17th, and on the 21st General Sumner demanded the surrender of Fredericksburg. He threatened to burn the town in case of refusal, and allowed sixteen hours to remove non-combatants. The Mayor asked for a longer time. General Sumner acceded. Active hostilities were again resumed December 11, by the Union forces shelling Fredericksburg. Having laid their pontoons, the Federals passed the river under a terrific fire. The crossing continued on the 12th, when the city was taken. The next day General Burnside moved on the rebel works south of the city. The ground here is in the form of plateaus, from a quarter to half a mile wide, on the first of which stands the city; on the third or upper one was the rebel position, fortified with great skill and strength, and commanding every approach. The middle one was the principal battle-ground. Franklin moved against the rebel right, while Hooker attacked the center. Several charges were made by the Union troops, but they failed to make any impression, and night found the two armies in the same position as in the morning. The Union losses were 1,512 killed, about 6,000 wounded, and about 700 prisoners. Skirmishing continued on the 14th and 15th, and during the night of the 15th and the morning of the 16th the Unionists recrossed to the north bank of the river before the rebels were aware of the movement. Every man and all property was removed. General Burnside, on the 19th, in a letter to the President, assumed the responsibility of the defeat at Fredericksburg, and asked to be relieved from his command. His resignation was not accepted, however. He renewed it, however, and on January 24, 1863, was relieved by Major-General Joseph Hooker. His further military history will be found under the appropriate headings.

Burnside's Expedition, consisting of about 125 vessels of various sizes and descriptions, many of them collected from the merchant service for the occasion, sailed from Fortress Monroe January 11, 1862. After encountering a heavy storm, the advance of the expedition arrived at Hatteras Inlet, N. C., on the 19th. Some two weeks were occupied in getting ready for active operations, which commenced February 7, between the Union fleet and the rebel batteries on Roanoke Island, assisted

by their gun-boats stationed behind a row of sunken ships. By nightfall several of the gun-boats had been disabled, and several of their guns dismounted. During the night General Burnside landed his troops, about 4,000 strong. In the morning about 1,000 additional were landed. The position was so well chosen, and the attack so stubbornly resisted, that several of the stronger works had to be carried at the point of the bayonet. Toward the close of the day, both flanks of the rebel works being turned, they surrendered. Union loss, 30 killed and 200 wounded. Rebel loss, 16 killed, 40 wounded, about 3,000 prisoners, six forts, mounting forty-two guns, 3,000 stand of small arms, and immense. quantities of military stores.

About 9 o'clock on the morning of the 10th, Commander Rowan, with fourteen gun-boats, engaged the Confederate fleet which had escaped from Roanoke, off Cobb's point, N. C., and before 10 o'clock, two batteries on shore were silenced. Five of the rebel vessels were burned by their own crews, two were abandoned, one was captured, and Elizabeth City surrendered and was occupied by the Union forces next day. (See Newbern.) Burnt Ordinary, Va., was the scene of a cavalry skirmish, January 19, 1863.

Burton's Ford, four miles from Charlottesville, Va., was captured by General Custar, February 29, 1864. At two o'clock A. M., he surprised a cavalry camp, blew up six caissons, and destroyed the camp equipage and captured 20 prisoners.

Bushy Creek, Indian Territory, 180 miles from Fort Smith, Ark., was the scene of a brisk engagement on December 9, 1861, between the Union Indians and the Confederates.

Butler, Benjamin F., was appointed Brigadier-General of volunteers from Massachusetts, April 17, 1861, and the same day started for Washington. Baltimore being in the hands of the secession mob, and the railroads destroyed, rendered passing directly through it impracticable. On the morning of the 20th, his command left Philadelphia and reached Annapolis, via Havre de Grace at midnight. His forces were next morning landed, and, repairing the railroad as they went, com

menced their march to Annapolis Junction, and thence to the Relay House, which he occupied May 5. Moving from this place on the evening of the 13th, apparently for Harper's Ferry, he planted himself on Federal Hill, thus commanding the city of Baltimore, awing into quiet the secession mobocrats there, and reopening a safe transit for troops and citizens through "My Maryland." He received his commission as Major-General May 16, was assigned to the command of Fortress Monroe on the 20th, and two days later assumed that position. On the 27th, he declared in relation to fugitive slaves coming within the Union lines:

"These men are contraband of war; set them at

work.”

General Butler was relieved of his command by General Wool,, August 16. He assumed command of the forces in the Department of Virginia-exclusive of those in Fortress Monroe-on the 22d, and, co-operating with Commodore Stringham, captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet on the 29th.

On February 22, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the land forces to co-operate with the navy in the attack on New Orleans. Sailing from Hampton Roads February 24, he reached Ship Island March 21, and four days later his troops joined him at that point. He landed at New Orleans May 1, and in a few days transformed the city from a "mob-ridden community to a peaceable, if not a contented city. He found the eity without supplies, and the poorer classes, and many of those in moderate circumstances, on the verge of starvation. This he, in some measure, remedied by gathering stores from the country, and levying an assessment upon those who had previously subscribed to the $1,250,000 loan for the defense of New Orleans against the United States. These measures brought in the produce and money which was mainly expended in cleansing the city, then in a very filthy condition. May 13, he forbid the observance of "Jeff. Davis's fast-day." The famous order concerning the women of New Orleans, which caused so much stir, was issued May 15. General Butler says its success was immediate and perfect. $800,000 was seized ir the office of the Netherlands' Consul May 10. The

city officials were suspended June 2, and new ones appointed two days later. For a full account of his action in New Orleans see Parton's "Butler in New Orleans." General Butler was relieved, December 4, of his command, and turned the same over to General Banks on the 15th. On his return North, he was received with hearty enthusiasm in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and other places. November 11, 1863, he assumed command of the Department of Eastern Virginia and North Carolina, with head-quarters at Fortress Monroe. The War Department relieved him of this command, but General Grant, on July 19, 1864, rescinded the order and added the 19th Corps to his former force. November 5, General Butler assumed command of the "forces in New York City, arriving and to arrive, to meet existing emergencies." The troubles there settled, he resumed his command before Richmond on the 15th. General Grant relieved him of this command January 6, 1865, General Ord succeeding. On the 8th, in his farewell order to his troops, he made an attempt to show the injustice of his removal. (See Grant's Report.)

Butte a' la Rose, La., was occupied, and the rebel fort there captured by the Union gun-boats, April 20, 1863.

Buzzard's Roost Pass, Ga., was attacked by General Sherman May 8, 1864. The Union forces under General Thomas attacked in front, while McPherson made a flank movement. The rebels evacuated and retreated to Resaca. Union loss, about 700 killed, wounded, and missing, there being an unusually large number of slightly wounded.

Cabin Creek, Kansas.-The rebels 1,500 strong, under Sturdevant, on September 19, 1864, captured a train worth $1,000,000 at this place.

Cainsville, Tenn., was the scene of a cavalry skirmish February 15, 1863, resulting in a Union victory.

Cairo, Ills.-General Grant, with a force of 3,500, left this place November 6, 1861. They landed three miles above Columbus. Ky.

A reconnoitering expedition, 5,000 strong, under Generals Grant and McClernand, left this place January 10, 1862, for the vicinity of Columbus, Ky. The expedition

was highly successful, penetrating to within three miles of Columbus and returned to Cairo on the 21st.

A great naval expedition left this place March 15, 1862.

Cairo, a Upited States gun-boat, was destroyed by a rebel torpedo on the Yazoo River December 18, 1862. Caleb Cushing, a United States revenue cutter, was, on June 26, 1863, cut out of Portland (Maine) harbor by a rebel crew. Two steamers, the Forest City and Chesapeake, were started in pursuit, and pressed the cutter so hard that the rebels next day burned her and took to their boats to escape, but were all captured and taken to Fort Preble.

Calhoun, Fort, on the Rip Raps, Hampton Roads, was changed in name to Fort Wool March 18, 1862.

Calhoun, Ga., was attacked by the rebel General Wheeler August 15, 1864. He had previously cut the railroads at that point. The demand to surrender was refused, and the rebels driven by a charge of the colored troops, then holding the place.

Call for Troops. (See Conscription.)

Camden, Ark., was the scene of a brisk skirmish, April 2, 1864, between the rebel General Shelby, and Steele's rear guard. The rebels were repulsed, with a loss of about 100. Another battle ensued on the 19th, when the place was held by General Steele until the 26th, when he retreated to Little Rock.

Camden, N. C., was, on April 19, 1862, occupied by General Reno, after a sharp skirmish with the rebels. The Union troops afterward retired to the main army at Newbern. The rebels lost 60 men; the Nationals, 12 killed and 48 wounded.

Cameron, Simon, was called into Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet, as Secretary of War, March 5, 1861. In October of that year, he, in company with Adjutant-General Thomas and suit, made a tour of observation and inspection through the Western military departments. His rumored loose way of making contracts and disbursing money was very unsatisfactory to the people, and he resigned his place in the Cabinet January 11, 1862, and was afterward appointed Minister to Russia.

Camp Alleghany. (See Alleghany.)