kings till subjected to the Macedonian monarchs; it is now called Janna.

Thule. From the account handed down by Pitheas of Marseilles, this was esteemed the remotest island in the German Ocean. Virgil calls it Ultima Thule, and Servius, his commentator, denominates it an island. The Isle of Thule, which the fleet of Agricola had in view, when doubling the north of Caledonia, can only refer to one of the Shetland isles, which are at least 20 leagues northward of the Orkneys.

Triboci. This people occupied the country situated between the Nemetes in Alsace and the Rauraci in Switzerland. Tripoli in Lydia, so called at the present day. Tripoli in the kingdom of Pontus, now Terboli. Tripoli in Syria, now Tripoli.

Tripoli in Africa, now Tripoli.

V.

Valentia in Spain. This city stood near the mouth of the river Turias, which, under the dominion of the Saracens or Moors, took the name of Guadalquivir. Livy states, that Junius Brutus, when consul in Spain, gave this city and its environs to the army which had served under Uriatus, and that Pompey destroyed it during the war against Sertorius. It was rebuilt by Cæsar, and bore the title of a Roman colony.

Valentia of the Allobroges. It is above this city, near the mouth of the Isere, that Fabius Maximus entirely defeated the Allobroges, 122 years before Christ, which victory acquired him the surname of the Allobrogian.

Vascones. This people occupied the country since denominated Navarre; it was the seat of war between Sertorius and Pompey and the son of the latter and Cæsar. In the sixth century of the Christian æra, the Vascones traversed the Pyrenees, and established themselves at Novempulania, to which they gave the name of Gascony.

Varini. This people occupied the major part of the duchy of Mecklenburg, and their name is still preserved in that of the stream Varna, which empties itself into the Baltic, as well as the small town of Waren, situated on a lake in the same duchy. Every thing in the territory adjoining its banks seems to have been comprised under the name of Vandals.

Velocasses. This name from lapse of years has changed to that of Vexin, which extended as far as the Oise.

Veneti. This race of the Cisalpine Gauls, which occu

pied a country corresponding with the bishopric of Vannes, was separated from the Namnetes by the Vilaine. Cæsar states that the Namnetes were distinguished for their power and skill in nautical affairs.

Venetia, Italy. This country owed its name to a colony which established itself there from western Gaul, now Brittany. It occupied the coast that forms the extremity of the gulf of the Adriatic, from the Po to the river Arsia, and northward to Rhætia and the Carnica Alps, which divide it from Noricum.

Venusia in Italy. Horace, of whom this was the natal country, was himself ignorant whether the city formed a part of Lucania or Apulia. After the unfortunate affair of Cannæ, it became the asylum of the consul Varro, who retired thither with 70 horse, without seeking to collect the scattered remains of his army, which collected at Canousa.

Veromandui. This race of the Gauls at the period of Cæsar's expedition to that country, was renowned among the Belga. Supported by the Nervii and the Atrebates, they attacked the Romans with such courage that they were on the point of being cut to pieces. These three people adjoined each other on the frontiers of Cambresis and Vermandois; there is a spot still called Feins, which designated their

ancient limits.

Vesulus, the Mons-Viso of the Caturiges. This mountain derived its name from the immense view which it commands; as it is from this spot one of the most elevated of the Alps, that Hannibal was enabled to point out to his followers, the rich plains of Italy stretched before them.

Vesontio, now Besançon. Julius Cæsar, in his first war against Ariovistus, made this his principal depôt for arms: it was then the first city of the Sequani, of which it subsequently became the capital.

Urellodunum, now Puech d'Issolu, near Dordogne. This was the last place that resisted the arms of Cæsar; who has designated a portion of the people of this country under the name of the Eleutheres, that is to say, free. According to some historians they inhabited the territories of the Albigenses.

217

CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL

ELEMENTS OF HISTORY.

PART THE SECOND.

THIS portion of the work comprises six grand epochs, occupying a period of 1824 years.

1st, From the birth of Jesus Christ to the dismemberment of the western empire, in 476

2nd, From the termination of the empire of the west, to the heptarchy of Britain, under the name of England, in 827

3rd, From the establishment of the English monarchy, under Egbert, to the battle of Hastings, when William, surnamed the Conqueror, mounted the English throne, in 1066

4th, From the conquest to the English Reformation, under Henry the Eighth, in 1534

5th, From the Reformation to the Revolution, in 1688 6th, From the Revolution to 1824

Years.

476

351

239

468

136

1824

FIRST EPOCH*.

Archelaus, king of Judæa, rendered himself odious to the

*This is also called the Vulgar Era, because Denis the monk, who wrote about the year 526, being desirous of adopting this mode of computation, committed an error of four years. He thought that Christ had been born under the consulate of Caius Cæsar and Lucius Æmilius Paulus, while it appears from the most exact researches that he came into the world four years and seven days previous. This mistake of Denis, surnamed the Lesser, was, however, generally adopted, and has been uniformly adhered to ever since.

A.C. people by his flagrant actions; he divorced his wife Mariamne, and in defiance of the Mosaic law, married Glaphyra, widow of his brother Alexander; he deposed the high-pontiff Eleazar, and vested that dignity in Jesus, the son of Sias, and lavished enormous sums in beautifying his palace at Jericho.

4

9

The parents of Jesus Christ having journeyed from Egypt, and finding that Archelaus reigned in Judea, were afraid to return, and retired to the obscure city of Nazareth, in Galilee, where they resided, on which account Christ was surnamed of Nazareth, or the Nazarite.

The famous temple of the mother of the gods at Rome was consumed to ashes.

Cneius Cornelius Cinna, grandson of Pompey, conspired against Augustus; who pardoned all the conspirators, and even appointed Cinna for consul. Augustus adopted Tiberius, son of his wife Livia, and a second time vested in him the authority of tribune. After heading an expedition into Germany, Tiberius marched to Illyria, where the Dalmatæ had revolted.

The following year Archelaus, king of Judæa, was accused by his brother of certain misdemeanors, and repaired to Rome, in order to justify himself. He was exiled by the senate to Vienne, a city of the Allobroges, while that part of Judæa over which he had reigned was reduced to a Roman province. At the same period Gozar, otherwise Joazar, was stripped of the dignity of high-priest, and Annas, or Ananus, father-in-law of Caiaphas, was appointed in his place.

Jesus, having attained his 12th year, was conveyed by his parents to Jerusalem, where he was initiated, according to the Hebrew custom, a disciple of the law; and then returned with his father and mother to Nazareth.

While Tiberius subjected the Dalmatæ, Varus, then commanding on the banks of the Rhine, was deceived by Arminius, general of the Cherusci, and his army blocked up in the defiles of Teutberg, where being incapacitated from retreating or fighting, the Romans in that disastrous affair lost three legions and as many corps of cavalry, upon which Varus in despair threw himself upon his own sword, having received many wounds. After this defeat the Cherusci took possession of two eagles, a black and white standard, which circumstance is said to have given rise to the present German

arms.

This melancholy catastrophe spread the greatest consternation throughout Rome, and it is said that Augustus upon