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The extinct race in Peru was succeeded by the "INCA, OR MODERN PERUVIANS." This race dates its possession of Peru from about the eleventh century of our era; and as this period corresponds with the epoch of the migration from Mexico of the Toltecas, the most civilised nation of ancient Mexico, Dr. Morton concurs in the opinion expressed by other authors, that the modern Peruvians were of a common origin with the ancient Mexicans. "The modern Peruvians," says he, "differ little in person from the Indians around them, being of the middling stature, well limbed, and with small feet and hands. Their faces are round, their eyes small, black, and rather distant from each other; their noses are small, the mouth somewhat large, and the teeth remarkably fine. Their complexion is a dark brown, and their hair long, black, and rather coarse." p. 115. The civilisation and comparative refinement of the Incas was blended with some remains of the ferocity of the savage. "Matrimonial engagements were entered into with very little ceremony or forethought, and they were as readily se: aside at the option of the parties. Polygamy was lawful, but not prevalent." Among the people, incontinence, sensuality, and child-murder were common. Their diet was chiefly vegetables. The people were indolent, filthy, and negligent in their persons. The hair of their mummies, in many instances, is charged with desiccated vermin. Their religious system was marked by great simplicity, and was divested of those bloody rites which were common with the Aztecs of Mexico. They believed in one God, whom they called Viracocha, in the immortality of the soul, and in rewards and punishments in the next life. They worshipped both the sun and moon, in whose honour they erected temples and formed idols. They consecrated virgins, in the same manner as practised in modern convents. Their funeral rites were barbarous and cruel; when their chief men died, they buried a number of human victims, women, boys, and ser

that implied the activity of the reflecting faculties, situated in the upper part of the forehead. Mr. C. considered his mental powers to be in direct harmony with the developement of his brain. We record this observation, because it is obvious, that if different parts of the brain manifest different faculties, it is indispensable that observations on the manifestations of the mental powers should be equally minute and discriminative with those on the developement of particular portions of the cranium. Mr. C. added, that the only way to ascertain whether the brain was merely displaced by compression, or otherwise altered, was by careful examination after death; and that he had recommended to Mr. Lee to call the attention of any medical men who might visit these Indians, to this subject. We observed the death of one of these flat-headed Indians mentioned as having occurred in New York. Did any of the phrenologists or anti-phrenologists examine the brain? It was an excellent opportunity for Dr. Reese.

vants, to attend on the departed in the next world. They were conquered by Pizarro, with a force which consisted of sixty-two horsemen, and one hundred and two foot soldiers. p. 124. The following is given as a strikingly characteristic Peruvian head.

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"The skull in these people," says Dr. Morton, "is remarkable for its small size, and for its quadrangular form. The occiput is greatly compressed, sometimes absolutely vertical; the sides are swelled out, and the forehead is somewhat elevated, but very retreating. The skulls are remarkable for their irregularity. The dimensions of this skull are as follows;

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Dr. Morton gives the result of the measurement of twenty-three adult skulls of the pure Inca race. (6 The mean of the internal

capacity is 73 cubic inches, which is probably lower than that of any other people now existing, not excepting the Hindoos." The mean of the anterior chamber is 32, of the posterior, 42, of the coronal region, 12 cubic inches. The highest measure of the coronal region is 20.5, and the smallest, 9.25 cubic inches. The

mean facial angle is 75 degrees. The heads of nine Peruvian children appear to be nearly, if not quite as large, as those of children of other nations of the same age.—p. 133.

The small size of the brains of this race, compared with that of the Europeans who invaded them, is in accordance with the ease with which the former were overcome and retained in subjection. The deficiency in the posterior region of the brain, in which the organs of the domestic affections are situated, corresponds with their feeble conjugal attachment and indifference to the lives of their children. The diameter from Constructiveness to Constructiveness, is stated by Mr. Phillips to be 4.5 inches, and from Ideality to Ideality, 5.1. These organs give a talent for art, and are considerable. The same measurements in the Naumkeagh, the race which occupied New England, and whose skulls are still dug up near Boston and Salem, and which never made any attainments in the arts, are 4.1 and 4 inches, respectively. Dr. Robertson, in his history of America, mentions that the modern Peruvian race was distinguished for its extraordinary powers of concealment and secrecy. Mr. Phillips states the breadth from Secretiveness to Secretiveness to be 5.6 inches, which is large; the longitudinal diameter is only 6.1. The region of Combativeness also appears to be deficient in these skulls.

The IROQUOIS Confederacy consisted originally of five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. They were intellectually superior to the surrounding nations, passionately devoted to war, and victorious over the other tribes. They forced their women to work in the field and carry burdens; they paid little respect to old age, were not much affected by love, were regardless of connubial obligations, and addicted to suicide. "They were proud, audacious, and vindictive, untiring in the pursuit of an enemy, and remorseless in the gratification of their revenge. Their religious ideas were vague, and their cautiousness and cunning proverbial. They were finally subdued and nearly exterminated by the AngloAmericans in 1779. Some miserable remnants of them, ruined by intoxicating liquors, still exist in the state of New York." The fol lowing is the skull of a Huron, one of these nations.

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The following are average measurements of the five skulls of these nations, given by Dr. Morton: internal capacity, 88; coronal region, 15; anterior chamber, 31.5; posterior chamber, 50 cubic inches.

The ARAUCANIANS are the most celebrated and powerful of the Chilian tribes. They inhabit the region between the rivers Biobio and Valdivia, and between the Andes and the sea, and derive their name from the province of Arauco. "They are a robust and muscular people, of a lighter complexion than the surrounding tribes. Endowed with an extraordinary degree of bodily activity, they reach old age with few infirmities, and, generally, retain their sight, teeth, and memory, unimpaired. They are brave, discreet, and cunning to a proverb, patient in fatigue, enthusiastic in all their enterprises, and fond of war as the only source of distinction." "Their vigilance soon detected the value of the military discipline of the Spaniards, and especially the great importance of cavalry in an army; and they lost no time in adopting both these resources, to the dismay and dis comfiture of their enemies. Thus, in seventeen years after their first encounter with Europeans, they possessed several strong squad. rons of horse, conducted their operations in military order, and, unlike the Americans generally, met their enemies in the open field." "They are highly susceptible of mental culture, but they despise the restraints of civilisation, and those of them who have been educated in the Spanish colonies, have embraced the first opportunity to

resume the haunts and habits of their nation." p. 241. The following is one of three Araucanian skulls delineated in the work.

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The average measurements of the three skulls are as follows: internal capacity, 79; coronal region, 15.4; anterior chamber, 32.2; posterior chamber, 48.50.

The measurements of the anterior and posterior chambers, as we have already mentioned, (p. 549,) are not in accordance with any phrenological rule. The anterior embraces the whole intellect, a portion of the moral sentiments, and a portion of the animal propensities; while the posterior chamber includes the remainder of the animal propensities, and the remainder of the moral organs. The measurement of the internal capacity is free from all objection; and that of the coronal region approaches to correctness; but the first gives merely the aggregate size of all the organs-animal, moral, and intellectual; and the second, that of the moral organs, with a portion of the intellectual organs, and also a portion of the organs common to man with the lower animals. The phrenological measurements given by Mr. Phillips may probably afford more correct means of comparing one portion of the brain with another, in the different nations, but our limits prevent us from analysing them. Unfortunately, also, the letter-press titles to his columns are printed upside down, which renders it exceedingly laborious to consult them. We therefore only remark, that the application of lines delineated by Mr. Combe on the skull Figure 1, to those specimens, brings out the

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