"The prompt and off-hand manner in which he gave the temperament, complexion, and character of Kennedy, by an examination of his skull, and the startling truths he disclosed, during a subsequent examination of my own head, removed all doubts from my mind, and left me impressed with the belief that phrenology will ultimately triumph over every obstacle, and maintain a high rank in the circle of science. "R. JOHNSON, M. D."

The breadth between the mastoid processes of Kennedy is 39 inches, and the depth of the central portions of the cerebellum is 12 inches. These two cases satisfied me that, although a broad cerebellum and a large neck might always be regarded as indicative of a large organ of Amativeness, still this organ may be large with a narrow cerebellum and small neck. They furthermore taught me to regard the central portions of the cerebellum as the amative organs, which, when well developed, cause the cunical muscles to have a backward developement.

Last summer, I obtained the skull of a Chickasaw Indian, who had, but a few weeks before he died, played ball successfully against three good players, upon a wager of $500. His cerebellum is parrow, measuring between the mastoid processes 3 inches; but the lateral portions are greatly developed downwards and outwards, while the middle portions are as remarkably defective, presenting, with the preceding crania, a complete contrast.

Guided by these well-marked cases, I have made many observations, and now feel quite confirmed in the independent existence of an organ which produces a desire for muscular motion.

I have discovered that those persons who have a large endowment of this organ, are much adverse to confined or sedentary habitsthey desire to be in constant motion. If Concentrativeness be well developed, they can fix their attention and confine themselves for a certain purpose, but this accomplished, they are again in action. This power exerts a powerful influence upon the entire character. I have seen persons with a large, well, and industriously formed head, and a good temperament, who were exceedingly lazy. I would have failed in giving the result of one man's organisation, but for this discovery. He was frequently known to sit all day on the bank of a river, with a fishing-line in his hand, without one small nibble to excite hope. He was a biped sloth-he walked as though he was a clumsy apparatus of human invention.

I am acquainted with a legal gentleman of very extensive acquirements and ambitious desires, who confesses that he has the greatest possible aversion to muscular exertion, but he brooks any amount of

labour at his desk. The organ under consideration is quite small with him.

I am satisfied, from observation, that an importunate condition of Amativeness, and a restless one of muscular motion, depend upon a downward developement of these organs, which may obtain without much breadth of the cerebellum; but more durable abilities depend upon a broad developement of these organs. Both conditions are sometimes combined.

It is not my opinion that precision in the exercise of the muscles depends, in the least, upon the organ of muscular motion, but on the intellectual organs. Nevertheless as persons, having that organ large, will exercise much, it may be safely presumed, other things being equal, that they will have the most thorough command of their muscles.

The phrenologist, in contemplating the function of this organ, must conclude that ignorance is the only apology that can be offered in justification of solitary and sedentary confinement for penal offences.

ARTICLE III.

W. BYRD POWELL.

PREDOMINANCE OF CERTAIN ORGANS IN THE BRITISH POETS.

For the American Phrenological Journal.

One of the most delightful, though not, perhaps, the most useful, of the thousand applications of which phrenology is susceptible, is the peculiar pleasure which may be derived from a perusal of the finer productions of literature. "The thoughts that breathe, and words that burn," to the initiated, have an interest philosophical as well as poetical. After exhausting the beauties of a poem, a new and strange interest springs up in the mind of the reader, and he is soon found deeply investigating the actual causes of the distinguishing features of the work; he turns from the enjoyment of the well sustained image, to a fancy sketch of the head of its author, in whom he beholds a large developement, united with activity of the organ of Comparison; and if the simile is also elevated and brilliant, he superadds that worshipper of pure beauty-Ideality. The student of belles lettres will discover that when Comparison is equally large in two poets, but in one Ideality is very large, and the perceptive

faculties small, and in the other the reverse is fourd, a striking difference exists in the kind of images employed. The poet possessing large perceptive faculties, generally likens one natural object to another, and seldom extends his flights beyond visible existences; while the other will be found diving deep into the regions of fancy, and seeking "The light that is not of the sea or earth, the consecration and the poet's dream." It is only in the airy analogies of imagination, he hopes to find the faithful representatives of his thoughts. When he seeks similitudes in natural objects, he rather appropriates the impressions they make upon the fancy, than their actual appearances. The possessor of large Wonder also affects the supernatural, but it is that which is out of nature, not necessarily above her. Scott is an excellent illustration of this, whose imaginative poetry is almost entirely the product of active Marvellousness. The poet of large perception and Comparison, and smaller Ideality, if he wish to describe the destruction of cherished prospects, he finds its likeness in flowers early nipped, blighted harvests, or in some obvious analogy furnished by perception. But if one of large Ideality be the writer, if he seek his images in nature at all, it will be as she exhibits herself in some remote clime, and in some peculiar relation. The following lines of Moore are in point:

"Oh for a tongue to curse the slave

Whose treason, like a deadly blight,
Comes o'er the councils of the brave,

And blasts them in their hour of might!
His country's curse, his children's shame,
Outcast of honour, peace, and fame,
May he at last, with lips of flame,
On the parched desert, thirst and die!
While lakes, which shone in mockery nigh,
Are fading off, untouched, untasted,

Like the once glorious hopes he blasted!"

The same writer, in his well known song of the " Araby's Daughter," has an image, the very child of large Comparison and Ideality!

"Farewell! farewell to the Araby's daughter,
(Thus warbled a peri beneath the dark sea,)
No pearl ever lay 'neath Oman's green water,
More pure in its shell than thy spirit in thee."

Indeed, the entire works of Moore are distinguished by great profusion of elevated comparisons; while the poetry of Byron is comparatively but little embellished by direct images. All his intellectual, and semi-intellectual organs, I think, must have been large, and hence the great depth and sublimity of his writing. Scott has

few similes remarkable for elegance, most of his figures being such as had been used by all his predecessors, or were of easy occurrence, such as

"No more on prancing palfrey borne,
He carolled light as lark at morn."

In Byron's higher flights, Comparison usually appears inwoven with general reflection, as is strikingly illustrated in the following soliloquy over a skull :

"Look on its broken arch, its ruined wall,

Its chambers desolate, and portals foul,

Yet this was once ambition's airy hall,

The dome of thought, the palace of the soul!
Behold through each lack lustre, eyeless hole,
The gay recess of wisdom and of wit!

And passion's host, that never brook'd control;
Can all saint, sage, or sophist ever writ,

People this lonely tower, this tenement refit ?"

Here we have a stately edifice, completely worked up in the description of a skull, while every line labours under its weight of thought. This combination is exceedingly rare-the product of united Causality, Comparison, perception, sublimity, and Ideality!

There are readers of poetry who utterly confound the creations of Marvellousness and Ideality; and this error has been the cause of much triumph to anti-phrenologists. A remarkable instance of the kind occurred, it is said, with Spurzheim himself, who, in a large private company, examined the head of the celebrated Coleridge. He pronounced his Ideality relatively smaller than Causality or Wonder; as this organ was then thought to impart the power of poetry, and as C. had unquestionably written excellent poetry, it raised a considerable laugh at the expense of the philosopher, who was thereupon introduced to the great living poet. The amiable phrenologist joined in the merriment, and the opponents of his science exulted in a victory. Like almost every fact, however, which has been supposed to militate against phrenology, when clearly investigated, it becomes confirmatory of its irresistible truth. The poetry of Coleridge, (which, by the way, constitutes not one third of his writings, published and unpublished,) is the legitimate offspring of large reflective faculties and Wonder-the "Ancient Mariner" draws its chief existence from the latter organ; beside which, the muses were only the play-fellows of Coleridge, while metaphysics were his beloved study-his great hobby-and consequently his Ideality must have been much smaller than some of his intellectual organs.

The poetry of Crabbe, remarkable as it is for vigorous description

and great condensation of thought, is equally so for its want of all ideal beauty. His intellectual faculties were all favourably developed, but his semi-intellectual, particularly sublimity and Ideality, must have been much smaller. These deductions, which I have made from the perusal of his works, perfectly harmonise with a portrait I have seen of him, in which the forehead is very full, but the region of the above named organs is comparatively contracted. All his readers know how anti-poetical are the mere subjects of his poems; his muse wanders among the darkest and most hopeless scenes of life, but it is not in the darkness of sublimity-she loved to depict human suffering in frightful colours, and exhibit it unrelieved by a single ray of light; neither was it in the trials of intellect, the fierce struggles of the soul, contending with the irreversible decrees of destiny, whose lofty complainings furnish the rich materials of the epic song, but she loved to dwell on physical pain, among the groveling scenes of abject poverty, in the hovels of ignorance and petty crime, or among the revolting spectacles of a village poorhouse. None of the deep interest imparted by large Wonder, can be found in any line he ever wrote-none of the fulgor of Ideality -the grandeur of sublimity. It was the perceptive and reflective faculties he chiefly exercised in writing, and the possessor of these he always delights. Scott and Byron were both admirers of Crabbe, for they could both appreciate his masterly powers of description. His thoughts were among the last which wandered darkling across the fast expiring intellect of the great unknown; and George Fox, it is said, derived consolation from the same source, when he lay upon his dying bed. It was the truth of his poems which interested these master minds; and yet his poetry is seldom seen in the boudoir, or upon the centre table; and 1 have ever observed a distaste of his writings in all those whose Ideality predominated very much above the intellectual organs. Crabbe could no more have written "Lalla Rookh," than he could have leaped to the moon, and Moore could as easily have accompanied him thither, as to have written the Village Poor House. Many of your readers are doubtless acquainted with the celebrated controversy as to whether Pope was a poet? Could a good practical phrenologist, well acquainted with the subject involved, have laid his hand upon the head of the different parties engaged, I have no doubt he could have classified the disputants with remarkable accuracy. From Bowles, who originated the debate, through all the "lake school," as they were called, Ideality or Marvellousness would have been found relatively larger than in the heads of their opponents. Yet in every other respect their developements would have been widely dissimilar.