82 Rules for Foretelling the Weather. NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL. (Prepared in the office of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Agriculture.) Mean Mean Tempera- Rec-| Rec-| Ann'l ture. ord ord PreHigh-Low- cip'n Jan. July est. est. (Ins.) Stations. Cal..... San Francisco 57 72 27 72 D. of C.Washington.. 33 77 Fla... Key West.. 50 80 102 1 62.0 Neb.. Omaha.. 90 119 12 81 106 -12 84 7.9 Nev... Winnemucca 49.9N C....Charlotte. 22.3 N. Dak. Bismarck. 14.0||N. H.........│Concord. 47.2||N. J .. Atlantic City. 43.5|N. Mex. Sante Fé. 38.7N. Y....N. Y. City.. Atlanta. 42 78 100 8 49.4 Ohio. Cincinnati.. -23] 33.3||Ore. Ind..... Indianapolis. -25 41.5 Pa. Oklahoma Philadelphia. Iowa Kan. 34.0R. I... -22] 30,6||S. C....... 44.3 S. Dak.. Pierre.. Block Island. Charleston.. La... -13 48.5 Maine.. Portland... -27 31.6 24 72 101 -24 32.2||Va. Miss....Vicksburg.. 1 53.7 W. Va.. Parkersburg. 31 76 102 -27 40.2 102 26 67 100 -25 31.4 -381 13.6 Mich...Detroit. Minn...St. Paul. Mo... St. Louis. A fall with dry air and cold increasing in Winter indicates snow. A fall after very calm and warm weather indicates rain with squally weather. The barometer rises for northerly winds, including from northwest by north to the eastward for dry, or less wet weather, for less wind, or for more than one of these changes, except on a few occasions, when rain, hail, or snow comes from the northward with strong wind. The barometer falls for southerly wind, including from southeast by south to the westward, for wet weather, for stronger wind or for more than one of these changes, except on a few occasions, when moderate wind, with rain or snow, comes from the northward. DURATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF WEATHER IN THE SEVERAL Clear Cloudy Rain Clearing 9 14 20 ક 8.3 15.6 14 15.4 20.6 A red sun A gray, lowering sunset, or one where the sky is green or yellowish-green, indicates rain. ise, with clouds lowering later in the morning, also indicates rain. A halo occurring after fine weather inlicates a storfn. A corona growing smaller indicates rain; growing larger, fair weather. A morning ainbow is regarded as a sign of rain; an evening rainbow of fair weather. A deep-blue color of the sky. ven when seen through ciouas, indicates fair weather, a growing whiteness. an approaching storm. Fogs A morning fog usually breaks away before noon. ndicate settled weather. Unusual clearness of the tmosphere, unusual brightness or twinkling of the stars, indicate rain. The first frost and last frost are Isually preceded by a temperature very much above the mean. NEW New York City Weather Records for 1917. YORK CITY WEATHER RECORDS FOR 1917. T..04 T..28.18)....02 1.7 .24 T..09 T. .42 .25.01 T 45.10 .11.08 T. .60.01 .17 T .991.15 T. T .031.12 T. • .9818.. Deo. .05 3. 4. Ꭲ . 5. .65 6. T..02.01 7. .25.29.17 8. .73.01 1.425. .03 9. .59 .13.20.04]...[T .14.01 T..42 Ti :08 T. T. T. .12.05 1.6.01 .36 .03 .10 1.0 2.7 T .31 T. 11.. .04 12 .74 .02||29 .23 T. T..01.52] T.|.02 12 .42.06 1.2) .26; T. .02 T. .03 T T T T. .02 "T", trace, less than .01 inch. Total 2.4 1.7 3.4 2.3 3.35.55.9 1.82.7 5.60.6 3.7 3/5.5/5. DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, 1917, AT||DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, 1917, AT 45 34 23 Jan. Fob.. April ~~~~ | Sept. 70 Oct. 47 46 62 48 38 $3 78 63 35 49 38| 791 47 44 46 Means 25 19 32 391 461 601 67 67 56 45 34 18|| Means 40 361 45 55) 611 761 81 82 70 59 48 32 DAILY MAXIMUM WIND VELOCITIES, 1917, AT NEW YORK. DAY. Jan. Feb. 28 51 12 April Dec. 68||19.. 27 23 Jan. 33 Aug 25 42 44 22 44 32' 27 ૫૦ 24| 24| 56| 24 201 401 49 16 34 22 42 22 16 29 30 25| 36] 46| 25] 44| 21| 48||18. 26 56 13 32 50 15 50 48 19 26 26 68 19 60 61 12 44 40 48 29 25 28 31 35 3120 30 42 30 28 23 38 17 25 33 30 27 31 70 44 46 31 32 17 18 28 34 22 60 40 44 44 25 25 23 23 33 42 52 41 31 32 68 18 26 17 15 19 24 37 40 36 36 42 17 50 25 27 26 31 37 5025 32 66 40 56 48 28 21 24 24 28 36 6226 33 60 32 67 58 31 22 31 33 20 37 5827 50 37 31 48 56| 32| 25| 12| 23| 17 22 37 28 45 44 58 30 38 15 43 15 23 56 30 2129 51 29 361 35 32 16 30 23 15 30 18 39 30 39||30. 66 20 25 25| 42| 42|46 26 18 39 18 88 31. 27 21 46 34 48 24 29 19 22 33 44 44 24 55 36 43 27 23 22 25 23 25 41 16 Month 68 70 72 68 58 50 50 52 51 62 56 88 42 28 52 22 28 43) 34) 331 19] 23 25 26 29 33 28 47 27 24 23 21 29 18 18 22 21 84 YEAR. 1871... New York City Weather Records for 1917-Continued. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AT NEW YORK, 1871-1917. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An'ual 2.40 1.45 3.93 5.05 1.73 3.23 4.25 0.73 3.31 3.86 3.73 2.91 5.26 3.41 4.49 7.14 3.60 5.48 2.13 7.07 4.33 1.24 48.80 1880. 1881. 1882 1883. 1884. 2.19 2.11 4.66 2.26 2.81 2.40 4.15 37.34 1.69 1.80 2.22 46.61 3.01 4.27 1.65 3.40 3.44 6.66 2.69 4.61 3.73 46.73 4.20 38.83 55.34 42.12 46.63 1.68 1.27 1889. 5.38 3.07 58.68 1890. 2.95 3.86 4.69 4.22 1894. 5.61 1.27 7.81 8.21 6.46 0.82 5.43 52.30 2.06 3.30 0.63 8.28 1.64 5.28 3.49 3.71 5.83 3.83 5.23 44.17 41.44 38.90 53.01 1896.. 5.50 6.13 1.25 2.12 1.70 37.99 5.30 2.98 9.52 3.14 1900.. 4.18 5.16 1901.. 1902 1903 6.88 2.33 2.20 1.31 5.91 3.12 7.42 1904.. 3.38 2.18 2.70 1905. 1.70 1907. 2.52 3.26 3.29 1908. 3.29 3.59 6.66 1.19 0.90 2.62 3.87 41.57 3.67 44.48 3.82 3.91 5.05 45.28 1.60 1.92 0.75 3.21 41.43 0.74 1.58 5.00 41.55 35.98 1.51 5.38 3.38 4.32 2.21 1.43 3.02 1.84 44.39 1914. 3.69 3.27 33.50 1916 1.08 4.49 3.44 0.59 2.98 33.17 39.28 3.70 3.91 3.39 | 3.18 3.24 DAILY PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION, 1917, AT NEW YORK. New York City Weather Records for 1917-Continued. 85 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES AT NEW YORK, 1871-1917. YEAR. 1871.. 1872 Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. 69.1 71.9 73.0 60.8 61.1 70.6 76.0 75.5 54.9 39.3 29.7 40.4 1873... 28.1 28.8 35.6 1874. 34.5 31.4 38.0 1875 32.6 1876. 33.9 31.8 35.2 1877. 36.6 68.8 73.5 37.3 55.1 42.8 64.4 52.3 38.9 49.7 44.5 65.8 68.8 1880. 1881.. 1882. 1883.. 1884. 1885. 25.8 29.5 36.9 46.0 60.2 64.2 69.5 68.7 29.7 1886.. 1887. 1888.. 28.5 28.5 36.9 32.9 28.0 41.5 40.4 37.5 1891... 34.7 37.5 37.8 1892.. 30.3 33.0 34.6 1893.. 23.3 29.6 36.2 1894.. 44.5 30.1 25.2 36.4 52.0 46.9 41.4 1896.. 27.6 30.2 32.1 50.4 1897.. 39.2 48.6 1898... 32.2 33.0 43.7 46.8 60.8 70.6 1899. 30.8 26.9 38.4 1900. 69.6 43.8 41.8 42.6 44.2 42.2 46.0 36.9 51.9 48.0 56.3 44.1 57.6 41.6 48.7 35.2 1901.. 38.6 71.4 68.2 68.4 56.0 36.4 53.4 66.6 35.4 27.7 32.2 47.1 64.2 1917. 32.4 27.8 38.7 47.2 53.2 68.3 74.1 70.7 65.9 58.5 46.6 44.0 31.5 57.2 44.8 33.S Means 31.0 30.5 37.8 48.7 59.8 68.8 74.0 72.6 66.4 SNOW-COVERED GROUND AT NEW YORK. 1893-1917. 0.1 inch or more including sleet at 8 P. M. Monthly, total number of days and maximum depth (inches). Seasonal, total number of days and maximum number of consecutive days. 86 Medical Aspects of the Tobacco Hubit. NEW YORK CITY WEATHER RECORDS FOR 1917-Continued. EXTREMES OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE AT NEW YORK, 1872-1917. (a) Also in 1895, 12th day. (b) Also in 1903, 2d day. (c) Also in 1896, 17th day. (d) Also in 1879, 16th day. (e) Also in 1909, 12th day. () Also in 1876, 1st day. (g) Also in 1914, 28th day. WIND VELOCITY AT NEW YORK, 1898-1917. EXTREMES OF PRECIPITATION AND PRECIPITATION. SNOWFALL AT NEW YORK, 1884-1917. MONTH Greatest SNOWFALL.* Greatest in 24 Hrs. Day. Year.||in 24 Hrs. Day. Year. in 24 Hrs. Day. Year. In 24 IIrs. Day. Year. 8-9 1884 13.1 0 Feb.. 3.25 11-12 1886 25-26 1876 8-9 1903 T. 7-8 1908 3.88 14-15 1917 8.8 14.0 11 1906t 26-27 1898 June.. 26-27 1890 * Records extending to winter of 1884-5 only. † Also in 1903, 26th and 27th, and in 1885, 30th. "T", trace, less than 0.1 inch. SEASONAL SNOWFALL AT NEW YORK. MEDICAL ASPECTS OF THE TOBACCO HABIT. IN a paper read before the Association of Health Officers of Nova Scotia, D. Fraser Harris, Professor of Physiology in Dalhousie University, gives a resumé of the medical aspects of the tobacco habit. 1. The Isubstances in tobacco smoke which are injurious are probably oxidation products of nicotine and other alkaloids. 2. The smoking of tobacco is the more injurious the younger the person, hence young recruits suffer more readily from "tobacco heart" than older men. 3. The chewing of tobacco is much more injurious than the smoking of it, and ought to be discouraged. 4. Since what is injurious in tobacco smoke is absorbed more readily by inhaling than by smoking without inhaling, inhaling ought to be discouraged. 5. There is a marked idiosyncrasy toward tobacco in respect of the substances which raise the blood-pressure, cause irregularity of the heart and give rise to gastric acidity. 6. Those who have this idiosyncrasy ought not to use tobacco at all. 7. Those who do not have this idiosyncrasy may use tobacco in moderation with impunity. |