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(b) Say of each Relative in the following sentences whether it is used in conformity with Dr. Bain's rule :—

She had learned that from Miss Wood who had heard it from her husband, who had heard it from the landlord, who had heard it from the boy that carried the beer.

He loved the bird who loved the man

That shot him with his bow.

He singeth loud his godly hymns

That he makes in the wood.

This hermit good lives in the wood

Which slopes down to the sea.

There was never yet philosopher

That could endure the toothache patiently.

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

Most of the novels which Scott wrote are very good.

The thirst that from the soul doth rise

Doth ask a drink divine.

The roses soon withered that hung o'er the wave.

The moon, that once was round and full,
Is now a silver boat.

They acted like base cowards who leave their rank in danger's hour,
The crisis is one of the most singular which have ever occurred.

Down, down, within the deep,

That oft to triumph bore him,
He sleeps a sound and pleasant sleep,
With the salt waves dashing o'er him.

On, ye brave,

Who rush to glory or the grave.

Mankind are first properly to be considered under two grand divisionsthose that use their own hands and those who employ the hands of others.

Antecedents.

268. The Antecedent to a Relative Pronoun should be a Noun or Pronoun in the Nominative or in the Objective Case, or a phrase, clause, or sentence. The sentence

They flew to arms and attacked Northumberland's house, whom they put to death,

should be written

They flew to arms and attacked the house of Northumberland, whom they put to death,

or,

They flew to arms, attacked the house of Northumberland, and put him to death.

Exercise 104.

Correct the following sentences:

For my sake pity him, Oceanus,

That erstwhile issued from thy watery loins.

[Venus, who rose from the sea, is speaking.]

I learned much from the master's example who was very kind to me.
Let him stay in our house who live near the river.
She married Fred's sister who is my brother.

We suspected his sincerity who always flattered us.

We were interested in the people's employment who work in the pit.
The man's wisdom is despised who is poor.

Their conduct resembled a coward's who is afraid to speak the truth.
Words should convey an exact copy of his idea who uses them.

The more accurately we search into the human mind the stronger traces we find everywhere of His wisdom who made it.

The sight of his blood whom they deemed invulnerable shook the courage of the soldiers.

We glorify His name and mission who was the Prince of Peace.

Conjunction before a Relative.

269. The Co-ordinating Conjunctions (and, or, but, &c.) join co-ordinate phrases, clauses, or sentences. The phrase, clause, or sentence following the Conjunction must therefore be similar to that preceding it.

270. Applying this general rule to a particular case, we may say that a Co-ordinating Conjunction can be followed by a Relative Clause only when also preceded by one.

271. Such sentences as the following are wrong:

(1) A cautious Scotchman of a practical matter-of-fact turn of mind and who had listened with much unconcern drily remarked . .

...

(2) A series of anonymous publications purporting to be written by members of the University, but which are in no way sanctioned by the University itself...

(3) A house built in frosty weather or which has bad bricks and mortar is likely to be damp.

272. These and similar sentences may be amended by placing a Relative Clause before, or by getting rid of the Relative Clause after, the Conjunction; thus:

(1) A cautious Scotchman who was of a practical matter-of-fact turn of mind and who had listened, &c.

This sentence might also have been amended by the simple omission of and.

(2) A series of anonymous publications which purport to be written by members of the University but which are, &c.

or,

A series of anonymous publications purporting to be written by members of the University but in no way sanctioned by, &c.

or,

(3) A house which is built in frosty weather, or which has bad bricks, &c.

A house built in frosty weather or with bad bricks, &c.

[blocks in formation]

In the same manner were dæmons by the divine love set over us as a race of beings of a superior order to men, and who with great ease to themselves might regulate our affairs.

They look upon them as blessings showered down from above, and which the more they improve to their own use the greater is [should this be are?] their gratitude and piety.

With these menaces he retired at last, but not without muttering some menaces on his side and which, to our great terror, he failed not to put into immediate execution.

To her Mrs. Carlyle would sometimes impart stories of her early days full of fun and freshness, and which the reader must look for in the volumes themselves.

She is said to have lived in a wretched hovel near the New River Head, where scavengers deposited the sweepings of the streets, and which after heavy rain could only be approached by wading knee-deep in mud.

About a mile from the town are the interesting ruins of Sandsfoot Castle

Home

standing on a high cliff facing Portland and which, to be seen at its best, should be viewed by moonlight.

He was brought up under her own eye by a tutor of deep erudition but who was totally unfitted for forming the mind.

Athelstane, confident of his strength, and to whom his flatterers at least ascribed great skill in arms, had determined to make him feel the weight of his battle-axe.

A good substitute was found in the maize, the great agricultural staple of both the northern and southern divisions of the American continent, and which after its exportation to the Old World spread so rapidly as to suggest the idea of its being indigenous to it.

In this fight he took the French king and his son prisoner and whom he treated with great respect.

He adopted Trajan, then about forty years of age, and who commanded a powerful army in Lower Germany.

A woman of exemplary character and who, with her family, has been for more than thirty years a tenant of the same house in this neighbourhood, has a husband who is entirely and permanently incapacitated for work.

Most of the castles built after the reign of Henry I., and which had sometimes served as mere dens of robbers, were afterwards destroyed under Henry II.

Even a peer of the realm with unblushing effrontery, and who will probably be brought to the bar of the House for breach of privilege, has openly canvassed votes.

It is indeed the essential quality of a gentleman, and which no man, who ever was great in the field, can possibly be without.

To his inexpressible delight he beheld a sail at a very little distance, and which luckily seemed to be making towards him.

A gentleman on board, and who was in my situation, rescued me from his hands.

The Board offer their grateful acknowledgments for the liberal support hitherto so freely extended, and which has so greatly contributed to this satisfactory result.

It was feared that the untimely death of the surgeon to the hospital, occurring as it did so very shortly after its opening, and to whose untiring energy the institution mainly owes its existence, might seriously affect its future prospects and position.

His having been with Lorenzo at the time of his death, and who had wished to confess to him, raised him prodigiously in the opinion of all those who had been the admirers of the prince.

Such are a few of the many paradoxes one could cite from his writings, and which are now before me.

These delusions become so powerful that their authority over the reasoning faculty is absolute, and from which there is no appeal.

We are in an age of weak beliefs, and in which such belief as men have is more determined by their wish to believe than by any mental appreciation of evidence.

This is a violation of the principles of religious liberty, and which we believe will provoke much resistance.

The house long in the possession of the Berkeley family, and which was inhabited by Colonel Berkeley, was at Spring Gardens.

He is a dark-complexioned [omit complexioned] gentleman, with a black military-looking moustache thirty-eight years of age [If the moustache is thirty-eight years old, how old is the man ?], and who lives in a secluded little studio out Chelsea way.

The visitors then adjourned for tea, which was kindly provided by the teachers of the school, and to whom a hearty vote of thanks was accorded. [Accorded and hearty are tautological, as accorded is from the Latin cor, cordis, the heart.]

I expect [find a better word] that it is caused through nervousness as much as possible, and for which you can do nothing more.

Omission of Relatives.

273. A Relative Pronoun governed in the Objective Case by a Verb may be omitted; as

We speak that [which] we do know and testify that [which] we have

seen.

Regions [that] Cæsar never knew

Thy posterity shall sway.

The flinty couch [that] we now must share

Shall seem with down of eider filled.

That mercy [which] I to others show,

That mercy show to me.

A Relative Pronoun governed in the Objective Case by a Preposition may also be omitted; as

Have you brought the thing [that] I sent you for?

But the omission of the Relative throws the Preposition to the end of the sentence, and this we have already seen (Par. 267) is undesirable. Indeed, careful writers of prose rarely omit the Relative under any circumstances.

274. Our older writers often omitted a Relative in the Nominative Case; as

I have a brother [who] is condemned to die.--Shakespeare.

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