PART I.

GRAMMAR.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

EVERY distinct class of words is called a part of speech. There are Four Declinable Parts of Speech:

I. THE NOUN; or name (Lat. nomen). Everything that can be named in one word is called a noun. But there are two kinds of nouns.

1. The Noun Substantive: which is, the name of a thing, or person; as, animal, king: "the name of any thing existing" (Lat. nomen substantivum, or nomen ejus quod substat).

2. The Noun Adjective: which is, the name of a quality, or property; as, beautiful: "the name (of some quality) which is added" (to the substantive) (Lat. nomen ad-jectivum).

N.B. The Greek article i, , rò is, for all practical purposes, an adjective; i. e. it follows the same rules of agreement. (See p. 60.)

II. THE PRONOUN; literally, a "for-name" (Lat. pro, for, nomen, a name); a word used for a noun. There are two kinds :

1. The Pronoun Substantive; used "for a noun substantive," to avoid repeating the noun itself; as, he, they.

2. The Pronoun Adjective; used "for a noun adjective;" as, his, theirs.

III. THE VERB; literally, "the word

in a sentence

(i.e. the principal word); as, "Children, obey your parents."

IV. THE PARTICIPLE; a word "partaking of" (Lat. particeps, i. e. partem capiens, part-taking) the nature both of a verb and an adjective; for, like a verb, it has tenses, and governs cases; as, ruling the city; having-ruled the city; and, like adjectives, it qualifies and has the power of agreement; as, the ruling city. The Indeclinable Parts of Speech are:

V. THE PRE-POSITION; a word "placed before," in order to govern some case of a noun (Lat. præ, before ; positum, placed); as, ad urbem (acc.), to the city.

VI. THE AD-VERB; a word generally "attached to a verb,” in sense (Lat. ad, to; verbum, a verb); as, he acted wrongly. It is also used

1. With participles; because they are parts of the verb; as, having acted wrongly and

2. With adjectives (which are often hardly to be distinguished from participles); as, a decidedly flourishing town; sadly extravagant.

They usually indicate, either

1. Time; as, then:

2. Place; as, there: or

3. Manner; as, harshly.

VII. THE CONJUNCTION; a word "joining together" words or clauses; as, day and night (Lat. con, together; jungo, I join). It unites like cases of nouns, and like tenses of verbs; as, the history of the kings (gen.) and queens (gen.); he loves (pres.) and reverences (pres.) his father.

VIII. THE INTER-JECTION; a word "thrown amongst" the

other words of a sentence, but unconnected with them (Lat. inter, amongst; jactum, thrown); as, "he lived (alas!) too long for fame."

NUMBER AND CASE.

There are Three Numbers in Greek:

1. Singular ; which speaks of one only; as, ὁ ἵππος, the horse.

2. Dual; which speaks of two; as, τὼ ἵππω, the two horses. 3. Plural; which speaks of two, or more; as, οἱ ἵπποι, the horses.

Each number has Five Cases, as will be seen below (Declension I.).

The first two declensions are pari-syllabic (Lat. par, equal; syllaba, syllable), i. e. have an equal number of syllables in the nominative and genitive.

The third declension is im-pari-syllabic (Lat. in, not; par, equal; syllaba, syllable), i. e. has not an equal number of syllables in the nominative and genitive, but increases in the genitive.

DECLENSIONS OF SIMPLE SUBSTANTIVES.

FIRST DECLENSION.

Four terminations: two masculine, -a s and -ns; as, ò rauías, the steward; & pirns, the judge.