Radish, Artichokes of Jerufalem, Maize, and the like. For Wheat, Barley, and Oats, they afk too much Labour: but with Peas and Beans you may begin; both because they ask less Labour, and because they serve for Meat as well as for Bread : and of Rice likewise cometh a great Increase, and it is a kind of Meat. Above all, there ought to be brought Store of Biscuit, Oatmeal, Flour, Meal, and the like, in the beginning, till Bread may be had. For Beafts or Birds, take chiefly fuch as are least subject to Diseases, and multiply fastest: as Swine, Goats, Cocks, Hens, Turkeys, Geese, House Doves, and the like. The Victual in Plantations ought to be expended almoft as in a befieged Town; that is, with certain Allowance. And let the Main Part of the Ground employed to Gardens or Corn be to a common Stock; to be laid in, and stored up, and then delivered out in proportion; befides fome Spots of Ground that any particular Perfon will manure for his own Private. Confider likewife, what Commodities the Soil where the Plantation is doth naturally yield, that they may fome way help to defray the Charge of the Plantation: fo it be not, as was faid, to the untimely Prejudice of the main Bufiness as it hath fared with Tobacco in Virginia.3

and

2 Mr. Montagu added the word use here, and has been followed by others; not perceiving the meaning of the archaism, which is to be found in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, act iii. fc. 4, where Malvolio ufes it for privacy;

"Go off: I difcard you; let me enjoy my private."

The early colonists of Virginia are said to have almost exclufively cultivated tobacco. See Grahame's Hift. of N. America, vol. i. p. 67. This cenfure would not be difpleafing to K. James who detefted the divine weed, and levelled his counterblast against it.

Soap

Wood commonly aboundeth but too much; and therefore Timber is fit to be one. If there be Iron Ure, and Streams whereupon to set the Mills, Iron is a brave Commodity where Wood aboundeth. Making of Bay Salt, if the Climate be proper for it, would be put in Experience. Growing Silk, likewise, if any be, is a likely commodity : Pitch and Tar, where ftore of Firs and Pines are, will not fail. So Drugs and Sweet Woods, where they are, cannot but yield great Profit. Ashes, likewise, and other Things, that may be thought of. But moil not too much under Ground; for the Hope of Mines is very uncertain, and useth to make the Planters lazy in other Things. For Government, let it be in the Hands of one, affifted with fome Counsel: and let them have Commiffion to exercise martial Laws with some Limitation. And, above all, let Men make that profit of being in the Wilderness, as they have God always and His Service before their Eyes. Let not the Government of the Plantation depend upon too many Counsellors and Undertakers in the Country that Planteth, but upon a temperate Number; and let those be rather Noblemen and Gentlemen than Merchants: for they look ever to the present Gain. Let there be Freedoms from Custom, till the Plantation be of Strength: and not only Freedom from Custom, but Freedom to carry their Commodities where they may make their Beft of them, except there be some special Cause of Caution. Cram not in People by sending too fast Company after Company; but rather

hearken how they wafte, and send Supplies proportionably; but so as the Number may live well in the Plantation, and not by Surcharge be in Penury. It hath been a great endangering to the Health of fome Plantations, that they have built along the Sea and Rivers, in Marish and unwholefome Grounds. Therefore, though you begin there to avoid Carriage and other like Discommodities, yet build still rather upwards from the ftreams, than along. It concerneth likewife the Health of the Plantation that they have good Store of Salt with them, that they may use it in their Victuals when it shall be neceffary. If you Plant where Savages are, do not only entertain them with Trifles and Gingles, but use them justly and graciously, with fufficient Guard nevertheless and do not win their favour by helping them to invade their Enemies, but for their Defence it is not amifs; and fend oft of them over to the Country that Plants, that they may see a better Condition than their own, and commend it when they return. When the Plantation grows to Strength, then it is time to Plant with Women as well as with Men; that the Plantation may fpread into Generations, and not be ever pieced from without. It is the finfulleft Thing in the world to forfake or deftitute a Plantation once in Forwardness for befides the Dishonour, it is the Guiltinefs of Blood of many commiferable Persons.

4 Marifh is the old form of the word Marsh or Marby.

5

Commiferable perfons for perfons to be commiferated is, I believe, peculiar to Bacon.

XXXIV. Of Riches.1

CANNOT call Riches better than the Baggage of Virtue: the Roman Word is better, Impedimenta: for as the Baggage is to an Army, fo is Riches to Virtue; it cannot be spared nor left behind, but it hindereth the March; yea, and the care of it sometimes lofeth or difturbeth the Victory. Of great Riches there is no real Use, except it be in the Distribution; the reft is but Conceit. So faith Solomon, Where much is, there are Many to confume it; and what hath the Owner but the Sight of it with his Eyes 23 The personal Fruition in any Man, cannot reach to feel Great Riches: there is a Custody of them; or a Power of Dole and Donative of them; or a Fame of them; but no folid Use to the Owner. Do you not see what feigned Prices are fet upon little Stones and Rarities? and what Works of Oftentation are undertaken, because there might feem to be fome Use of great Riches? But then you will fay, they may be of use to buy Men out of Dangers or Troubles; as Solomon faith, Riches are as a strong Hold in the Imagination of the Rich Man. But this is excellently expreffed, that it is in Imagination, and See Antitheta, No. 6.

2 There is a remarkable anticipation of Bacon's phrase in a valuable old dictionary, "Baret's Alvearie," 1580, p. 78. Baggage is borrowed of the French, and fignifieth all fuch stuffe as may hinder us in warre or travelling, being not worth the carriage Impedimenta." 3 Eccles. v. II. 4 Prov. x. 15. Cf. xxviii. 11.

not always in Fact: for, certainly, great Riches have fold more Men than they have bought out. Seek not Proud Riches, but such as thou mayest get juftly, ufe foberly, diftribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly. Yet have no abstract nor friarly Contempt of them; but diftinguish, as Cicero faith well of Rabirius Pofthumus, In ftudio rei amplificandæ apparebat non Avaritiæ prædam, fed Inftrumentum Bonitati quæri.5 Hearken alfo to Solomon, and beware of hafty Gathering of Riches: Qui feftinat ad Divitias, non erit insons. The Poets feign that when Plutus (which is Riches,) is fent from Jupiter, he limps and goes flowly; but when he is fent from Pluto, he runs, and is swift of Foot meaning, that Riches gotten by good Means and juft Labour pace flowly; but when they come by the death of others (as by the Course of Inheritance, Teftaments, and the like,) they come tumbling upon a Man: but it might be applied likewise to Pluto, taking him for the Devil: for when Riches come from the Devil (as by Fraud and Oppreffion and unjust Means,) they come upon speed. The Ways to enrich are many, and most of them foul. Parfimony is one of the best, and yet is not innocent: for it withholdeth Men from Works of Liberality and Charity. The Improvement of the Ground is the moft Natural obtaining of Riches; for it is our great Mother's Blessing, the Earth's; but it is flow: And yet, where Men of great wealth do stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth Riches exceedingly. I knew a Nobleman in 5 Cic. pro Rabir. 2.

6 Prov. xxviii. 22.