battle of Pharsalia, 93, 94.
assassination of Cæsar, 94, 95.
end of the republic, 98.
Octavius Cæsar, 98, 99.
Lepidus, 98, 99.

the Second Triumvirate, 98, 99.
battle of Philippi, 98.
Brutus and Cassius, 98.
Antony and Cleopatra, 98-100.
battle of Actium, 99, 100.
Egypt a Roman province, 87.
centre of arts and sciences, 101.
mistress of the world, 100-108.
corrupted state of society, 104,
105, 124-128, 169-171.

Octavius Cæsar (Augustus) mas-
ter of the Roman world, 105.

beginning of the empire, 105-108,
119-128.

(Palmyra), 152.

Constantine the Great, the Em-
pire united, 160-163.

Constantinople the seat of empire,

160-162.

Roman laws, 193, 194.
period of lowest depression, 196.
Charlemagne Emperor of the
West, 218, 219.

See also WESTERN EMPIRE, EAST-
ERN EMPIRE, and HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE.

Roncesvalles, battle of, 219.
Roses, Wars of the, 326, 327.
Roum, 251, 281.
Roundheads, 379.
Royalists, 379.
Rubicon, 93.

Russia begins to be of importance, 221.
composed of extensive principal-
ities, 237.

somewhat weakened, 251.

Moguls in, 281, 305.

free from the Mogul rule, 315.
increasing in power and territory,
341, 375.

-

importance of, under Peter the
Great, 420, 421.

war with Charles XII., of Swe-
den, 420, 422, 423.

take Sardinia, 221.

take part of Sicily, 221.

dominion divided, 237.

decline of their power, 237.
lose Jerusalem, 251.

Sardinia, 57, 221, 351.
Sarmatia. See POLAND.

Sassanidæ, dynasty of the, 152, 153.
Savoy, 341, 375.

Saxons begin to attack Britain, 155.
settle in Britain, 167, 181, 182,
191.

Saxon Heptarchy, 201.
Saxony, 403, 426.

Scandinavian nations. See NORTH-

MEN, NORSEMEN, DENMARK, NOR-
WAY, and SWEDEN.
Scholastic philosophy, 295.

School of Alexandria. See ALEXAN-
DRIA, SCHOOL OF.
Schoolmen, the, 295.
Schwartz, Berthold, 312.

Schwyz, Confederation of, 311. See
SWISS CONFEDERATION and SWITZ-
ERLAND.

Scipio (Africanus), 65.
Scipio (the Younger), 76.
Scotland, 221, 378, 379.
Scots, 181, 221.

Scotus, Duns, 295.

Scourge of God. See ATTILA.
Sebastopol, 426.

Seleucidæ, the, 57, 58, 73, 88.
Seleucus, dominion of, 41.
Seljuk Turks, origin of the, 252.
take from the Eastern Empire
possessions in Asia, 251.

take Jerusalem, 251, 261.
found Roum, 251.

take Saracen power in the East,
251.

Semitic, 4.

Sempach, battle of, 311.

Septuagint Version, 58.
Servia, 251.

Servile War, 88.

Severus, Alexander, 147, 151.
Shakespeare, 357, 358, 381, 397.
Shepherd kings, 10.

Sicilian expedition, 33, 34.
Sicilian Vespers, 282.

Sicilies, under the yoke of Spain, 341.
See SICILY.

Sicily, Athenian expedition against,
33, 34.

Carthaginian possessions in, 57.
added to Rome, 57.

-, part taken by Saracens, 221.
Normans in, 251, 252, 259, 260.
end of Norman dynasty, 271.
united to the German Empire, 271.
under Charles V., 351.

Silesia, 403.

Silesian War, 400.

Simon de Montfort, 289.
Simonides, 21.

Slaves, 4, 191.