from the wicket; and, in order that he may guard his wicket well, he is entitled to ask the umpire stationed near the opposite wicket to give him tho correct line for the middle stump; that is, to inform him when his bat is so placed as to cover this stump, looking from the bowler's end. He marks this spot by an indentation with the bat, and is then in readiness for the ball. One general rule must be laid down for playing either fast or slow balls. If they appear to be coming straight into the wicket, they must be blocked, or stopped, and the player should not attempt to strike them. In blocking, the bat is lifted only a short distance from the ground, and the ball is struck downward, so as to bring it to a dead stop if possible. For this purpose the handle of the bat should be sloped well forward, by which means the front of the bat is made to cover the ball, and prevent its rising from the ground. Otherwise, in blocking, the ball may receive just such a tip as will cause it to pass from the edge of the bat into the hands of "point" or "cover-point," who will be on the look-out for it. The position known as "the draw," which is engraved in our second figure, is something between a block and a hit, partaking of the nature of both. It is the mode of meeting a ball when, after being pitched, it rises from the ground and is apparently coming straight in towards the top of the wicket or the bails. The bat is held straight before the wicket (Fig. 2), but the surface of the bat, instead of meeting the ball full, is turned slightly to one side, so that the ball, when it meets the bat, is turned off at an angle, and a run is frequently the result.

Fig. 1.-THE BATSMAN IN POSITION.

Fig. 2.-"THE DRAW."

a

If the ball, when delivered, appears to be coming somewhat wide of the wicket, the batsman may play it freely, either by a "hit," "cut," or a "drive." But it is frequently difficult to tell what line the ball is really taking, for, if you are playing against an expert bowler, you will probably find the balls come towards the wicket with a twist from the spot at which they were pitched, and, instead of pursuing a straight course, turning in to the stumps. The great art of bowling, indeed, is to be able to give this twist to the ball, as well as to direct it straight at the wicket. Nothing but practice, and quickness both of eye and hand, will teach the young bats

man to guard effectually against this danger.

In striking, hit the ball, if possible, between the line of the fielders, or wherever you see the field most open and unprotected. Strike low, so that you may not afford the opportunity of a catch to one of your watchful opponents. Do not be too eager to make runs; let your object rather be to protect your wicket as long as possible, waiting your opportunity for a good hit now and then at a ball delivered with less care than usual. Do not tempt a run after the ball is in the hands of one of the fielders,

otherwise the ball may reach your stumps before you can return to the wicket, and you will be "run out."

If practice is necessary to the batsman, it is still more essential to make an expert Bowler. The learner should practise bowling at a mark, either in a field or in an outhouse. He should acquire both the fast and the slow styles, for it is of the greatest service in actual play to be able to vary the character of the bowlingto deliver a slow ball after a fast one, and vice versa. Nothing is more embarrassing to the batsman than the uncertainty this causes as to the kind of ball he is about to receive. The bowler should acquire, also, the knack of twisting the ball in its delivery, to which we have previously alluded. The ball should be held in the fingers only, and not grasped in the palm of the hand. It matters not whether the style of delivery be "roundarm," or "under-hand "-that is, whether with a swing of the arm from the shoulder, or bowled in the ordinary meaning of the word. The learner should adopt that mode which gives him the greatest command of the ball and its direction. The roundarm style is more generally suited to fast, and the underhand to slow bowling; but this rule has its individual exceptions. A few years ago, very little bowling other than in the round-arm style was seen in the cricket field. The under-hand fashion was regarded with some degree of contempt. Now, however, it has come again into vogue, and may be seen practised almost, if not quite, as frequently as the more modern round-arm delivery. Fig. 3 represents the attitude of the bowler when about to deliver the ball in round-arm style.

་་་ང་.

Fig. 3.-THE BOWLER.

Next in importance to batsman and bowler, in the duties he has to perform, comes the Wicket-keeper. His duty is to stop the ball, if he can, immediately it passes the wicket, and, if the batsman be not sufficiently guarded, or within his bounds, to knock the bails off before the striker can recover his proper position. He should also receive the ball after the fielders have secured it, and it is his place to throw it at the stumps before the batsman can complete his intended run. Therefore, the fielder who may stop the ball, instead of throwing it at once to the wicket, should deliver it as quickly as possible into the hands of the wicket-keeper; otherwise, if he miss his aim and the ball pass by the wicket, the batsman may run again, and make as many more towards the score as if the ball had been again hit. The hands of the wicket-keeper should be protected by padded gloves, especially if the bowling be of the fast order. The watchful and ready attitude of the wicket-keeper are depicted in Fig. 4.

Balls which pass the wicketkeeper should be secured by Long-stop, who is stationed at some distance behind him for that purpose, as indicated in the diagram of the relative positions of the players, given in our previous paper. The other duties of long-stop and the rest of the fielders may be described in general terms. They must be on the vigilant look-out when the ball is delivered, that they may catch it or stop it as soon as possible, if it should chance to be struck that way. Quickness of eye, a firm hand for a catch, and good legs, the power to throw a ball straight to the wicketkeeper, and judgment not to over-throw it, are the essentials to a good fielder. Such a player is often able to render his side quite as good service as either the expert bowler or the batsman.

Fig. 4. THE WICKET-KEEPER.

LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XIII. SECTION XXIV.-ROSACEA, OR THE ROSE TRIBE (continued). LET us now examine a rose, not so much for the sake of learning any new points respecting the flower, as for the sake of gradually making ourselves acquainted with the structure of such fruits as apples and pears.

Perhaps we had better commence with the fruits, as a rose flower has little to teach us. After the petals of a rose have all fallen away, there remains, as everybody knows, a sort of

Here, then, the calyx, not growing to the fruits or carpels, the examples of botanical transformation which we have already although surrounding them, can readily be separated. But after seen, the reader will not be surprised at the information that, in certain members of the rose order, the calyx not only surrounds the carpels, but actually attaches itself to them; thus becoming, what we should term in ordinary language, a portion of the fruit. This is the case with apples and pears, which are composed each of five carpels, recognisable by the five seedvessels closely enveloped in a fleshy calyx. What we term the

133. BLOSSOM OF THE PEACH (PERSICA VULGARIS). 134 SCARLET

bulbous-looking thing, which, if split open, contains little hairy prominences termed seeds in ordinary language. In reality, these are fruits containing the seed, and the external envelope in which they are contained is nothing more than a calyx. This peculiar conformation will be readily demonstrated by considering the various parts of a rose flower, and the changes which these parts undergo. If we open a rose flower, we see numerous stamens but no pistils. On looking still more attentively, the tops of pistils become evident, that is to say, their stigmas, but their styles are hidden. If a vertical section of the flower be now made, the stigmas will be seen to proceed from ovaries affixed, as already described, to the calyx, and hidden by the envelopment of the latter, which surrounds them on all sides, only little throat-like openings being left.

VOL. I.

eye of an apple is nothing but the remains of the calyx enclosing withered stamens.

A precisely similar structure is observable in the pear (Fig. 130), the quince, and the mountain ash; the fruit of the last-named indeed, resembles common apples in every respect except size and colour. The hawthorn is also a rosaceous plant, belonging to the sub-order Pomea; hence the structure of the fruit, hips and haws, should resemble the structure of an apple. On a casual examination this does not seem to be the case, for whereas the apple contains internally some parchment-like cavities, the fruit of the hawthorn contains some things which resemble seeds enveloped by a long covering; this long covering, however, is no other than a thickened condition of the parchment-like compartments of the apple.

26

The apple tribe (sub-order Pomer) is thus seen to be nearly allied to the roses proper; the almond tribe (sub-order Amygdalea), containing almonds, peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums, etc., is still more nearly allied, however little one might anticipate such resemblance from a casual examination of the fruit. The reader will remember that in the sub-order Pomea, the ovary, or lower portion of the united carpels, is inferior; that is to say, the calyx grows around it, adheres to it, and appears above it. In the rose proper no such adherence takes place; hence the ovary may be said to be superior; in Amygdale, or the sub-order of Rosacea, containing almonds, plums, nectarines, etc., the ovary is also superior; hence the truth of our remark, that this sub-order was more nearly allied to roses proper than is the sub-order Pomeœ. If the flowers of peaches, plums, nectarines, etc., be examined, they will be found to be made up of a corolla of five petals, a calyx of five sepals, and numerous stamens arising from the sides of the calyx; these are all characteristics of the rose tribe. Instead, however, of many carpels, like the roses proper, the members of the almond tribe have each only one, which ripens into the sort of fruit termed by botanical writers a drupe, a term which has been fully explained. For another specimen of the rose tribe we refer the reader to Fig. 131.

Let us now examine the chemical and physiological characteristics of the Rosacea. The sub-order Rosea, containing the roses proper, does not include one noxious plant. On the contrary, the strawberry yields us a delightful article of food, and the fruit of some species of rose is made into conserves. The leaves of this sub-order are usually astringent, and so in like manner are the petals; those of the garden roses are frequently used by medical men for the preparation of astringent draughts. Need we call attention to the fragrance of roses? That fragrance depends on the presence of a volatile oil, which admits of being extracted from the flower petals. It constitutes the otto or attar of roses.

The sub-order Pomea is also harmless, if we except the seeds and flowers of certain species which contain a minute amount of prussic acid; not sufficient, however, to be injurious. The fleshy part of pomaceous fruits is frequently an agreeable article of food, containing much sugar in the sweet varieties, and various

acids, of which the malic is the principal. In the sub-order Amygdalea (Figs. 132 and 133), the amount of prussic acid, which becomes accumulated for the most part in the leaves, petals, and seeds, is often very great; nevertheless, the poisonous principle rarely extends to the fleshy pericarp or edible portion of the fruit. The seeds of the bitter almond, and the leaves of the common cherry laurel, furnish examples of the great accumulation of prussic acid in certain members of this beautiful sub-order, which is also further distinguished from Rose and Pomen by yielding gum, which the two latter never do. Other plants belonging to the order Rosacea are represented by Figs. 134 and 135.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-XXIII.

SECTION XLIII.-IDIOMATIC PHRASES.

1. Mern, gladly, freely, fain, etc. (comparative lieber, rather; see § 106. 1), with an appropriate verb, forms the equivalent of our phrase, "to be fond of, to like," etc., as :-Gr trinkt gern Wein,! he is fond of (drinking) wine. Er raucht gern, he is fond of smoking; or, he likes to smoke. Er trägt gern schöne Kleider, he likes (to wear) fine clothes. Ich möchte gern wissen, ob mein Freund noch lebt, I would fain know whether my friend is still living. Ich möchte lieber geben, als bleiben, I would rather go than stay. With haben it may often be rendered by "dear," as :-Ich habe meine Freunde gern, I hold (have) my friends "dear."

2. Nöthig haben signifies "to need, to have need of," as:-Haben Sie dieses Buch nöthig? do you need (have you need of) this book? Er hat Geld nöthig, he needs money; or, has need of money.

3. Im Stante fein signifies" to be able;" literally, "to be in the position or situation," as :-Sind Sie im Stante, zu schreiben? are you able to write? In this construction the verb dependent upon im Stande sein is often omitted, and the pronoun es is introduced (Sect. XXXV. 6), as :-Ich bin es nicht im Stante, I am not able.

• For conjugation of dürfen, fönnen, mögen, ete., in the subjunctive, see § 83 (2). See also remarks connected with these conjugations.

4. Several words, as toch, ja, schen, vielleicht, wohl, and zwar, etc., are often used with a signification different from their primary one, or where no corresponding one is employed in English, as :-Sind Sie vielleicht krank? are you (perhaps) sick? Werten Sie wohl morgen abreisen? is it true, shall you depart to-morrow? Er wird uns schon finten, he will already (doubtless) find us. Wenn er frank ist, so kann er nicht kommen, if he is sick, (then) he cannot come. Er liest nicht, und zwar, weil er kein Buch bat, he does not read, (and indeed) because he has no book. Geben Sie ja nicht, do not go by any means. Es dürfte (see note) wohl so kommen, it might indeed so happen (come). Wellen Sie schon gehen? are you going already? Jawohl, yes (certainly); or, yes, indeed. Ich glaubte, er könnte uns schon heute besuchen, I thought he could (already) visit us to-day. Er glaubte, er könnte sich wohl jezt an ihm rächen, he thought he could now (indeed) avenge himself upon him.

5. The causative adverbs, teßhalb or deßwegen (therefore), baturch (thereby), etc., are frequently introduced into a leading sentence, where the corresponding English word is omitted, as :-Gr ist teßhalb unzufrieden, weil sein Freund nicht hier ist, he is (therefore) discontented because his friend is not here. the

6. Schultig with sein signifies "to be indebted; to owe; word denoting the amount being put in the accusative (§ 132.3), as:-Er ist mir nur einen Gulden schultig, he owes me but one florin. Verdanken also signifies "to owe," but only in the sense of "to be obliged for, to ascribe to," as :-Ich vertanke meine Genesung der reinen Luft der Schweiz, I owe my recovery to the pure air of Switzerland. VOCABULARY.

1. Sehen Sie meinen Schwager gern? 2. Ja, ich sehe ihn gern. 3. Der Oheim möchte gern Gure Zeichnungen sehen. 4. Ich habe gern Freunde in meiner Nähe. 5. In meiner Jugend studirte ich sehr gern, aber nun thue ich es ungern. 6. Er frricht gern von seinen Reisen und seinen Grishrungen. 7. Wenn Sie die Bücher nöthig haben, so leihe ich Ihnen dieselben von Herzen gern. 8. Gr trennt sich ungern von seiner Familie habe gern ein warmes Zimmer. 10. Könnt ihr uns sicher über riefen Strom fahren? 11. Nein, wir sind es nicht im Stante, denn dieser

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