INHU'MATE, v. a. ¿ Fr. inhumer; Lat. huINHUME', v.a. Smo. To bury; to inter. Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain, Inhume the natives in their native plain.

Pope's Odyssey. INJECT, v. a. Lat. injicio. To throw in; INJECTION,n. S. Sto dart in. Injection, the act of casting in: any medicine made to be injected by a syringe, or any other instrument, into any part of the body; the act of filling the vessels with wax, or any other proper matter, to show their shapes and ramifications, often done by anatomists.

Angels inject thoughts into our minds, and know our cogitations.

Glanville.

This salt powdered was, by the repeated injection of well-kindled charcoal, made to flash like melted nitre. Boyle. Though bold in open field, they yet surround The town with walls, and mound inject on mound. Pope.

INJECTION, in surgery, the throwing in some liquor or medicine into a vein opened by incision. This practice, and that of transfusion, or the conveying the arterial blood of one man, or other animal, into another, were once greatly practised, but are now almost entirely laid aside. INJECTION, ANATOMICAL, the filling the vessels of a human, or other animal body, with some colored substance, in order to make their figures and ramifications visible. The best account of the method of injecting the sanguiferous vessels of animals is that by the late Dr. Monro, published in the Medical Essays. The instrument with which the liquor is commonly thrown into the vessels is a tight easy going syringe of brass, to which several short pipes are fitted, and can be fixed by screws, the other extremities of these pipes being of different diameters without any screw, that they may slide into other pipes, which are so exactly adapted to them at one end that, when they are pressed together, nothing can pass between them. The other extremity of each of these second sort of pipes is of different diameter; and near it a circular notch, capable of allowing a thread to be sunk into it, is formed; by this the thread, tying the vessel at which the injection is to be made, will not be allowed to slide off. Besides this form described, when the larger vessels are injected, the pipe fastened into the vessel ought to have a valve to hinder the liquid from leaving the vessel by the pipe when the syringe is removed. The liquors thrown into the vessels, with a design to fill the small capillary tubes, are either such as will incorporate with water, or such as are oily. All the different kinds of glue, or ichthyocolla, syths, common glue, &c., dissolved and pretty much diluted, mix easily with the animal fluids, which is of great advantage; and will pass into very small vessels of a well-chosen and prepared subject, and often answer the intention sufficiently, where the

design is only to prepare some very fine membrane. Melted tallow, with a little mixture of oil of turpentine, may sometimes be made to fill very small vessels, and keep the larger ones the animal liquors are still in the vessels, it is at a full stretch: but, where any quantity of liable to stop too soon, and never can be introduced into numbers of vessels which other liquors enter; and it is so brittle that very little handling makes it crack, and thereby renders the preparation very ugly. The method most approved is, first to throw in colored oil of turpentine, in such a quantity as might fill the very small vessels; and, immediately after, to push the common coarse injection into the larger ones. The oil is subtile enough to enter rather smaller capillary tubes than any coloring can; its resinous parts, which remain after the spirituous are evaporated, give a sufficient adhesion colored, to keep them from separating, and it to the particles of the substance with which it is intimately incorporates with the coarser injection; by which, if the injection is rightly managed, it is impossible for the sharpest eye to discover that two sorts have been made use of. Anatomists have proposed to imitate the natural colors of the arteries and veins in a living creature, by filling the arteries with a red substance, and the veins with a blue or green. The animal or vegetable substances made use of for coloring injections, such as cochineal, laque, Brasil wood, indigo, &c., have all one general fault of being liable to run into little knots which stop some of the vessels; their color fades soon when kept dry; and therefore the mineral colors are generally to be preferred, such as minium or vermilion; of which this last is the best, because it gives the brightest color, and is commonly to be bought finely levigated. The green colored powder generally used is distilled verdigris. The method of preparing the injection composed of these materials is, to take for the fine one a pound of clear oil of turpentine, which is gradually poured on three ounces of vermilion, or distilled verdigris finely powdered, or rather well levigated by grinding on marble; stir them well with a small wooden spatula till they are exactly mixed, then strain all through a fine linen rag. The coarser injection is thus prepared:-take tallow 1 lb., wax, bleached white, 5 ozs., sallad oil 3 ozs., melt them in a skillet put over a lamp: then add Venice turpentine 2 ozs., and, as soon as this is dissolved, gradually sprinkle in of vermilion or verdigris prepared, 3 ozs.; then pass all through a clean, dry, warmed linen cloth, to separate all the grosser particles; and, when you design to make it run far into the vessels, some oil of turpentine may be added immediately before it is used. When the syringe, injections, and subject, are all in readiness, one of the second sort of pipes is chosen, as near to the diameter of the vessel by which the injection is to be thrown as possible. Having chosen a fit pipe, it is introduced at the cut orifice of the vessel, or at an incision made in the side of it; and then a waxed thread being brought round the vessel, as near to its coats as possible, by the help of a needle, or a flexible eyed probe, the

The ceremonies of the church are necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority, the practice of the primitive church, and the general rules of decency. South.

INJUNCTION, in law, a writ generally grounded upon an interlocutory order or decree out of the court of chancery or exchequer, sometimes to give possession to the plaintiff, for want of the defendant's appearance; sometimes to the king's ordinary court, and sometimes to the court christian, to stop proceedings in a cause, upon suggestion made, that the rigor of the law, if it take place, is against equity and conscience in that case, that the complainant is not able to make his defence in these courts, for want of witnesses, &c., or that they act erroneously, denying him some just advantage. The writ of injunction is directed not only to the party himself, but to his counsellors, attorneys, and solicitors; and if any attorney, after having been served with an injunction, proceeds contrary to it, the court of chancery will commit him to the Fleet for contempt. But, if an injunction be granted by the court of chancery in a criminal matter, the court of king's bench may break it, and protect any that proceed in contempt of it. See CHANCERY.

INJURE, v. a.
IN JURER, n. s.
INJURIOUS, adj.
INJURIOUSLY, adv.
INJURIOUSNESS, n. s.
INJURY, n. s.
INJUSTICE, . s.

Fr. injurier; Lat. in, privative, and jus. To hurt unjustly; to wrong; to annoy, or inconvenience. Injurer, one who wrongs another. Injurious,

Forgiveness to the injured doth belong; But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong. Id. Great injuries mice and rats do in the fields. Mortimer.

It is natural for a man, by directing his prayers to an image, to suppose the being he prays to is represented by that image: which how injurious, how contumelious must it be to the glorious nature of God!

South. My soul is up in arms, my injured honour, Impatient of the wrong, calls for revenge.

Rowe's Lady Jane Grey. The upright judge will countenance right, and discountenance wrong, whoever be the injurer or the sufferer.

Atterburu.

Nor ought he to neglect the vindication of his character, when it is injuriously attacked. Pope and Gay. If injurious appellations were of any advantage to endeavour to sow the seeds of sedition? a cause, what appellations would those deserve who Swift.

Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without being discovered, or at least without being punished. Id.

Many merchants have supported themselves by expedients for a time, without any final injury w

their creditors, and what is lost by one adventure may be recovered by another. Johnson. Rambler. Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling upon trifling arguments. Watts's Logic.

Peace to Torquato's injured shade!

Byron. Childe Harold. Let us ask what lawful authority has been curtailed; let us ask what respectable community has been injured. Canning's Speeches.

INK, n.s. & v. a. INK'-HORN, n. s. INK-MAKER, N.S. INK'Y, adj.

INK'-STAND, n. s.

Fr. encre; Ital. inchiostro; Gr. EyxEw. The black liquor with which we write. Ink is used for any liquor with

ink; green ink. Ink, to daub with ink: ink-horn, a portable case for the instruments of writing, made of horn: inky, consisting of, resembling, or black as ink: ink-stand, the case which holds or contains the ink.

This joye ne maie not written be with inke; This passeth al that ony hert maie thinke.

Chaucer. Troilus and Creseide.

England bound in with the triumphant sea, Whose rocky shore beats back the envious siege Of watery Neptune, is bound in with shame, With inky blots and rotten parchment bonds.

O! she's fallen

Shakspeare.

INK is a name given to every pigment used for writing or printing. There are two kinds of common black ink, viz. writing ink and printer's ink; besides the red and other colored inks, Indian ink, and the sympathetic inks.

entire literature of the world was deposited in Prior to the invention of printing, when the MSS., the manufacture of a black and durable ink, must evidently have been of the first importance. Accordingly we find that the most ancient MSS. are the most beautiful for

color even at the present day. We have in fact no ink equal to that of the ancients, as may be readily seen by comparing the rolls and records that have been written from the fifteenth century to the end of the seventeenth, with the writings we have remaining of various ages from the fifth to the twelfth centuries. Notwithstanding the superior antiquity of the latter, they are in excellent preservation; but we frequently find the former, though of more modern date, so much defaced that they are scarcely legible. The ancient inks appear to have been solutions of gum and lampblack, whereas the modern inks are almost always made of copperas and galls; which produces nothing like so fine a color, though it obviates an objection to which lamp-black inks are liable, viz. that they are easily discharged without destroying the paper. Besides their black inks, however, the ancients used various other colors, as red, gold, and silver, purple, &c. Green ink was frequently used in Latin MSS., especially in the latter ages; and it was frequently employed in signatures by the guardians of the Greek emperors, till their wards were of age. Blue or yellow ink was seldom used except in MSS.; but,' says Mr. Astle, the yellow has not been much in use, as far as we can learn, these 600

Some kinds of characters, particularly the metallic, were burnished. Wax was used by the Latins and Greeks as a varnish, but especially by the former, and particularly in the ninth century.

A very excellent modern receipt for ink is the following:-Take one pound and a half of bruised Aleppo galls, and put them in six quarts of rain water; add eight ounces of green copperas, eight ounces of gum-Arabic, and three ounces of roch alum; mix them well together and shake them frequently, and in a fortnight the ink will be fit for use. It is, indeed, rather pale at first, but soon appears of a fine and durable black. The following method is recommended by Dr. Black in his lectures:- Take powdered galls three ounces logwood shavings and vitriolated iron, of each one ounce; water from two to three pints, according to the degree of strength required for the ink. Before the boiling is finished throw in half an ounce of gum-arabic, and when it is dissolved strain the liquor.' As a means of preserving the ink from mould Dr. Black directs about a quarter of an ounce of spirit of wine to be added, and likewise a little powdered cloves ground in a mortar with a little of the ink.

As the durability of records and other valuable

writings, depends much upon the goodness of the ink employed, some of the first chemists have thought the manufacture well worth their utmost attention. Of these Dr. Lewis and M. Ribaucourt are the most celebrated. Dr. Lewis recommends that a decoction of logwood should be used instead of water, as it greatly improves both the beauty and deepness of the black, without disposing it to fade. He adds that the addition of gum-arabic is not only useful, by keeping the coloring matter suspended in the fluid, but also by preventing the ink from spreading, by which means a greater quantity of it is collected on each stroke of the pen. Sugar, which is sometimes added to ink, is found to be much less effectual than gums, and to have the inconvenience of preventing the drying of the ink. The color of ink is greatly injured by keeping the ink in vessels made of copper or lead, and probably of any other metal, excepting iron. Dr.Lewis, therefore, recommends the following as the best proportions of the ingredients for ink. One part of green vitriol, one part of powdered logwood, and three parts of powdered galls. The best menstruum appears to be vinegar or white wine, though for common use water is sufficient. If the ink be required to be of a full color, a quart, or at most three pints, of liquor may be allowed to three ounces of galls, and to one ounce of each of the other two ingredients. Half an ounce of gum may be added to each pint of the liquor. The ingredients may be all put together at once in a convenient vessel, and well shaken four or five times each day. In ten or twelve days the ink will be fit for use, though it will improve by remaining longer on the ingredients. Or it may be made more expeditiously, by adding the gum and vitriol to a decoction of galls and logwood in the menstruum. In some attempts made by the doctor to endow writing ink with the great durability of that of the ancients, as well as the properties which it has at present, he first mixed both lamp-black and ivory-black with solution of gum-arabic, made of such consistence as just to flow sufficiently from the pen. The liquors wrote of a fine black color; but, when dry, part of the color could be rubbed off, especially in moist weather, and a pencil dipped in water washed it away entirely. I tried, says he, solutions of the animal glues with the same effect. Though the oily mixtures answered better than those with simple gums or glues, it was apprehended that their being dischargeable by water would render them unfit for the purposes intended. The only way of obviating this imperfection appeared to be, by using a paper which should admit the black liquid to sink a little into its substance. Accordingly I took some of the more sinking kinds of paper, and common paper made damp as for printing; and had the satisfaction to find, that neither the oily nor the simple gummy mixture spread upon them so much as might have been expected, and that the characters were as fixed as could be desired, for they could not be washed out without rubbing off part of the substance of the paper itself. But a further improvement may yet be made, namely, that of uniting the ancient and modern inks together; or using the common

vitriolic ink instead of water, for tempering the ancient mixture of gum and lamp-black. By this method it should seem that the writings would have all the durability of those of former times, with all the advantage that results from the vitriolic ink fixing itself in the paper.

A durable ink may also, he says, be made by washing paper, parchment, &c., with the Prussic acid, which will not in the least injure either of these substances. The materials, thus prepared, may be written on with common ink, and a ground of Prussian blue will be formed beneath every stroke, which will remain long after the black has decayed by the influence of the air, or been destroyed by acids.

M. Ribaucourt gives these directions for the composition of good ink :

Take eight ounces of powdered Aleppo galls; four ounces of chip logwood; four ounces of sulphate of iron; three ounces of powdered gumarabic; one ounce of sulphate of copper; and one ounce of sugar-candy. Boil the galls and logwood together in twelve pounds of water for one hour, or till half the liquid has evaporated. Strain the decoction through a hair sieve, or linen cloth, and then add the other ingredients. Stir the mixture till the whole is dissolved, more especially the gum; after which, leave it to subside for twenty-four hours. Then decant the ink, and preserve it in bottles of glass or stone ware, well corked.

Van Mons applied the discoveries of Proust to the preparation of common writing ink. He found that the sulphate of iron, calcined to whiteness, always gives a most beautiful black precipitate. By the following mixture he obtained excellent ink: galls four ounces; sulphate of iron, calcined to whiteness, two ounces and a half; and two pints of water. The whole must be left to macerate cold for twenty-four hours: then add gum-arabic ten drachms, and preserve it in a stone jar open, or covered merely with paper. Chaptal also employed the calcined sulphate, in connexion with the decoction of gallnuts, and logwood.

Mr. Desormeaux, jun., an ink manufacturer in Spitalfields, has given the following in the Philosophical Magazine:-Boil four ounces of logwood about an hour in six beer quarts of water, adding boiling water from time to time; strain while hot; and, when cold, add water enough to make the liquor five quarts. Into this put one pound avoirdupois of blue galls coarsely bruised; four ounces of sulphate of iron calcined to whiteness; three ounces of coarse brown sugar; six ounces of gum-arabic; and a quarter of an ounce of acetate of copper, triturated with a little of the decoction to a paste, and then thoroughly mixed with the rest. This is to be kept in a bottle uncorked about a fortnight, shaking it twice a-day, after which it may be poured from the dregs, and corked up for use.

On many occasions it is of importance to employ an ink indestructible by any process that will not equally destroy the material on which it is applied. Mr. Close has recommended for this purpose twenty-five grains of copal in powder dissolved in 200 grains of oil of lavender, by the assistance of gentle heat, and then mixed