SCENE I.-1. Delius remarks (cf. Gr. 504) that this trochaic metre is elsewhere used by S. when supernatural beings are speaking; as in Temp. and M. N. D.

The folios put an interrogation mark at the end of the first line.

3. Hurlyburly. Doubtless an onomatopoetic word, as Peacham explained it in the Garden of Eloquence in 1577: "Onomatopeia, when we invent, devise, fayne, and make a name intimating the sound of that it signifyeth, as hurlyburly, for an uprore and tumultuous stirre." Hullabaloo (which is not in Wb., though given by Worc. and Wedgwood) is probably a related word. S. uses hurlyburly only here and in 1 Hen. IV. v. I. 78, where it is an adjective. He has hurly in the same sense in T. of S. iv. 1.216: "amid this hurly;" K. John, iii. 4. 169: "Methinks I se this hurly all on foot ;" and 2 Hen. IV. iii. 1. 25: "That with the hurly death itself awakes."

Cf. Latimer (sermon preached in 1550): "the chiefest cause of all this hurlyburly and commotion;" North's Plutarch (Fabius): "A marvellous tumult and hurlyburly;" Spenser, F. Q. v. 3, 30:

"Thereof great hurly-burly moved was

Throughout the hall for that same warlike horse."

5. Set of sun. The C. P. ed. cites Rich. III. v. 3. 19: "The weary sun hath made a golden set."

8. Graymalkin. Also spelled Grimalkin; it means a gray cat. Mal

kin is a diminutive of Mary, and, like maukin (or mawkin) which is the same word, is often used as a common noun and contemptuously (=kitchen-wench); as in Cor. ii. 1. 224; Per. iv. 3. 34. Cf. Tennyson, Princess, v.: "a draggled mawkin." Malkin is the name of one of the witches in Middleton's Witch.

9. Paddock. A toad. R. Scot (Discovery of Witchcraft, 1584) says: "Some say they [witches] can keepe divels and spirits in the likenesse of todes and cats. "" Cf. Ham. iii. 4. 190.

The word sometimes means a frog; as in the North of England, according to Goldsmith. Cf. Chapman, Cæsar and Pompey (1607): "Paddockes, todes, and watersnakes." In New England "bull-paddock" is

a popular synonym for bull-frog.

10. Anon. Presently, immediately; "especially by waiters, instead of the modern coming '" (Schmidt). ́Cf. 1 Hen. IV. ii. 1. 5 ; ii. 4. 29, 36, 41, 49, 58, etc.

II. Fair is foul, etc. "The meaning is, that to us, perverse and malignant as we are, fair is foul, and foul is fair" (Johnson). Cf. Spenser, F. Q. iv. 8, 32: "Then faire grew foule, and foule grew faire in sight."

SCENE II.-The C. P. editors believe that this scene was not written by S. They remark: "Making all allowance for corruption of text, the slovenly metre is not like Shakespeare's work, even when he is most careless. The bombastic phraseology of the sergeant is not like Shakespeare's language even when he is most bombastic. What is said of the thane of Cawdor, lines 52, 53, is inconsistent with what follows in scene iii. lines 72, 73, and 112 sqq. We may add that Shakespeare's good sense would hardly have tolerated the absurdity of sending a severely wounded soldier to carry the news of a victory.'

On this last point Mr. Furnivall (Trans. New Shaks. Soc. 1874, p. 499) says: "Mr. Daniel has already answered this by showing (1.) that the sergeant is not sent; (2.) that no victory had been won when he left the field; (3.) that the man sent with news of the victory was Ross; (4) that the wounded sergeant was only met by Duncan, etc." Cf. Weiss, p. 364.

1. Bloody. Bodenstedt (cited by Furness) remarks that "this word bloody reappears on almost every page, and runs like a red thread through the whole piece; in no other of Shakespeare's dramas is it so frequent." 3. Sergeant. Here a trisyllable. Gr. 479. In the stage direction of the folio we find "a bleeding Captaine," but 66 Serieant" in this line of the

text.

5. Hail. Metrically equivalent to a dissyllable (Gr. 484).

6. Say... the knowledge. Tell what you know. Say often tell. Cf. Cymb. iv. 2. 376: "say his name ;" C. of E. i. 1. 29: 'say, in brief, the

cause," etc.

66

Broil. Battle; as often in S. Cf. 1 Hen. IV. i. 1. 3, 47; Cor. iii. 2. Oth. i. 3. 87, etc.

81;

7. On the measure, see Gr. 506.

9. Choke their art. "That is, drown each other by rendering their skill in swimming useless" (C. P. ed.). Cf. Mark, v. 13.

Macdonwald. The reading of Ist folio; the others have "Macdonnel." Holinshed calls him "Macdowald."

10. To that. To that end. Gr. 186. "His multiplied villainies fit him for that rebel's trade" (Moberly).

11. Mr. Fleay thinks that this line is Shakespeare's, retained by Middleton when he substituted this scene for the original one.

13. Of kerns and gallowglasses. Of with; as often. See Gr. 171. Kerns were light-armed soldiers. See Rich. II. p. 175, note on Rugheaded kerns. Gallowglasses were heavy-armed troops. Cf. 2 Hen. VI. iv. 9. 26: "Of gallowglasses and stout kerns." S. takes both words from Holinshed (see p. 137). Cf. v. 7. 17 below. See also Drayton, Heroical Epist.:

"Bruce now shall bring his Redshanks from the seas,
From the isled Orcads and the Hebrides;
And to his western havens give free pass
To land the Kerne and Irish Galliglasse."

" of the early quarry

14. Quarrel. Johnson's emendation for the " eds. As the word occurs in Holinshed's relation of this very fact, it is probably the right one, but many editors retain quarry. K. says: "We have it in the same sense in Cor. i. I. 202; the 'damned quarry' being the doomed army of kerns and gallowglasses, who, although Fortune deceitfully smiled on them, fled before the sword of Macbeth and became his quarry-his prey."

For quarrel in this sense (=cause or occasion of a quarrel) cf. Bacon, Essay 8: "So as a Man may have a Quarrell to marry, when he will;" Latimer, Sermon on Christmas Day: "to live and die in God's quarrel," Cf. iv. 3. 137: "our warranted quarrel."

etc.

15. Show'd. Appeared. Cf. M. of V. iv. 1. 196:

"And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice."

"The meaning is that Fortune, while she smiled on him, deceived him " (Malone).

19. Minion. Favourite, darling. It is the French mignon. Cf. Temp. iv. 1. 98: "Mars's hot minion;" and see note, Temp. p. 136.

21. Which. As D. remarks, if this is the right word, it is equivalent to who. Gr. 265. Probably there is some corruption of the text. Capell's emendation of "And ne'er " is adopted by Sr. and D. (2d ed.). "As the text stands, the meaning is, Macdonwald did not take leave of, nor bid farewell to, his antagonist till Macbeth had slain him" (C. P. ed.).

22. Nave. Navel. Warb. suggested "nape." Steevens cites Nash, Dido (1594): "Then from the navel to the throat at once He ript old Priam.'

24. Cousin. Macbeth and Duncan were both grandsons of King Malcolm.

25. Gins. The 1st folio has "'gins" here (and "gin" in v. 5. 49), the other folios "gins." In every other instance in which gins or gan occurs in the 1st folio (Temp. iii. 3. 106; Cor. ii. 2. 119; 2 Hen. IV. i. I. 129; Ham. i. 5. 90; Cymb. ii. 3. 22, v. 3. 37, v. 5. 197) the apostrophe is omitted. Nares says, under gin: "Usually supposed to be a contraction of begin,

but shown by Mr. Todd to be the original word." Schmidt also gives it as a complete word, and recognizes can in L. L. L. iv. 3. 106 as its past tense-an old form which Spenser sometimes uses. Abbott (Gr. 460) does not give 'gin in his list of words in which prefixes are dropped (though he gives some words that ought not to be there, as get beget, haviour, plain complain, tend=attend, etc.), nor does he refer any instance of gin or gan to § 460 in his "Index of Quotations." Richardson, in his Dict., says: "Gin, and the pret. gan, are in common use with our old writers without the prefix be;" and one of his examples (Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. i. p. 187: "Therefore I ginne to wryte now of the see") proves that the word had not ceased to be used, even in prose, in the time of S. The editors often confound these obsolete simple words with contractions of their compounds now in use. See Temp. p. 118 (note on Hests), Mer. p. 153 (note on Bated), J. C. p. 182 (note on Now some light), and Rich. II. p. 162 (note on Haviour).

On the general meaning of this passage, Sr. says: "The allusion is to the storms that prevail in spring, at the vernal equinox—the equinoctial gales. The beginning of the reflection of the sun (cf. 'So from that spring') is the epoch of his passing from the severe to the mildest season, opening, however, with storms." The C. P. ed. explains it thus: "As thunder and storms sometimes come from the East, the quarter from which we expect the sunrise, so out of victory a new danger arises." 31. Norweyan. The spelling of the folio, as in line 52 and i. 3. 95 below. Surveying vantage. Perceiving his opportunity. The phrase is used in a different sense in Rich. III. v. 3. 15: "Let us survey the vantage of the field."

32. Furbish'd. Burnished; that is, not before used in the fight, not yet stained with blood.

34. Captains. A trisyllable here. Gr. 477, 506.

36. Sooth. Truth. See foot-note, p. 147, and cf. v. 5. 40 below.

37. Cracks. Charges; an example of metonymy, the effect being put for the cause. For crack report, cf. Temp. i. 2. 203 and T. of A. ii. 1. 3. Malone quotes the old play of King John (1591): "the echo of a cannon's crack."

38. So they. The C. P. editors prefer to put these words at the end of the preceding line. Sr. and D., following Steevens and Malone, make them a separate line.

On doubly redoubled, cf. Rich. II. i. 3. 80.

40. Memorize. Make memorable, render famous. The meaning is, "make another Golgotha, which should be celebrated and delivered down to posterity with as frequent mention as the first" (Heath). Halliwell cites Vicars, Trans. of Virgil (1632):

"Though Grecian seas or shores me captiv'd quel'd,
With annuall votes and due solemnities,

And altar-decking gifts, I'd memorize.'

Cf. also Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 52. For Golgotha, see Mark, xv. 22.

41. I cannot tell. J. Hunter explains this as "I know not what to say or think of it," and cites T. of S. iv. 3. 22: "I cannot tell: I fear 'tis choleric." On the measure, see Gr. 511.

See Gr. 475.

43. So well. We should say, as well. 45. Thane. and ealdorman" (Bosworth). See Wb.

"An Anglo-Saxon nobleman, inferior in rank to an eorl

46. A haste. The reading of the 1st folio; the other folios omit "a." So should he look, etc. On should, see Gr. 323. The meaning is, "So should he look that appears to be on the point of speaking things strange (Heath), or "whose appearance corresponds with the strangeness of his message" (C. P. ed.). Teems, comes, seeks, and deems have been needlessly suggested in place of seems. Cf. Rich. II. iii. 2. 194-197.

49. Flout. Mock. Malone quotes K. John, v. I. 72: Mocking the air with colours idly spread ;" and adds: "The meaning seems to be, not that the Norweyan banners proudly insulted the sky; but that, the standards being taken by Duncan's forces, and fixed in the ground, the colours idly flapped about, serving only to cool the conquerors, instead of being proudly displayed by their former possessors." But, as the C. P. ed. suggests, "flout the sky' seems better suited to the banners of a triumphant or defiant host." Flout must then be a historic present. Keightley reads:

"Where the Norweyan banners

Did flout the sky and fan our people cold." 51. Pope reads "With numbers terrible."

53. Cawdor. Cawdor Castle is about five miles south of Nairn and about fifteen from Inverness. The royal license to build it was granted by James II. in 1454. There is a tradition that a "wise man counselled the Thane of Cawdor to load an ass with a chest full of gold, and to use the money in building a castle at the third hawthorn tree at which the beast should stop. The advice was followed, and the castle built round the tree, the trunk of which is still shown in the basement of the tower. The castle is still in excellent preservation, being used as a summer residence by the Earl of Cawdor.

54. Till that. On that as “a conjunctional affix,” see Gr. 287.

Bellona's bridegroom. We have no doubt that S. means to compare Macbeth to Mars (cf. Rich. II. ii. 3. 100: "the Black Prince, that young Mars of men "), though Mars was not the husband of Bellona. Perhaps, as the C. P. ed. remarks, the expression may have been suggested by an imperfect recollection of Virgil, Æn. vii. 319: "Et Bellona manet te pronuba." Holinshed, though not in this connection, refers to "the goddesse of battell, called Bellona."

Lapp'd in proof. Clad in armour of proof. Cf. Cymb. v. 5. 360: "lapp'd In a most curious mantle ;" and Rich. II. i. 3. 73: "Add proof unto mine armour with thy prayers" (see note in our ed.). 55. Confronted him, etc. "That is, gave him as good as he brought, showed he was his equal" (Warb.). Him refers to Norway.

56. The folio has "Point against Point, rebellious Arme 'gainst Arme," and many editors retain that pointing. Rebellious must in that case be =opposing, resisting. Theo. was the first to transpose the comma, giving rebellious the meaning it almost invariably has in S.

57. Lavish. Unrestrained, insolent. Cf. 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4. 62: “lavish manners;" and 1 Hen. VI. ii. 5. 47: "his lavish tongue.'