OR, UNIVERSAL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. ON A NEW PLAN. IN WHICH IT IS SHEWN THAT CONSONANTS ARE ALONE TO BE REGARDED IN DISCOVERING THE AFFINITIES OF WORDS, AND THAT THE VOWELS ARE TO BE WHOLLY REJECTED; THAT LANGUAGES CONTAIN THE SAME FUNDAMENTAL IDEA; The EARTH, AND THE OPERATIONS, ACCIDENTS, and PROPERTIES, BELONGING TO IT. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES: The TEUTONIC DIALECTS, English, Gothic, Saxon, German, Danish, &c. &c. VOLUME I. PART II. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS; SOLD BY W. H. LUNN, CLASSICAL LIBRARY, SOHO-SQUARE, LONDON; AND CHAP. III. SECT. I. ^R.---C, D, G, &c. Terms relating to the Soil of the Ground or EARTH, when it is Agitated-Stirred up, Broken up, &c. &c. by the various accidents and operations, attached to it,-by Digging, Ploughing, Harrowing, &c. &c., as HARROW and its parallel words HERGian, HERSE, (Sax. French,) &c.— Terms connected with these, which express the idea of Stirring up in general, of Excitement, Commotion, Agitation, Irritation, &c.-of Disturbing, Annoying, Aggrieving, &c., as HARASS, HARSH, &c. &c. Hence Words, which express Strife-Contention, &c. &c., as ERIS, ERID-OS, (Epis, Epidos); actions of violence, Breaking to pieces, &c. &c., as EREIKO, (Eper, Frango,) &c. Terms denoting the RoughGrating Noise, as originally connected with the action of Scratching upon or Grating upon a Surface, as HOArse, &c. &c. 3 U IN the last Section of the preceding Chapter, I considered a Race of Words, belonging to our Element, which exhibited, as I trust, in marked and distinct characters, their relation to each other, as conveying their secondary sense; though the primary idea, which I conceived to be attached to the EARTH, ESTIA, (EσTia,) &c., The appeared only in certain terms and on certain occasions. discussion has extended to a greater length than I at first conceived, and has perhaps occupied too large a portion in the arrangement of my Work. Yet the facts, which it exhibits, have unfolded, as I trust, to the enquiring Reader, a train of ideas altogether new and curious on the nature of Languages; whatever Theory Theory he may adopt respecting the primitive source, from which such facts were derived. This Theory, as I have frequently observed, whatever it may be, does not interfere with the relation of the terms, there produced, to each other, in their secondary application; nor with the process, by which that relation has been effected.-I shall now, however, proceed to a vein of enquiry, in which the principles of my Hypothesis will be perpetually apparent in the most marked and distinct characters. I shall produce, in the present Chapter, a Race of words, in which this connexion with the EARTH will be, I trust, perpetually visible, and will appear most fully illustrated, in the general series of examples which are the objects of our discussion. In the present Chapter I shall consider those terms, belonging to the Element. ^R. ^. C, D, G, &c. &c., which relate to the Soil of the Ground, or EARTH, when it is Stirred up or Agitated by the various accidents and operations, attached to or performed upon its surface; as by the feet of animals in motion,by the Wind, &c. &c.-by the labours of Agriculture, in DiggingPloughing-Harrowing, &c., as Harrow, and its parallels HERGian, HERSE, (Sax. Fr.) Occo, &c. &c. We may well imagine, that these familiar accidents and operations would be strongly impressed upon the mind; and we know, that Language has borrowed some of its most ordinary expressions and most forcible metaphorical applications from this source, in order to express Agitation-Commotion-Excitement - Irritation, &c. &c. of various sorts and in various degrees. We shall instantly call to mind the Latin expression for Commotion, Pulverem Excitare; which in our colloquial phraseology we express by To Kick up 'a Dust;' and we know, that the term Tumultus, Tumult, is connected with Tumulus, the Heap of Dirt. The word HARROW, belonging to our Element, which I have been obliged to anticipate, is one of the strongest terms, in our Language, to express the |