A.C. and to place his two sons as hostages for the performance of his contract*.

1527

Louis, king of Bohemia and Hungary, was defeated at the battle of Mohatz, on the Danube, in Lower Hungary, by the Turks, who possessed themselves of a large portion of that kingdom. John of Zapoli pretended to the royalty, notwithstanding the claims of Ferdinand brother of Charles the Fifth, who was acknowledged king of Bohemia.

Henry the Eighth and Francis the First entered into a treaty of mutual obligation, whereby the latter stipulated that he would sign no treaty with Charles the Fifth for the recovery of his sons without including the king of England, and securing payment of his debt. On the other hand, Henry promised to conclude no treaty with the emperor without the sanction of Francis, and procuring the ransom of his sons for 1,000,000 crowns of gold.

Rome was attacked for the third time by Charles de Bourbon, general of Charles the Fifth; but, on mounting the breach, he was struck by a cannon ball; upon which he was conveyed to the camp, where he expired in his 38th year; when the French king united to the crown of France Auvergne which had belonged to the constable, as well as Marche and Limousin. The Prince of Orange then took the command of the emperor's forces; but the soldiers, furious at the loss of their general, forced the walls and penetrated into the city; where the pope, who had fled for refuge, accompanied by 13 cardinals, to the castle of St. Angelo, was made prisoner.

On receiving the intelligence of Bourbon's enterprise, Henry the Eighth and Francis the First resolved, by a fresh treaty, to carry war into Italy for the purpose of restoring the pope to liberty. Wolsey, in consequence, crossed the sea, and was met by Francis the First at Amiens, where it was stipulated, that the duke of Orleans, the French king's second son, should espouse Princess Mary of England; that a council which the emperor was going to convene should not be acknowledged, but that, during the pope's captivity, each monarch should govern the churches of their respective do

This treaty, equally burdensome to France as that of Bretigny, concluded by Charles the Sixth in favour of the English, was never completely ratified. The notables of the kingdom assembled at Cognac, decreed that the king could not of his own will partition off any portion of his kingdom, and the Burgundians swore that they would never consent to be separated from the realm of France.

minions by their own authority. This decision raised Wolsey A.C. to the acme of his power, by investing him with all the privileges appertaining to the papacy, and he, in consequence, ruled the English church with despotic sway, eneroaching on the rights of the other bishops as well as the laity.

Ferdinand of Austria, brother of Charles the Eighth, drove John of Zapoli from the kingdom of Hungary, and caused himself to be crowned king; upon which the former sought the protection of the Turks, and entitled them to take possession of that country.

Pizarro and Dalmago invaded the empire of Peru.

Henry the Eighth, becoming enamoured of Anne Boleyn, 1528 began to question the legality of his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, when all the bishops, with the exception of Fisher, declared that union unlawful.

Henry the Eighth applied to the pope for a divorce; when the latter consented that the case should be discussed before two cardinals, for the purpose of ascertaining whether a dispensation should be granted enabling the king to marry again. Wolsey was nominated one of the two cardinals on that occasion, and Campejio the other.

Proceedings were entered into respecting the divorce of 1529 Henry the Eighth, but the pope fearing to displease Charles the Fifth if he acquiesced, continually delayed granting Henry's request, when the pope fell dangerously ill, upon which Wolsey exerted all his influence in case the pontiff died to be elected, but Clement recovered.

A new form of government was introduced at Genoa, by Andrea Doria, whereby it was stipulated that a doge should be elected every two years.

Gustavus Ericson was crowned king of Sweden.

A diet held at Spires, passed a decree by no means favourable to the Lutherans, when John, elector of Brandenburgh, and several other princes, issued protests against that decree; from whence they derived the name of Protestants: those princes subsequently united at Smalkalde, in the principality of Henneburg and Hesse Cassel, to form a league in favour of Lutheranism.

Solyman, emperor of the Turks, being master of Buda, took advantage of the division which subsisted among the German princes, and laid siege to Vienna; but he was compelled to retire at the expiration of five weeks, after sustaining a loss of 800,000 men.

The Pope having ascertained that the Emperor had con- 1530 eluded a treaty at Barcelona, threw off the mask, and informed the English ambassadors at Rome, that he could not

A.C. in justice grant the avocation demanded by Henry the Eighth. The latter, on ascertaining this news, began to doubt the sincerity of Wolsey, whom he refused to see, when all the court endeavoured to inflame the monarch's mind still more against his former favourite.

1531

1532

Several foreign universities pronounced the marriage of Henry the Eighth with Catherine of Arragon, his brother's widow, as being unlawful.

Charles the Fifth was crowned at Bologna by pope Cle ment the Seventh; when he ceded the island of Malta to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, who had been compelled to evacuate Rhodes.

The Lutherans, at the diet convened at Augsburg, presented their Profession of Faith, which had been drawn out by Melancthon, a disciple of Luther, and the sectarians of Zuinglius equally laid theirs before that assembly.

Cardinal Wolsey was apprehended, charged with high treason, and died on his way to London, at Leicester Abbey, on the 29th of November, in his 60th year.

A dreadful earthquake occurred at Lisbon, which was preceded by a great inundation in Holland.

The palace of Saint James's was built.

The war of religion raged in Switzerland, when Zuinglius was slain.

Tuscany was constituted into a duchy by Charles the Fifth, to aggrandize the house of the Medici.

The affair of Henry's divorce was brought before parliament, on the 7th of January, when the opinions of the learned men and the universities were produced; and, on the 31st of May following, the whole were presented to Queen Catherine, to persuade her to quiet the king's conscience, by consenting to a divorce. The queen, however, persevered in declaring herself his lawful wife, and as such would remain, "until the court of Rome, which had been privy to the beginning, had made thereof a determination and final ending." At this reply, Henry was so incensed, that he never after saw his consort,

As Henry apprehended most opposition to the divorce from the clergy, they were adjudged to have incurred a premunire, in applying to the Romish See, and submitting to the legantine power, contrary to the Statutes of Provisors; but upon their submission, and advancing the king a sum of money, they were pardoned. The laity were equally forgiven for the same offence.

Calvin, a canon of Noyon, pretended to perfect the doctrines of Luther and Zuinglius; when he selected Poitiers

as the city for propagating his religious opinions; but being A.C. terrified in consequence of the orders issued for his arrestation by Francis the First, he retired to Geneva, from which city his principles were speedily promulgated throughout Switzerland.

Christiern, king of Denmark, when returning to his dominions, was captured, and retained prisoner for 27 years. The treaty of Nuremberg was ratified on the 2d of August.

The Court of Session in Scotland was new modelled by James the Fifth.

A statute was passed in England against payment of firstfruits to the pope, and for the consecration of bishops, though bulls were refused at Rome.

King Henry the Eighth was cited by the pontiff to appear at Rome, in order to answer the appeal which had been made by Queen Catherine, in 1529, or to send a proxy, but he refused to comply with either.

A new treaty of alliance was ratified between the kings of England and France on the 23d of June, and an interview agreed upon between Calais and Boulogne. Henry, at the entreaty of Francis, consented that Anne Boleyn should accompany him, on which occasion he created her marchioness of Pembroke. The two monarchs met October the 21st, when magnificent festivities took place both at Boulogne and Calais.

On the 14th of November, Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn was privately celebrated by Doctor Rowland Lee; her father, mother, brother, and the duke of Norfolk, being the sole witnesses. As Anne soon after proved pregnant, that event was regarded by the people as a convincing proof of the queen's former chastity and virtue.

The Anabaptists, under Stark and Jack of Leyden, possessed themselves of the city of Munster.

The conquest of Peru was effected by the Spaniards.

A statute was passed, prohibiting all appeals to the court 1533 of Rome.

Dr. Cranmer was made archbishop of Canterbury.

On the 23d of May, a sentence of divorce between Henry the Eighth and Catherine was pronounced; and in a court convened at Lambeth, on the 28th, the king's union with the marchioness of Pembroke was declared valid. Anne was three days after crowned queen at Westminster, with extraordinary pomp, on the 1st of June.

In the month of September, Anne Boleyn was brought to

A.C. bed of a daughter, afterwards the famous Queen Elizabeth of England.

Henry's marriage excited violent commotions at the court of Rome; the pope, however, fearing to offend Francis the First, Henry's ally, as the former had proposed a marriage between the duke of Orleans, his second son, and Catherine de Medicis, niece of Pope Clement, his holiness only thought fit to reverse the sentence of divorce, and threaten Henry with excommunication if matters were not re-instated as formerly.

FIFTH ERA.

The pope, in a consistory, declared the marriage of Henry the Eighth illegal, that Queen Catherine was his good and lawful wife, and thereby illegitimatized his daughter by Anne Boleyn.

1534 An act of parliament was passed, constituting Henry the Eighth and his successors supreme heads of the church, abrogating the papal supremacy, and annexing all its rights and emoluments to the English crown.

Elizabeth Barton, an impostor, called the Holy Maid of Kent, was found guilty of treason, after confessing a plot had been contrived by the monks, which brought much odium upon them. She was accordingly executed.

Paul the Third succeeded to the papacy.

The insatiable thirst of lucre led the Spaniards to undertake the most daring and hazardous enterprises. Those who had passed the straits, had established themselves on the southern coast, and founded the city of Panama, which gave its name to the isthmus; Pizarro then sailed from that port along the western shore of South America, when the resistance he experienced from the Indians, and the dearth to which his crews were subjected, caused him to be abandoned by his followers. Fourteen of his officers, however, continued faithful; with whom he retired to an island on the coast; after which he was joined by a vessel containing succours. Pizarro, with 250 infantry and 60 horse, having also 12 small pieces of field artillery, attacked the army of the Peruvians near Quito, amounting to 40,000 men, armed with arrows