The Student's Elements of GeologyJ. Murray, 1871 - 624 Seiten |
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abundant alluded Ammonites ancient argillaceous basalt beds belong bones brachiopoda calcareous called Cambrian Carboniferous character clay coal common conglomerate consist containing corals Crag Cretaceous crystalline denudation deposits Devonian dikes England Eningen Eocene eruptions Europe extinct fauna feet thick felspar fish fissures formations fossil fossiliferous fragments freshwater genera genus Geol geological geologists glacial gneiss granite gravel horizontal hornblende lakes land lava layers Lias limestone living Llandeilo Lower Miocene mammalia marine shells marl mass metamorphic mica miles mineral Miocene mollusca mountain Neocomian newer North observed occur Old Red Sandstone older Oolite organic remains origin pebbles period Permian plants Pliocene plutonic rocks portion Post-pliocene Purbeck quadrupeds quartz region reptiles rivers sand schists sediment seen shale siliceous Silurian slate sometimes species stone strata stratified supposed surface tertiary tion trachyte Trias tuffs Upper Miocene valley veins vertical volcanic rocks white chalk
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Seite 575 - ... themselves, or at least on their own axes, some general law must then determine the position in which these particles will rest on cooling. Probably that position will have some relation to the direction in which the heat escapes. Now, when all or a majority of particles of the same nature have...
Seite 133 - The following explanation of this phenomenon has been suggested by the eminent chemist Liebig. On the surface of Franconia, where the limestone abounds 'in caverns, is a fertile soil in which vegetable matter is continually decaying.
Seite 253 - When we have once arrived at the conviction that the numraulitic formation occupies a middle place in the Eocene series, we are struck with the comparatively modern date to which some of the greatest revolutions in the physical geography of Europe, Asia, and northern Africa must be referred. All the mountain chains, such as the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Himalayas, into the composition of whose central and loftiest parts the nummulitic strata enter bodily, could have had no existence till after...
Seite 26 - The upper valve is almost invariably wanting, though occasionally found in a perfect state of preservation in the white chalk at some distance. In this case, we see clearly that the sea-urchin first lived from youth to age, then died and lost its spines, which were carried away. Then the young Crania adhered to the bared shell, grew and perished in its turn; after which, the upper valve was separated from the lower, before the Echinus became enveloped in chalky mud.
Seite 311 - The regular and uniform preservation of this thin bed of black earth over a distance of many miles, shows that the change from dry land to the state of a freshwater lake or estuary, was not accompanied by any violent denudation, or rush of water, since the loose black earth, together with the trees which lay prostrate on its surface, must inevitably have been swept away had any such violent catastrophe taken place.
Seite 207 - Eocene gypsum of Paris. To this tranquil condition of the surface succeeded the era of volcanic eruptions, when the lakes were drained, and when the fertility of the mountainous district was probably enhanced by the igneous matter ejected from below, and poured down upon the more sterile granite.
Seite 252 - It has also been traced from Egypt, where it was largely quarried of old for the building of the Pyramids, into Asia Minor, and across Persia by Bagdad to the mouths of the Indus. It occurs not only in Cutch, but in the mountain ranges which separate Scinde from Persia, and which form the passes leading to Caboul ; and it has been followed still farther eastward into India, as far as eastern Bengal and the frontiers of China.
Seite 380 - ... receives no support from the coating of friable coal which has replaced the bark. As soon, therefore, as the cohesion of this external layer is overcome, the heavy column falls suddenly in a perpendicular or oblique direction from the roof of the gallery whence coal has been extracted, wounding or killing the workman who stands below. It is strange to reflect...
Seite 383 - The lecturer thinks this enigma may be solved, by attending to what is now taking place in deltas. The dense growth of reeds and herbage which encompasses the margins of forest-covered swamps in the valley and delta of the Mississippi, is such, that the...
Seite 10 - ... must have reference to characters in which those rocks differ, both from the volcanic and from the unaltered sedimentary strata.