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MANUAL

OF

MINERALOGY,

INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON

MINES, ROCKS, REDUCTION OF ORES,

AND THF

Applications of the Science to the Arts.

WITH 260 ILLUSTRATIONS.

DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

BY JAMES D. DANA, A.M.

Member of the Soc. Caes. Nat. Cur. of Moscow, Soc. Philomathique of Paris,
American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, etc.;

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PREFACE.

In the preparation of this Manual, the author has endeavored to meet a demand often urged, by making it, as far as possible, practical and American in character.

Prominence has been given to the more common species, while others are but briefly noticed in a smaller type, or are mentioned only by name. The uses of minerals and their modes of application in the arts have been especially dwelt upon. The value of ores in mining, their modes of reduction, the yield of mines in different countries, and the various applications of the metals, have been described as minutely as was consistent with the extent of the work. The various rocks are in like manner included.

At the same time, the subject has been presented with all the strictness of a scientific system. The classification adopted throws together` ores of the same metals, and associates the earthy species as far as possible in natural groups. This order is preferred by very many teachers of the science, and has advantages which for many purposes counterbalance those of a more perfectly natural system. The account of the ores of each metal is preceded by a brief statement of their distinctive characters; and after the descriptions, there follow general remarks on mines, metallurgical processes, and other useful information.

As the rarer mineral species are not altogether excluded, but are briefly mentioned each in its proper place in the system, the student, should he meet with them, will be guided by the Manual to some knowledge of their general characters, and aided in arranging them in his cabinet.

The list of American localities appended to the work, the descriptions of mineralogical implements, and the notice of foreign weights, measures and coins, will be found convenient to the student.

The author must refer to his larger work for more minute information on the localities of minerals and the associations of species-for full lists of synonyms for tables for the determination of minerals-a more complete account of crystallography and its details-chemical formulas of species, and more numerous analyses, with their authorities—and a list of mineralogical works and journals. He has there expressed his indebtedness to the various Geological Reports of the different States, and also to the scientific journals of the country, for information on American minerals. In addition to these acknowledgments, he would mention his obligations to Prof. C. B. ADAMS, of Amherst, Mass., and Prof. M. TUOMEY, of Alabama, authors of Reports, the former on the Geology of Vermont, and the latter on that of South Carolina. Aid has been received in various ways from Prof. B. SILLIMAN, Jr., and much valuable information from Mr. A. A. HAYES of Lowel, Mass., H. KING of St. Louis, and S. S. HALDEMAN of Columbia, Pennsylvania. Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, has been a work of frequent reference, and the figures of a zinc furnace are from that volume.

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