Thy seed shall be, the principal sentence; modified by so. The stars are, the dependent, connected by the conjunctive pronoun; as, thy seed shall be in numbers as the stars.

Analyze.-As ye have loved me, so have I loved you. Be as I. As the whirlwind passes, so the wicked is no more. I give him goods, so that he wants nothing. We shall see him as he is. She is so good that all esteem her, as to be esteemed by all.

PLACE.

The dependent sentence is connected with the principal by the conjunctive adverbs, where, whence, whither, and their compounds, as: I know where he is, I know the place, the principal sentence; he is, the dependent; where, in which, the preposition, and conjunctive pronoun.

The adverb where, in the place, in which, the dative case of what; whence, whennes, the possessive, of the place from which. He shall find no where, place, safe to him; whither, hwyder, to what place.

Analyze-Let no man know where ye are. Ye know not whence I came. I will follow thee, whithersoever thou wilt go. Where I am happy, I visit. I shall return, whence I set out. He went, not knowing whither. came ye?

TIME.

Whence

She seeks till she find. She seeks, the principal sentence; she find, the dependent; till, the conjunctive preposition, modifying the former. The functions of the Conjunctive Prepositions, before, after, since, till, are the same as when they are termed prepositions. In the one case, they modify words, as from morn till night; in the other sentences.

When, whaenne, in the time, in which; while, whiles, from the time, at which; till, from attilan, to reach to; since, the past participle of sethan, denotes the whole time after an event. Analyze the following sentences, showing that the dependent indicates :

Coincidence in time.

During which.

Preceding.

Posterior.
To which.

When we were with you, we told you.
While he was young, he began to seek God.
Before they cry, I will answer.

After I have risen, I will go before you.
Till I come, read attentively.

4.-DEPENDENT SÉNTENCES, MODIFYING THE

Illative.

PRINCIPAL.

The dependent sentence, or conclusion, modifies the principal, or premiss, as,

There has been a heavy fall of rain, therefore the meadow will be flooded.

Syllogism. Minor proposition.

Gold is a metal, that is pos

sesses certain properties. All metals are simple, fixed, opaque bodies; (fusible,) good conductors of heat. Therefore, gold is fusible.

In the minor, it is asserted that the subject possesses certain properties; in the major, those properties are specified; and, in the conclusion, one of them is predicated of the subject of the minor.

The major is a register of inferences already made.

Inference. There has been a heavy rain, therefore the meadow will be flooded.

Proof. There has been a heavy fall of rain, for the meadow is flooded. The flooding of the meadow is not the cause of the rain, but of our knowing that it has rained.

The conjunctions, for, since, because, therefore, hence, so, are used to express both inference and proof. In Latin, ergo, or itaque, denotes the sequence from cause; igitur, that of conclusion from premises.

Inferring is like going from London to Edinburgh. Proving like going from Edinburgh to London.

Assertion, or Proposition, relates to the meaning of words; Inference to some statement, from which a proposition is said to be drawn; Proof, to some statement, from which a fact is said to follow.

Neither Equivalence of a Proposition, nor Conversion, is Inference.

Equivalence. Alexander is a man, therefore he is a living creature. The conclusion affirms what is connoted in the premiss.

Conversion. A proposition is said to be converted, when the predicate is put in the place of the subject; as—

I. Some swans are black; therefore, some black birds are swans. E. No man is omniscient; therefore, no omniscient being is a

man.

E. and I. are converted simply, the quantity of the predicate not being changed. (See Part I, p. 6.)

A. All fishes are vertebrated animals; therefore, some vertebrated animals are fishes. The universal is said to be converted into a particular, by limitation. The conversion is really simple. All fishes are some vertebrated animals. O. Some men are not white; therefore, some persons not white are men. The negative is made affirmative, by contraposition, that is, by considering not as attached to the predicate, not to the copula. Some men are not-white.

Convert-Birds are warm-blooded. Some are not waders.

Analyze-He is diligent, therefore he learns well. We are blameable, therefore this anguish has come upon us. We believe so, therefore we speak so. Because I live, therefore ye shall live also. For also ye pay tribute to them, because they render you justice. A bat is a mammal, therefore it is not a bird. An oyster is not a fish, for it is not vertebrated.

Express the Major proposition of the following enthymeme :

The prisoner is guilty of nocturnal housebreaking, therefore he is a burglar. the Minor: A religion supported by miracles is divine, therefore the Christian religion is divine.

6.-CONDITIONAL PROPOSITION.

The dependent proposition is an inference from the principal:

1. Admitting the antecedent. If this man has a fever, he is sick; he has a fever, therefore he is sick; or,

2. Denying the consequent. If this man has a fever, he is sick; he is not sick, therefore he has not a fever.

If is the imperative of gifan, grant: grant that he has a fever, he is sick.

The dependent proposition expresses, eitherCertainty.

If (since) there is an altar, there is a God. Probability. If the barometer is falling, it may rain. Possibility. If he be at home, we shall see him. Impossibility. If the figure is a square, it is not a circle. Negation. If he were at home, we should see him.

Analyze-You will learn, if you are diligent. If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. If you were his children, ye would do his works. If gold is a metal, it is fusible. Categorical, or assertive, Gold is a metal, ergo, it is fusible.

Express categorically, or positively-If a whale is a mammal, it is not a fish. If he is a murderer, he has shown malice aforethought. If he were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him to thee.

The dependent sentence expresses, also,—

Concession.

Exception.

Prevention.

Though the swallow had young, yet she migrated. Unless he come soon-if he come not soon-I must go.

Trust him not, lest you suffer that you may not suffer.

Though, the imperative of teacan, to place; yet, the participle of getan, to obtain. It being granted that the swallow had young, she migrated,

Unless, the imperative of onlesan, to leave out.

his coming soon, must go.

Leave out

Lest, the past participle of lesan, omit. Your not trusting him being omitted—you trust him-you may suffer.

7.-CASE ABSOLUTE.

The dependent sentence is a noun with a participle. It is called Absolute, because it expresses per se, cause, condition, contemporaniety, concession.

The sun rising, darkness flies away; if the sun rise—since the sun rises-darkness flies away. He dying, you mourned not; though he was dying, yet you mourned not. Sinai's grey top shall tremble, He descending. Milton wrote him, the dative. You gaily peans sung, I coming not-since I came not.

Analyze-Though I am absent in body, yet I am present in mind. Take heed lest ye fall. Unless you have believed in vain, you are saved by him. Though he is dead, he shall live. Though he was a son, he learned obedience. If it bear fruit, you shall not cut it down; but if it do not, you shall do so.

Show how the following propositions are modified-Liberty being lost, all virtue is lost. Though he wist it not, yet he is guilty. Love not sloth, lest thou come to poverty.

If that thou be'est a Roman, strike.

You are condemned to have an itching palm.

If thou be'est he; but O how fallen, how changed!
If arguing makes us sweat,

The proof of it will turn to redder drops.

So is he now in execution

Of any bold or noble enterprise,
However he puts on this tardy form.

Live a thousand years,

I shall not find myself so apt to die.

If I could pray to moye, prayers would move me.
Tell him, so please him, come into this place.

His means, if he improve them, may stretch so far
As to annoy us all.

III.-INDEPENDENT OR CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.

Sentences, which do not modify one another, being conjoined, not subjoined, are termed Independent, or Co-ordinate. There are three modes of conjoining, Simple, Adversative, and Alternative.

1.-SIMPLE CONJUNCTION.

This species of connection is effected by and, an plus add, add to the heap, the parts of the sentence. The wise hear, and increase learning. One simple sentence is connected with another.

When it goeth well with the righteous, the city rejoiceth; and when the wicked perish there is shouting. One dependent adverbial sentence is conjoined with another. He and I are drawing. He is drawing, add, I am drawing. She is handsome, and amiable. She is handsome, add, she is amiable. The conjunction and is sometimes modified by also, moreover, besides. He was seen by them, and, add, by me also. The omission of the conjunction indicates rapidity of thought. I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil.

The repetition of the conjunction leads the mind to dwell on each sentence. Seed-time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not

cease.

Come and dine with us: to dine, a dependent adverbial, denoting purpose.

Can one be a Christian, and revengeful? while, or though he is revengeful. A dependent adverbial, denoting concession.

Give examples of simple and dependent propositions, connected by and; of sentences, in which it is omitted; and of others, in which it is repeated.

Analyze-They ran, and saw the queen. He found them, and escorted them. Omit and, using a participle.