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82

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Rules for Foretelling the Weather.

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL.

(Prepared in the office of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Agriculture.)

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Mean Mean Tempera- Rec-| Rec-| Ann'l ture. ord ord PreHigh-Low- cip'n Jan. July est. est. (Ins.)

Stations.

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Cal..... San Francisco

57

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D. of C.Washington..

33 77

Fla...

Key West..

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50 80 102

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62.0 Neb.. Omaha..

90 119

12

81 106

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7.9 Nev... Winnemucca 49.9N C....Charlotte. 22.3 N. Dak. Bismarck. 14.0||N. H.........│Concord. 47.2||N. J .. Atlantic City. 43.5|N. Mex. Sante Fé. 38.7N. Y....N. Y. City..

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Atlanta.

42 78

100

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8 49.4 Ohio.
12.7|Okla

Cincinnati..

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Ind..... Indianapolis.

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-25 41.5 Pa.

Oklahoma
Portland..

Philadelphia.

Iowa

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Kan.

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34.0R. I...

-22] 30,6||S. C.......

44.3 S. Dak.. Pierre..

Block Island.

Charleston..

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La...

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Maine.. Portland...

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24 72

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32.2||Va.

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Miss....Vicksburg..

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53.7 W. Va.. Parkersburg.
37.2| Wis.. Milwaukee.. 20 70
12.8||Wyo.... [Cheyenne.

31 76

102

-27 40.2

102

26 67

100

-25 31.4 -381 13.6

Mich...Detroit.

Minn...St. Paul.

Mo... St. Louis.
Mont...Helena

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A fall with dry air and cold increasing in Winter indicates snow. A fall after very calm and warm weather indicates rain with squally weather.

The barometer rises for northerly winds, including from northwest by north to the eastward for dry, or less wet weather, for less wind, or for more than one of these changes, except on a few occasions, when rain, hail, or snow comes from the northward with strong wind.

The barometer falls for southerly wind, including from southeast by south to the westward, for wet weather, for stronger wind or for more than one of these changes, except on a few occasions, when moderate wind, with rain or snow, comes from the northward.

DURATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF WEATHER IN THE SEVERAL
STORMS-VICINITY OF NEW YORK.

Clear Cloudy Rain Clearing
Hours.
Hours.
Hours.
Hours.

9

14

20


13.4
17.6 31

8.3 15.6

14

15.4

20.6

A red sun

A gray, lowering sunset, or one where the sky is green or yellowish-green, indicates rain. ise, with clouds lowering later in the morning, also indicates rain. A halo occurring after fine weather inlicates a storfn. A corona growing smaller indicates rain; growing larger, fair weather. A morning ainbow is regarded as a sign of rain; an evening rainbow of fair weather. A deep-blue color of the sky. ven when seen through ciouas, indicates fair weather, a growing whiteness. an approaching storm. Fogs A morning fog usually breaks away before noon. ndicate settled weather. Unusual clearness of the tmosphere, unusual brightness or twinkling of the stars, indicate rain. The first frost and last frost are Isually preceded by a temperature very much above the mean.

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NEW

New York City Weather Records for 1917.

YORK CITY WEATHER RECORDS FOR 1917.
(Compiled under the direction of James H. Scarr, United States Meteorologist.)
DAILY PRECIPITATION, 1917, AT NEW YORK.

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Total 2.4 1.7 3.4 2.3 3.35.55.9 1.82.7 5.60.6 3.7
Total 2.4

3/5.5/5.

DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, 1917, AT||DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, 1917, AT

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45 34 23
4933
531 33 29.
33 39 55 67 68 55 54 30 29
34 38 56 6S 66 61] 46 38 27
32 19 24 37 41 56 67 69 54 41 34 19 7
28 31 36 32 42 62 63 72| 52] 48 31 20 8
36 11 34 25 43 63 62 72 53 40 40 15 9
33 8 31 27 43 59 60 67 48 41 43 1010
9 7 35 34 44 60 58] 66] 43] 45 40
73 30 40 41 59 60 65 491 44 40
17 0 27 35 43 58 67 68 53 36 36
23 18 31 32 49 58 65 67 59 41 36 1714
17 22 34 34 49 60 68 70 591 50 42 1115
19] 23| 32| 37| 47| 58| 68] 69] 56] 54 36| 12||16.
17 24 341 361 44 531 70 69 52 45 35 1817
25 29 26 41 47 57 701 61 561 52 39 2318
19 24 20 46 53 64 70 65 59 53 31 27 19
27||19.
20 31 22 45 53 64 69 67 61 40 34 32||20
27 24 33 48 52 64 70 68 60 37 39 28 21
25 23 32| 52 48 65 66 68 53 39 42 22||22
18 27 36 53] 48 68 70 66 48 46 38 1523.
24 30 431 46] 47] 64] 70| 70| 50| 44| 27| 30||24|
26 19 39 39
39] 45| 60| 70| 63| 55] 41| 20] 24||25
19 30 41] 40] 48 63 71 56 55 40 21| 19||26
13 38 39 40 54 65 73 61 56 53 18 12||27|
26 28 35 42 46 67 66 63 61 48 27 828
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Jan.

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Oct.

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35 49 38| 791 47
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44 16 37 54 52
47 35 37 58 54) 78 78 80 71
52 35 34) 46 46. 74 81 82 71 74 52 44
47 30 34 47 48 77 80 82 73 60 61 39
47 36 38 44 50 72 79 88 71 57] 46] 33
43 48 45 44 52 Sol 70 781 62 631 53 45
47 40 46 39 58 79 75 83 69 50 57 38
49 21 45 44 55 74 65 80 61 55 60 20
33 24 48 61 62 67 66 82 60 55 56 25
23 15 51 55 57 75 71 83 70 59 58 26
44 24 46) 48] 56] 67 81 83! 74 54] 45| 36
50 36 39 52 70 75 81 78 73 59 58 31
26 36 44 47 60 72 75 81 69 67 63 23
31 35 46 51 61 73] 85 Sol 65 67 44 24
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32 40 47 58 66 71 87 85 68 58 52 32
39 48 41 69 70 77 80 80 76 57 61 35
31 34 31 69 76 81 77 81 79 66 42 39
38 42 52 50 82 79 83 84 83 53 46 40
37 37 49] 68 70 sol 8il 85 77 52 46 45
48 38 50 67 68 87 8680 66 59 53 42
31 43 48 73 64 84 86 76 61 54 53 34
36 47 55 55 61 84 86 83 60 57 38 42
38 33 511 541 601 78 841 82 70 52 30 40
33 54 51 47 68 78 85 74 75 56 31 27
27 55 51 54 69 82 90 82 75 66 31 26
43 39 47 55 55 811 80 80 72 60 38 37
44 51 59 59 79 81 83 70 61 46
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Means 25 19 32 391 461 601 67 67 56 45 34 18|| Means 40 361 45 55) 611 761 81 82 70 59 48 32 DAILY MAXIMUM WIND VELOCITIES, 1917, AT NEW YORK.

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DAY.

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Jan.

Feb.

28 51 12

April

Dec.

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17||21
25||22

27 23
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Jan.

33

Aug

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201 401 49 16

34 22 42 22 16

29 30 25| 36] 46| 25] 44| 21| 48||18. 26 56 13 32 50 15 50 48 19 26 26 68 19 60 61 12 44 40 48 29 25 28 31 35 3120 30 42 30 28 23 38 17 25 33 30 27 31 70 44 46 31 32 17 18 28 34 22 60 40 44 44 25 25 23 23 33 42 52 41 31 32 68 18 26 17 15 19 24 37 40 36 36 42 17 50 25 27 26 31 37 5025 32 66 40 56 48 28 21 24 24 28 36 6226 33 60 32 67 58 31 22 31 33 20 37 5827 50 37 31 48 56| 32| 25| 12| 23| 17 22 37 28 45 44 58 30 38 15 43 15 23 56 30 2129 51 29 361 35 32 16 30 23 15 30 18 39 30 39||30. 66 20 25 25| 42| 42|46 26 18 39 18 88 31. 27 21 46 34 48 24 29 19 22 33 44 44 24 55 36 43 27 23 22 25 23 25 41 16 Month 68 70 72 68 58 50 50 52 51 62 56 88 42 28 52 22 28 43) 34) 331 19] 23 25 26

29 33 28 47 27 24 23 21 29 18 18 22
68 53 281 33 27 30 40 24 28 30 26 36
31 33 40 28 39 28 20 23 23 35 20 32
16 38 60 27 49 32 16 52 18 51 40 37
45 35 28 28 43 20 16 35 20 421 45 39
51 33 28 26 28 34 28 31 25 28 48 32
23 34 63 25 27 39 37 26 34 54 35 15
15 19 51 33 32 18 29 261 221 491 32 49
27 53 24 25 41 39 37 23 42 22 38
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34 36 23 51 62 26 31
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YEAR.

1871...

New York City Weather Records for 1917-Continued.

MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AT NEW YORK, 1871-1917.
Jan. Feb. Mar.
1.15 3.86 4.90

April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An'ual

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2.40 1.45 3.93

5.05

1.73

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3.23 4.25

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0.73 3.31

3.86

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3.73 2.91

5.26

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3.41 4.49 7.14 3.60 5.48 2.13 7.07 4.33 1.24 48.80
2.49 2.44 2.94 9.45 6.13 3.44 3.53 5.04 2.54 45.78
4.08 1.29 4.15 7.66 2.51 2.47 4.01 2.06 39.98
7.02 2.16 2.87 3.22 2,53 7.21 1.82 2.21 1.69 39.84
3.21 1.47 1.66 5.23 10.42 2.51 3.13 4.43 2.78 45.19
3.94 2.87 5.72 2.97 5.24 1.68 4.40 2.29
2.54 1.33
7.69 5.48 0.95
7.30 3.20 1.71
0.58

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1880.

1881.

1882

1883.

1884.

2.19 2.11 4.66
5.41 5.06 6.78
6.15 4.36 2.32
3.22 4.58 1.63
6.07 5.09

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2.26

2.81

2.40 4.15

37.34

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1.69 1.80

2.22 46.61

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3.01

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4.27 1.65
3.63
5.62 5.05
3.90
2.36 2.04

3.40 3.44 6.66 2.69 4.61 3.73 46.73 4.20

38.83

55.34

42.12

46.63

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1.68

1.27

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1889.

5.38 3.07

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58.68

1890.

2.95 3.86

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4.69 4.22

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1894.

5.61 1.27
3.56
2.70 5.15

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7.81

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8.21
5.87 2.12 2.69
2.45 3.90 0.87
1.26 7.18 2.27

6.46 0.82 5.43

52.30

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2.06 3.30 0.63 8.28 1.64 5.28 3.49 3.71 5.83 3.83 5.23 44.17

41.44

38.90

53.01

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1896..

5.50 6.13

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1.25
3.51 2.72 2.51 2.96
3.95 4.06 2.92 3.23 5.55
6.78 1.23 1.14

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2.12

1.70

37.99

5.30 2.98 9.52 3.14
1.28 4.76 3.12
1.83 6.20 3.90

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1900..

4.18

5.16

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1901..

1902

1903

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6.88

2.33 2.20 1.31

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5.91

3.12

7.42

1904..

3.38 2.18

2.70

1905.

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1.70

1907.

2.52 3.26

3.29

1908.

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3.29 3.59 6.66
3.23 5.96 2.60 11.55
4.31 7.13 3.18 3.21
6.01 5.23 7.11 2.67 1.67
3.21 3.68 2.54 4.30 1.28
1.18 2.48 8.00
1.70 4.33 5.65
3.17 1.98 7.94 2.66
5.10 0.23 2.13
4.63 1.55 7.38

1.19

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0.90

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2.62 3.87

41.57

3.67

44.48

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3.82

3.91 5.05

45.28

1.60

1.92

0.75

3.21

41.43

0.74

1.58 5.00

41.55

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35.98

1.51 5.38

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3.38

4.32 2.21

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1.43

3.02

1.84

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44.39

1914.

3.69

3.27

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33.50

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1916

1.08

4.49

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3.44

0.59

2.98

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33.17

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39.28

3.70

3.91 3.39 | 3.18 3.24

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DAILY PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION, 1917, AT NEW YORK.

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New York City Weather Records for 1917-Continued.

85

MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURES AT NEW YORK, 1871-1917.
June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Νον. Dec. An'ua

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YEAR.

1871.. 1872

Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May.
30.4 31.8 43.6 53.6 60.8
29.4 30.3 28.9 47.3

69.1 71.9 73.0 60.8 61.1 70.6 76.0 75.5

54.9 39.3 29.7

40.4

1873... 28.1 28.8 35.6

1874.

34.5 31.4 38.0

1875

32.6

1876.

33.9 31.8 35.2

1877.

36.6

68.8 73.5
58.2 70.0 73.6 70.6
58.5 67.5 72.7 71.9
58.0 70.7 76.4 72.5
59.0 68.8 73.8 74.3

37.3

55.1 42.8

64.4 52.3 38.9

49.7 44.5

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65.8

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68.8

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1880.

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1881..

1882. 1883..

1884.

1885.

25.8 29.5 36.9
30.5 35.6 39.8
27.8 31.4 33.6
26.2
35.1 37.5
29.2 23.1

46.0 60.2 64.2
46.1 53.5 68.2
46.6 59.1
47.6 58.8

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69.5

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68.7

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29.7

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1886..

1887.

1888..

28.5 28.5
30.1 33.7 34.3
26.0 31.8

36.9

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32.9

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28.0 41.5 40.4 37.5 1891... 34.7 37.5 37.8 1892.. 30.3 33.0 34.6 1893.. 23.3 29.6 36.2 1894.. 44.5 30.1 25.2 36.4

[blocks in formation]

52.0 46.9 41.4

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[blocks in formation]

1896..

27.6 30.2 32.1 50.4

1897..

39.2 48.6

1898...

32.2 33.0 43.7 46.8

60.8 70.6
70.0
66.5 73.4
65.2
68.9

1899.

30.8 26.9 38.4

[blocks in formation]

1900.

[blocks in formation]

69.6
72.0
59.0 69.1 74.8 74.4
76.1
70.8 73.8
73.0
72.8 71.0 65.4
74.1 74.3 68.9
73.8 73.6 65.2 58.2 45.4 36.4
76.4

43.8 41.8

42.6

44.2

42.2

46.0 36.9

51.9 48.0

56.3 44.1

57.6 41.6

48.7 35.2

1901..

38.6

71.4

[blocks in formation]

68.2

[blocks in formation]

68.4 56.0
71.4 65.9
34.4 47.5 52.2 64.1 64.0 74.2 69.2 65.4 56.6
24.1 25.0 36.4 46.4 63.6
69.2 73.6 72.2 65.9
27.5 24.6 40.0 49.8 60.5 68.8 75.4 72.2
37.3 31.2 34.9 51.7 61.8 71.5 74.8 75.3
32.2 24.4 40.8
45.0 55.3 66.2 74.8 72.0 67.8 52.5
32.0 28.1 41.4 50.6 61.3 71.6 76.8 72.5 67.8 59.6 44.7
33.2 37.3 38.3 49.5 60.4 70.5
73.4
32.4 31.4 41.7
54.0 60.2 68.0 77.8
31.8 31.4 37.6 48.2 63.6 68.3
23.5 28.4 36.8 49.0 60.7 68.4
40.0 30.9 44.0 51.0 60.2 69.2 75.0
31.4 25.3

[blocks in formation]

36.4 53.4

66.6

35.4 27.7 32.2 47.1

64.2

1917.

32.4 27.8 38.7 47.2 53.2

68.3 74.1

70.7 65.9 58.5 46.6
72.7 64.6 58.2 46.9
73.7 66.2 59.0
70.4 69.0 56.7 45.4 33.5
73.6 66.0
74.6 | 63.0

44.0 31.5

57.2
52.0 41.2 25.0

44.8 33.S

Means 31.0 30.5 37.8 48.7 59.8 68.8 74.0 72.6 66.4

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SNOW-COVERED GROUND AT NEW YORK. 1893-1917.

0.1 inch or more including sleet at 8 P. M. Monthly, total number of days and maximum depth (inches). Seasonal, total number of days and maximum number of consecutive days.

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86

Medical Aspects of the Tobacco Hubit.

NEW YORK CITY WEATHER RECORDS FOR 1917-Continued.

EXTREMES OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE AT NEW YORK, 1872-1917.

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(a) Also in 1895, 12th day. (b) Also in 1903, 2d day. (c) Also in 1896, 17th day. (d) Also in 1879, 16th day. (e) Also in 1909, 12th day. () Also in 1876, 1st day. (g) Also in 1914, 28th day.

WIND VELOCITY AT NEW YORK, 1898-1917.
(Highest in miles per hour, direction and date.)

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EXTREMES OF PRECIPITATION AND

PRECIPITATION.

SNOWFALL AT NEW YORK, 1884-1917.

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MONTH Greatest

SNOWFALL.*

Greatest

in 24 Hrs. Day. Year.||in 24 Hrs. Day. Year.
Day

in 24 Hrs. Day. Year. In 24 IIrs. Day. Year.

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8-9 1884 13.1

0

Feb..

3.25

11-12 1886

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25-26 1876

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8-9 1903 T.

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7-8 1908

3.88 14-15 1917

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8.8 14.0

11 1906t 26-27 1898

June..

26-27 1890

* Records extending to winter of 1884-5 only. † Also in 1903, 26th and 27th, and in 1885, 30th. "T", trace, less than 0.1 inch. SEASONAL SNOWFALL AT NEW YORK.

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MEDICAL ASPECTS OF THE TOBACCO HABIT.

IN a paper read before the Association of Health Officers of Nova Scotia, D. Fraser Harris, Professor of Physiology in Dalhousie University, gives a resumé of the medical aspects of the tobacco habit. 1. The Isubstances in tobacco smoke which are injurious are probably oxidation products of nicotine and other alkaloids. 2. The smoking of tobacco is the more injurious the younger the person, hence young recruits suffer more readily from "tobacco heart" than older men. 3. The chewing of tobacco is much more injurious than the smoking of it, and ought to be discouraged. 4. Since what is injurious in tobacco smoke is absorbed more readily by inhaling than by smoking without inhaling, inhaling ought to be discouraged. 5. There is a marked idiosyncrasy toward tobacco in respect of the substances which raise the blood-pressure, cause irregularity of the heart and give rise to gastric acidity. 6. Those who have this idiosyncrasy ought not to use tobacco at all. 7. Those who do not have this idiosyncrasy may use tobacco in moderation with impunity.

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