The piebald-horse is admired. Which horse is admired ? The modification piebald is the answer. Not the white or the black.

The man of integrity is trusted. Which man is trusted ?

Say whether the following propositions are connective, disjunctive, conditional, or modal.

He came down courageously. If it is day, the sun is above the horizon. The crocodile is either a serpent or a lizard. John and James are carrying the plank. If the Christian religion is supported by miracles, it is from God.

ANALYSIS OF PROPOSITION.

1. I, who advise you, am a friend. 2. I am a friend, who advises you.

1. I who advise you, the subject; am, the copula; a friend, the predicate.

2. I, the subject; am, the copula; a friend, who advises you, the predicate.

1. The guide, who led them, was sought for. 2. They are seeking a guide to lead them, who may lead them, will lead them.

1. The guide, who led them, is equivalent to their guide, the subject; was, the copula; sought for, the predicate.

2. They, the subject; are, the copula; seeking for a guide to lead them, the predicate, expressing purpose or aim.

Analyze-The man is wise who speaks little. The man is wise in speaking little. I am the man who commands you. I, who command you, am the man. Show that the Proposition, Do you go to town to-day, may have four different predicates.

Why do they seek?

ANALYZE.-A clerk who writes well has been found. I am seeking for a clerk who writes well. I, who command you, am the man. I am the man who commands you. He sends who warn of meditated guile. Man is not whom to warn. Men must not walk too late. See Grammatical Analysis.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES.

Distinguish, according to signification, the names in italics :

The depth of the ocean is unfathomable.

A tree in a good soil takes deep root. She is a ward in Chancery. The way is clear. In action faithful, and in honour clear.

Distinguish the Predicables.-The house is red, blood is red, scarlet is red, the rose is red, the Aboriginals of America were red.

What is the import of the following Propositions?-John consented to Magna Charta. The rotation of the earth produces day and night. It was the lark, the herald of the morn. The turnip is cruciferous.

Distinguish the following Propositions.-John runs, but James stands. Those who think so are few. There are few who think so. If he had the book, he would give it. Either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is on a journey, or perhaps he sleepeth.

What is the contrary of
What is the sub-contrary of
What is the contradictory of

All fishes are cold-blooded?
Some islands are fertile?
Some islands are not fertile!

How is "some serpents are not venomous converted?
How is "all whales are warm-blooded" converted?

What sort of Definition is, "Man is an animal, which makes exchanges?"

Define the words, decalogue, triangle, net-work, value, mid-day, dream, vision,

trance.

Describe a variety of objects.

Trace the successive meanings of the words volume, pilgrim, stranger, squire, virtue, sacrament, minister, poet, clerk, physician, priest, artist.

The pea is papilionaceous. What does the name show? The viola odorata is a great favourite. Of what is the name determinative? Whether is this an example of nomenclature, or of terminology?

PART II.

TREATMENT OF MODIFICATIONS, AND OF

SENTENCES.

I. SIMPLE SENTENCE.

1. Formal Modifications, Verbal, Determinatives.
2. Names forming the Subject, and the Predicate.
3. The Noun modifying the Subject, and the Predicate.
4. The Adjective modified, used attributively.

5. Expressions Idiomatic and Paradigmatic.

6. Prepositions modifying Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs.

7. Adverbs modifying Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs.

8. Particles. Interrogative Sentences. Imperative.

9. Interjections. Emphatic Words.

10. Promiscuous Exercises, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French.

II. COMPOUND SENTENCE.

1. Substantive Modifications.

2. Adjective, Determinative, Explicative.

3. Adverbial, Degree, Equality, Effect; Manner, Place, Time.

4. Dependent Sentence, modifying the Principal.

5. Syllogism, Inference, Proof.

6. The Dependent Sentence expressing Condition, Concession, Exception, Prevention.

7. The Case Absolute.

8. Promiscuous Exercises, Latin and French.

III.-INDEPENDENT SENTENCE.

Conjunction Simple, Adversative, Alternative.

IV.-MIXED SENTENCE.

Promiscuous Exercises, Latin and French.

Verse, Shakspeare's and Milton's; Punctuation; Promiscuous Exercises.

TREATMENT OF MODIFICATIONS AND OF SENTENCES.

I.- -SIMPLE SENTENCE.

Words, combined into sentences, are the materials of language. The simplest thought involves two ideas. An act of belief supposes two objects. There are, consequently, in the simplest sentence, two words or names, expressed or implied; as,

Gold is fusible.

Gold indicates the subject of which we speak; fusible expresses what is predicated or asserted of the subject; is indicates that the latter is coupled to the former, or denotes that there is affirmation.

Sayest, thou art saying; standeth, stands, he is standing.

The subjects, thou and he, and the copulas, art and is, are implied in the verbal ending, and the stem of the verb supplies the predicate.

The difference between is, as a verb, denoting existence, and as a mere copula, appears in the sentence,

When I no longer am, exist; then, forsooth, I am a man. Distinguish the subject, the copula, and the predicate, of the sentences:-The bird is singing. Water flows. Thou hearest. He whispereth.

I will, wylle; we will, wyllan; Anglo-Saxon, the ending being now dropped.

MODIFICATION.

The verb and the noun form the framework on which sentences are built. Modifications, limiting duly the subject and the predicate, are added, till the structure is finished. The sentence, Shepherd tends, may be modified

1. Shepherdess is tending.

2. Shepherds are tending.

3. A Shepherd is tending gently.

4. The Shepherdess is now tending very gently.

5. The cheerful Shepherd is tending his flock.

6. The King's Shepherds are tending their flocks by the crystal streams.

The words in Italic are modifications. Mode is the manner

in which a substance exists. Modification, properly bringing. into a mode, denotes also the mode itself.

To modify is to limit to a certain subject, or predicate. No. 1 limits the subject to a female; 2, to a plurality; 3, to a class of persons; 4, to a certain individual; 5, to one who manifests a certain attribute; 6, to servants of a certain master.

3, limits the predicate "tending" to a certain manner; 4, to a certain time and manner; 5, to a certain object; 6, to a certain object and place.

Water may be liquid or solid, hot or cold. Cold freezes water; the solidity of water is, then, a modification. Give me hot water; the modification hot shows that it is hot, not cold, that is wished.

Modifications may be divided into three classesFormal, Verbal, and Propositional.

1.-FORMAL MODIFICATIONS

Limit Gender, Case, Degree, Manner, Person, Tense,

Gender

or Mood.

The hunter overtakes.

This tooth is sound.

The high gate is open.

He writes briefly.
Thou namest.

Number

Case

I name him.

Degree

Manner

Person

Tense

Mood

I sing.

He is. If he be.

To read; reading is agreeable.

He sits reading.

It is time to read.

The reading is genuine.

(See Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French, pp. 34, 35.)

In Anglo-Saxon, him is properly the dative; Hine, the Objective case.

Verbal nouns in ing, ung, existed before the participle in ing, ende, became ing.

High, Anglo Saxon hig, the g being aspirated. Hence the orthography, as in straight, taught, sought. Reign, from regno, hence spelt with a g; Island, aes, of or in the water, and land. In sane, pair, e, i, are used to lengthen the a sound. I sang, we sung; the a was the singular form, u the plural.

Weak preterites, as laughed, glided, climbed, baked, have been gradually supplanting such strong preterites as, leugh, glode, clombe, boke, or beuk.

Bat, old plural bates, now bats; Pen, old plural pennes, now pens, z. The plural is formed by dropping e before s, z, when