Fleets of ships, moved both by sail and steam, should)
perform the evolutions under steam only

en échelon not liable to be enfiladed in approach-

ing an enemy
Formations en échelon, advantage of, for making false)
demonstrations..

Fouling of a screw by floating materials ..

action

method of diminishing the risk of, previous to

Fuel, consumption of, less with the screw than with the
paddle, the velocities being equal..

, economy of, gained by working steam ex-
pansively

-, consumption of, proportional to the number of
revolutions of the shaft

-, economy of, by allowing greater space for
expansion ..

Fulton executes the 'Clermont' paddle-steamer in
America in 1807

G.

Galloway, invention of, for feathering paddle-boards
Garay, Capt., pretensions of, to the invention of steam-
propulsion

Gearing, inconvenience of, for steering screw-steamers
Gunnery, good, might have prevented the British fleet)
from breaking the line at Trafalgar

Gun-ports, dimensions of

Guns may be trained to fire at 37° 30' before the beam

H.

Horse-power, estimated value in pounds weight

-, discrepancy between, and gunnery force in British
ships of war

Line abreast, advance in, is difficult for sailing ships

-, a fleet in, may obtain a powerful defence from
the fire of the bow-guns

, a fleet in, may be more advantageously attacked
by a steam fleet at the head than at the rear

Line of battle, reversing the extremities of, a difficult
and complex operation

difficulty of penetrating a, from the leeward
manner of forming the, with sailing ships
reason why ships are close-hauled in the ..
difficulty of penetrating, obviated by steam-pro-

pulsion

centre

may be strengthened by a double échelon on the

..

may be formed by steamers as easily as by an
army in the field

may be strengthened by ships en échelon on the
wings..

Line of bearing defined

should make an angle of 45° with the keels of
the ships

double, ships may be formed in, in order to
obtain reciprocal defence

double, the wings of, with steamers, may make

97

with each other occasionally less than 90°

118

sailing ships in, should be close-hauled

with ships en échelon, should be the general order)

132

167

M.

Marine steam-engines more powerful than formerly

Masts, necessity of still firing at the

Mêlées may occasionally occur in naval actions

Millar of Dalswinton employed paddle-wheels moved by
mechanical means

Order of battle, the enemy assumed to be close-hauled)

P.

PAGE.

ARTICLE.

Paddle-board, the upper edge of the lowest, should be on`
a level with the surface of the water
Paddle-boards act directly and obliquely on the water

water

lengths and breadths of

strains on, caused by the oblique action of the)

defects in the common manner of fixing
liable to be too little or too much immersed
the operation of reefing, difficult

improvements on, by Mr. Field, and in America

Paddle-wheels, steam-vessels with, first constructed in

1802

diameters of

and the screw are the means of propelling ships
by steam-power

Paddles, feathering, Mr. Galloway's invention

Paul Hoste, work on Naval Tactics by

Parallel order of battle renounced in modern tactics

Piston, the reciprocating motion of the, produces re-
volving motion in the wheel and screw

Pitch of a screw defined

increasing, described

Preventive tiller

Principles, general, can alone be laid down for attack
and defence in naval warfare..

Prometheus and Rattler, experimental trials by the
Pursuit after victory, a duty in steam-warfare at sea

R.

Raking or enfilading fire, can only take place when ships
are near one another

Rattler and Alecto, experimental trials by the
Rattler and Prometheus, experimental trials by the
Rattler, screw of the, entangled with warps, nets, &c.
Reaction of water, force of, against a paddle-board and

battle when near the enemy

Rodney breaks the French line in 1782

Royal Albert, accident to the

S.

a screw

Reserve, a second line of ships should be considered as a

Resistance of water against paddle-boards

Reversing ships is difficult and dangerous in line of

use of a, when the fleet is attacked at the rear..

114

142

29, 30

20, 21

124

157

Savannah, steamer, first crossed the Atlantic in 1819
Screw, the blade or feather of a, defined..

manner of hoisting, and replacing a ..

Shake of a screw, causes of the..

Ships, small, in advance of a line, the importance of
Slip defined

is occasionally negative

Speed, advantage of superior, in the battle of February,

1797

of steamers in the same fleet should be uniform
of steamers increased by increasing the length of
the vessel
Steam-fleet, en échelon, difficulty of penetrating a
manner in which a, might counteract an effort)
to double it
Steam-fleets not limited to any line of bearing
should always act offensively

may move to an attack in two divisions

Steam, importance of, in reaping the fruits of victory
Steam-ships in line of battle may be reversed individually
Steam-speed, a superiority of, advantageous in making
the cross attack

Steam-power cannot be conveniently combined with
wind-power in paddle-wheel ships

cannot be combined with wind-power in the
manœuvres of fleets

Steamers (wheel and screw), objects to be attended to in
obtaining their relative values

with

Steam-vessels employed on the Thames in 1815
Steering apparatus for the rudder of a screw-steamer
described

Stevens, of New York, first took a steamboat to sea,
in 1804

Stockton, Captain, U.S. Navy, constructed an iron
steamboat with screw-propeller

Symington built two steam-vessels in 1802

T.

Taylor first employed steam-power to move small wheels
Tiller, short ..

22

Trochoidal curves are described by the edges of paddle-
boards

..

22, 23

Trunk, through which to hoist or lower the screw of a
steamer, described

-, space occupied by the, on each deck
Trafalgar, peculiar formation of the French and Spanish
fleets, at

699

79

Victoria and Albert, paddles of the, are on the feathering)
principle

3

69

79

W.

Watt, patent for the improved steam-engine taken out by
Wheel and screw, points to be attended to in finding the
relative capabilities of the

Wheel, locomotive powers of the, greater than those of
a screw with an equal consumption of fuel..
Widgeon and Archimedes, experimental trial by the
Wladimir, steam-power of the

Windward position, advantage of the, for sailing ships

Y.

Yokes employed for steering screw-steamers ..

54-67

60-97

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,

AND CHARING-CROSS.