On the 13th of February, Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, A.C. eldest daughter of James the First, died, and was interred in Henry the Seventh's chapel; she had eight sons and five daughters, of whom the youngest surviving, named Sophia, mother of King George, was, in 1701, declared heir to the English crown.A dreadful tempest occurred in London. Corbet, Okey, and Barkstead, three of the regicides, were, on the 19th of April, executed.The Infanta, having been espoused to Charles the Second, at Lisbon, by proxy, set sail with the earl of Sandwich for England.-Articles of peace were concluded by Admiral Lawson with the Dey of Algiers. Princess Mary, eldest daughter of the duke of York, was born, who, subsequently, married William Henry of Nassau, prince of Orange.

In May, was passed the tax called chimney money, being a levy of two shillings on every hearth. The act of Uniformity also took place, whereby ecclesiastics were compelled to assent to the Book of Common Prayer, on pain of losing their benefices.On the 21st, Charles was married to the Infanta of Portugal, by Sheldon, bishop of London, at Portsmouth, that princess being 24 years of age. Besides Tangier and the island of Bombay, Charles received with his bride 2,000,000 of croisadoes; while in return, 30,000. per annum were settled on that princess. Two million croisadoes were equivalent to 300,000l. sterling.

June the 16th, Sir Henry Vane was beheaded on Towerhill, for high treason, when he behaved with dauntless intrepidity; while General Lambert's punishment was mitigated to confinement for life in the isle of Jersey, where he lived 30 years.

In August, the Act of Uniformity took place; when 2000 ministers lost their preferments, for not assenting to the Book · of Common Prayer.

William Lenthall, who had been speaker of the parliament which had levied war against King Charles the First, died.

The English, early in October, made a descent, on Cuba, and plundered St. Jago. Sir John Lawson ratified peace with Tunis and Tripoli.- -By an order of council, it was ordered that all English waggons should have their wheels four inches in breadth. By another order, Dunkirk was, for 500,000l., surrendered to France, under a plea of the expense it would cause the nation to retain it; which sum Charles shamefully squandered away.

In November, Tangier was, by proclamation in London, made a free port.

Three ambassadors from the emperor of Russia arrived on

A.C. the 29th of December, and were conducted in great state to an audience given at York-house, from whence they dis played many costly presents sent to the king of England.

Turnpikes were, for the first time, erected by act of par

liament.

1663 The English clergy, in January, redeemed 173 slaves from Algiers and the coast of Barbary.

1664

In February, King Charles intimated a desire of indulging the dissenters, which was a few days after opposed in a petition from the commons.

A league of alliance was formed in March, between the states of the United Provinces and the king of England. On the 1st of April, both houses petitioned that his majesty would banish popish priests and jesuits.

Dr. William Juxon, archbishop of Canterbury, died on

the 4th of June.

On the 10th of July, articles of high treason were preferred by the earl of Bristol against Lord Clarendon, but the charge was dismissed.--James Fitz-Roy, natural son of Charles the Second, was created duke of Monmouth and Buccleugh.

In August, Charles, his queen, and court, were splendidly entertained by the University of Oxford.

The king of France, having re-purchased Dunkirk from the English the preceding year, entered into a defensive league with the Dutch, and made a new alliance with the Swiss.

Carolina was planted. The first law was passed for the exportation of foreign coin and bullion.

The French Royal Academy of Belles Lettres and Inscriptions was instituted.

At

During this year, the first diet was convened at Ratisbon, where those assemblies afterwards continued to meet. the same period also commenced in France that splendid epoch, known by the name of the age of Louis the Fourteenth, which was indeed an astonishing æra in history, not only on account of that prince's talents, but the infinite number of illustrious characters of every description who figured on the political, the belligerent, the literary, and the scienentific horizons.

Early in January, a plot was discovered in the north of England, when 26 conspirators in various places suffered; Lambert and Ludlow having been designed for their generals.

February the 15th, John Twynn, printer for the rebels, was convicted of high treason, and executed; while Thomas Brewster, a bookseller, for vending seditious libels, was fined and imprisoned. One of the works in question was a pro

ELEMENTS OF HISTORY.

651

duction of Milton, tending to justify Charles's decapitation, AC. and maintaining the right of the subject to arm against his

monarch.

In April, Charles repealed the Triennial Act, and at the close of the month, it was resolved that the Dutch, by invading the rights of the English in India, Africa, &c., obstructed British trade, and the king was, in consequence, addressed, to take effectual means for assuring the same.

The Dutch having, in May, despatched a squadron to the streights, England sent thither a fleet, under Admiral Lawson, while the duke of York, as governor of the African company, sent Admiral Holmes to Cape Verd, with a squadron, to make reprisals on the enemy.

June the 11th, the city of London lent Charles 100,000. towards the support of the Dutch war. to accept the mediation of the French monarch in accommoThe king refused dating matters with the Dutch, and then despatched Sir Richard Fanshaw to Spain, and Lord Holles to France, to engage those crowns to join in hostilities against the Dutch, but both embassies failed.

Cardinal Chigi, nephew of Pope Alexander the Seventh, and the Cardinal Imperiale, visited France, to apologize for the insult offered by the Corsicans to the French ambassador.

The Turks having invaded Transylvania, ravaged Moravia, and threatened Hungary, Louis the Eleventh despatched a corps of 6000 men to the Emperor Leopold, and it was to that reinforcement Montecuculi was indebted for the victory he obtained over the Turks, near St. Godard, a small town on the Raab, in Lower Hungary. Counts Coligni and la Feuillade conducted back those brave soldiers to France, who were destined to acquire fresh laurels under the eyes of their royal master. After the overthrow of the Turks, the two emperors concluded a truce at Temeswar for 20 years.

In September, a market was granted to be held at St. James's, for all provisions, and another for cattle, in the Haymarket.

On the 9th of November, the duke of York took the command of the fleet destined against the Dutch, at Portsmouth, where he was joined by Prince Rupert and the earl of Sandwich. Parliament voted a supply of two millions and an half, for carrying on hostilities against the Dutch.

In December, the duke of York captured 130 Dutch merchantmen, in revenge for De Ruyter's having fallen upon Cape Verd, and attempting Barbadoes, and other English plantations in the East Indies.

A.C.

1665

The Academy of Sculpture was established in France, and the canal of Languedoc was commenced for the purpose of forming a junction between the two seas.

De Ruyter, in January, recovered Cape Verd and Guinea from the English.

February the 6th, the Lady Anne, second daughter of the duke of York, and afterwards queen of England, was born at St. James's.

In March, parliament granted the king a supply of 2,477,500l., to be paid by quarterly instalments; being the first money raised where the clergy of their free will were taxed conjointly with the laity.-War was proclaimed against the Dutch.-By an order of council, 60 Quakers were exported to America.--The duke of York set sail with the fleet.The city of London built a man-ofwar at its own charge, called the Loyal London.--An order was issued for confining Charles Fox, father of the Quakers, in Scarborough castle.

On the 6th of April, ambassadors arrived in England from France, to mediate a peace with the Dutch.- -The duke of York arrived off the Texel, with a fleet of 107 menof-war and 14 fire- ships, &c.- -On the 26th, the plague commenced its ravages in London.

On the 15th of May, a very curious ancient monument was dug up in a field near Bath.

June the 3d, the Dutch were defeated off Harwich, when 18 ships were captured, and 14 destroyed. Admiral Opdam, who engaged the duke of York, was blown up with his crew. -Medals were struck in honour of the duke of York's victory, bearing the motto, Nec minor in terris, June III. MDCLXV.

The king and court, in July, removed to Salisbury, in consequence of the plague, leaving the care of London to the duke of Albemarle. Archbishop Sheldon also remained in the capital and performed many charitable acts during that calamity, which is stated to have carried off 68,596 souls. The Republicans, in August, corresponded with the Dutch, and plotted against the English government.

The French forces, under Marshal Schomberg, greatly contributed in accomplishing the victory which the Portuguese gained over the Spaniards, at Villaviciosa; and they had thus the glory of establishing the house of Braganza on the throne of Portugal.

August the 16th, the Dutch Smyrna and Streights men, De Ruyters and their East India ships, were attacked by Rear-Admiral Tiddiman, in the harbour of Bergen, in Nor

way, when, during the action, Edward Montagu, son of A.C. Lord Montagu, of Boughton, was slain.

Philip the Fourth of Spain died, and was succeeded by his son, Charles the Second.

The emperor of China, astonished that those who professed Christianity in his dominions could not agree among themselves, passed very strict laws, prohibiting the farther promulgation of its tenets.

In September, the earl of Sandwich captured 12 men-ofwar and two Dutch East Indiamen.—Fires were kindled in London three days and nights, in order to purify the air, which had continued remarkably calm during the plague.

The commons having, in October, removed to Oxford, voted 1,250,000l. for prosecuting the war, and granted the duke of York 50,000l. for his services.

Towards the close of November, one Valentine Greatorex, an Irish gentleman, undertook to heal many diseases, by stroking with the palm of the hand, and is said to have been successful in various instances.

January the 26th, the king of France declared war against 1666 England, and the Danes also leagued with the Dutch, as well as the bishop of Munster, who had been an ally and pensioner of Britain.

On the 10th of February, England declared war against France.

April 29th, the French protestants in Dublin having been permitted to erect a church in that city, their first meeting took place accordingly.

On the 30th, John Rathbone, and other Republicans, having been convicted of treason, were executed at Tyburn. The Dutch fleet, on the 1st of June, consisting of 90 sail, under De Ruyter and Trump, fell upon part of the English fleet, commanded by Albemarle, composed of 50 sail, which maintained the engagement during three days, though 16 more ships joined the enemy on the second day. On the 4th, Ruperi having joined the duke of Albemarle, the conflict was renewed; when, after the most obstinate fighting, neither party proving victor, the fleets returned to port in order to refit. The English, on that occasion, lost nine and the Dutch 15 ships. De Witt, who was on board the Dutch fleet, is said to have then invented chain-shot, which greatly damaged the English rigging.

In May, the Dutch insulted the British coast, when orders were sent to drive the cattle from Romney Marsh, that the same might not be seized by the enemy.

On the 25th and 26th of July, the English and Dutch fleets again engaged; when Rupert and Albermale gained