VII.-If the word has more than one syllable, and the accent be on the last, the consonant is doubled, as prefer, prefer-ring; commit, commit-ted; begin, begin-ning; whip, whip-ped; refer, refer-ring.

VIII.-If there are two consonants, or two preceding vowels, no doubling takes place, as smok-y; old, older, oldest; need, needy; meek, meeker, meekest.

IX.-If the accent is not on the last syllable, no doubling takes place, as benefit, benefit-ed; limit, limited; paper, papered.

X.-Words ending in the syllable full, drop one 1, as spoon, spoon-ful; beauti-ful; sin, sin-ful.

XI.-Words ending in any double letter, except 1, undergo no change in taking on the syllable ness, less, ly, or ful, as wickedness, needful, carefulness, careless, particularly, useful, shameful.

XII.-Words ending in ll, drop one 7 before ful, less, ly, as folly, wilful, less.

Name the parts of speech in the following:

Commerce is carried on by means of sailing and steam-ships, from the seaports of England to the different countries of the world. It deals with raw articles, such as raw cotton, wool, silk, flax; or food plants, such as tea, coffee, sugar, cocoa, tobacco, corn, oils, wines, and spirits; of which our imports mainly consist. Besides these are the exports, which consist of the raw goods after being manufactured as cottons, woollens, linens, and silks. There are also sold out of the country hardware and cutlery, coal, copper, tin, and machines.

STANDARD IV.

Outlines of Geography of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Colonies.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The largest of the European Islands. The area of the former is 83,825 square miles, and the latter 32,513 square miles; total, 116,338 square miles. England and Wales (see Standard III.), Scotland, Ireland, Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides, Man, Anglesey, Scilly Isles, and Isle of Wight, form the British Isles.

SCOTLAND.

Extent and Boundaries. Forms the northern part of the Island of Great Britain. Bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean; south by England and Irish Sea; and east by the North Sea. Breadth of country varies; between the Firths of Clyde and Forth it is 40 miles across; and between the Hebrides and Moray Firth 150 miles. Area of Scotland, 26,014 square miles; and its islands, 4,070; total, 30,084 square miles. Coast-line, 2,500 miles long. Capes.

East

St. Abb's Head.

Fife Ness.

Button Ness.

Berwick.

Fifeshire.

Forfarshire.

Aberdeen.

Buchan Ness.

Kinnaird's Head.

Tarbet Ness.
Duncansby Head.

North- Dunnet Head.

West- Cape Wrath.

Ardnamurchan Point.
Mull of Cantire.
Mull of Galloway.
Burrow Head.

Ditto.

Ross-shire.
Caithness.

Ditto.

Sutherland.
Argyle.

Ditto.

Wigtonshire.

Ditto.

The western coast of Scotland is much broken, and in parts the cliffs are high.

Estuaries, Lochs, &c. East: Firth of Tay, Firth of Forth, Moray Firth, Firths of Cromarty and Dornoch. North: Dunnet Bay, the Kyle. West: Lochs Broom, Stuart, Leven, and Fyne; Firth of Clyde, Wigton Bay, and Solway Firth.

These Lochs and Firths are narrow inlets running into the land. In Norway and Sweden they are called "fiords."

Channels, &c

(a) Pentland Firth, between Scotland and Orkneys. (b) Sound of Sleat, between Scotland and I. of Skye. (c) Sound of Mull, between Scotland and I. of Mull. (d) Sound of Jura, between Scotland and I. of Jura. (e) Sound of Islay, between Jura and Islay. (f) Kyles of Bute, between Bute and Scotland. (9) The Minsh, between Skye and Scotland.

Natural Divisions.

(a) Lowlands-Extend from the Firths of Clyde and Forth, and Cheviot Hills, to Perth.

(b) Highlands, from Perth to North Sea, and the whole breadth of the country.

Mountains. Crossing the Lowlands:

Crossing the Highlands :-The Grampians (highest

in British Isles); highest mountains

Islands. (a) In Firth of Clyde-Bute, Arran,

Great and Little Cambray.

(b) Hebrides, or Western Islands.

(c) Orkney Islands.

(d) Shetlands.

Rivers. East

West-The Clyde, 98 miles; Nith, 60 miles. South--Dee, 45 mls.; Esk, 40 mls.; Annan, 45 mls. Lakes. Loch Lomond, 45 square miles (largest in Scotland).

Loch Katrine, close to Lomond. The country around this lake is called the Trosachs, and is unsurpassed for its scenery.

Loch Awe, the second largest in Scotland.

Lochs Tay, Earn, Leven, Ness, Oich, and Lochie. Minerals. 1. Coal, around Glasgow, and south and east of Edinburgh; about 1000 square miles. 2. Iron-stone, same district as coal-fields.

3. Lead, in the Lowther Hills.

4. Sand-stone: Glasgow, Edinburgh, & Perthshire. 5. Granite: Grampian mountains, Aberdeen, Island of Arran, and Kirkcudbright.

6. Slates, in Argyle.

Mineral Springs. Stirling, near Perth; Inverleithen, on Tweed; Peterhead, Aberdeenshire; Hartfell, near Moffatt; Ballater, on Dee; Moffatt, Dumfriesshire; Bonnington, near Edinburgh; Vicar's Bridge, near Dollar.

Climate. Colder than England. More rain falls in the Hebrides than in any other part of the British Isles.

Population. Scotland is a thinly inhabited country.' The Scotch form two distinct races; Lowlanders, who speak a language greatly like the English, and the Highlanders or Celts, who speak a different dialect. The Lowlanders form the greater part. Population in 1871, 3,358,613, or 111 to the square mile.

Industrial Occupations. Agriculture. About onefourth capable of cultivation; one-half of this is grass. Best farmers in the world. The counties and districts famous for farming are-Haddington, Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Berwick, Dumfries, Ayr, Renfrew, Lanark, Fife, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Elgin, and Nairn.