An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method

affirmative alternative analysis antecedent antilogism Archimedes argument Aristotle assert assumptions axioms believe calculus calculus of classes called canon categorical propositions categorical syllogism conclusion connected consequences Consider contains contradictory contrapositive deductive definiens definition demonstrated denoted determine discover discussion disjunctive disjunctive proposition distinct distributed distribution of terms elements employed enthymemes equivalent evidence examine example expressed fact fallacy false falsity figure formal geometry gism heads Hence hypothesis hypothetical syllogism imply independent individuals induction instances integers interpretation knowledge l-class laws logical principles major premise mathematicians mathematics meaning mortal nature negative non-Euclidean geometry objects observed possible postulate predicate probability of getting proof properties propo prove question reader reason regarded relation rule scientific method sitions subject matter Suppose syllogism symbols theorems theory things tion tive triangle true truth universal propositions verifiable virtue words