CONTENTS.

CHAPTER L

INTRODUCTORY

Psychology defined; psychology as a natural science, its
data, 1. The human mind and its environment, 3. The pos-
tulate that all consciousness has cerebral activity for its condi-
tion, 5.

PAGE

1

Incoming nerve-currents, 9. Terminal organs, 10. 'Spe-
cific energies,' 11. Sensations cognize qualities, 13. Knowl-
edge of acquaintance and knowledge-about, 14. Objects of
sensation appear in space, 15. The intensity of sensations, 16.
Weber's law, 17. Fechner's law, 21. Sensations are not
psychic compounds, 23. The law of relativity, 24. Effects
of contrast, 26.

CHAPTER III.

SIGHT

The eye, 28. Accommodation, 32. Convergence, binocular
vision, 33. Double images, 36. Distance, 39. Size, color
40. After-images, 43. Intensity of luminous objects, 45.

CHAPTER IV.

HEARING

'Tim-

The ear, 47. The qualities of sound, 43. Pitch, 44.
bre. 45. Analysis of compound air-waves, 56. No fusion of
ele.mentary sensations of sound, 57. Harmony and discord, 58.
Discrimination by the ear, 59.

28

41

CHAPTER V.

TOUCH, THE TEMPERATURE SENSE, THE MUSCULAR SENSE,
AND PAIN

End-organs in the skin, 60. Touch, sense of pressure, 60.
Localization, 61. Sensibility to temperature, 63. The muscu
lar sense, 65. Pain, 67.

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60

The feeling of motion over surfaces, 70. Feelings in joints,
74. The sense of translation, the sensibility of the semicircu-
lar canals, 75.

CHAPTER VII.

78

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN

Embryological sketch, 78. Practical dissection of the sheep's

brain, 81.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

The frog's nerve-

What the hemi-
The localization

General idea of nervous function, 91.
centres, 92. The pigeon's nerve-centres, 96.
spheres do, 97. The automaton-theory, 101.
of functions, 104. Brain and mind have analogous 'elements,'

sensory and motor, 105.
The visual region, 110.

The motor zone, 106.
Mental blindness, 112.

Aphasia, 108.
The auditory

region, mental deafness, 113. Other centres, 116.

CHAPTER IX.

SOME GENERAL CONDITIONS OF NEURAL ACTIVITY

The nervous discharge, 120. Reaction-time, 121.

Due to pathways

Its importance, and its physical basis, 134.
formed in the centres, 136. Its practical uses, 138. Concate-

nated acts, 140. Necessity for guiding sensations in secondarily
automatic performances, 141. Pedagogical maxims concerning
the formation of habits, 142.

PAGE

CHAPTER XI.

THE STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Analytic order of our study, 151. Every state of mind forms
part of a personal consciousness, 152. The same state of mind
is never had twice, 154. Permanently recurring ideas are a
fiction, 156. Every personal consciousness is continuous, 157.
Substantive and transitive states, 160. Every object appears
with a 'fringe' of relations, 163. The 'topic' of the thought,
167. Thought may be rational in any sort of imagery, 168.
Consciousness is always especially interested in some one part
of its object, 170.

151

The Me and the I, 176. The material Me, 177. The social
Me, 179. The spiritual Me, 181. Self-appreciation, 182. Self-
seeking, bodily, social, and spiritual, 184. Rivalry of the Mes,
186. Their hierarchy, 190. Teleology of self-interest, 193.
The I, or 'pure ego,' 195. Thoughts are not compounded of
'fused' sensations, 196. The 'soul' as a combining medium,
200. The sense of personal identity, 201. Explained by iden-
tity of function in successive passing thoughts, 203. Mutations
of the self, 205. Insane delusions, 207. Alternating person-
alities, 210. Mediumships or possessions, 212. Who is the
Thinker, 215.

The narrowness of the field of consciousness, 217. Dis-
persed attention, 218. To how much can we attend at once?
219. The varieties of attention, 220. Voluntary attention, its
momentary character, 224. To keep our attention, an object
must change, 226. Genius and attention, 227. Attention's
physiological conditions, 228. The sense-organ must be
adapted, 229. The idea of the object must be aroused, 232
Pedagogic remarks, 236. Attention and free-will, 237.

176

CONCEPTION

CHAPTER XIV.

Different states of mind can mean the same, 239. Concep
tions of abstract, of universal, and of problematic objects, 240.
The thought of the same' is not the same thought over
again, 243.

Discrimination and association; definition of discrimination,
244. Conditions which favor it, 245. The sensation of differ.
ence, 246. Differences inferred, 248. The analysis of com-
pound objects, 248. To be easily singled out, a quality should
already be separately known, 250. Dissociation by varying
concomitants, 251. Practice improves discrimination, 252.

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239

244

CHAPTER XVI.

ASSOCIATION

The order of our ideas, 253. It is determined by cerebral
laws, 255, The ultimate cause of association is habit, 256.
The elementary law in association, 257. Indeterminateness of
its results, 258. Total recall, 259. Partial recall, and the law
of interest, 261. Frequency, recency, vividness, and emotional
congruity tend to determine the object recalled, 264. Focalized
recall, or association by similarity,' 267. Voluntary trains of
thought, 271. The solution of problems, 273. Similarity no
elementary law; summary and conclusion, 277.

253

THE SENSE OF TIME.

CHAPTER XVII.

We have no sense

The sensible present has duration, 280.
for absolutely empty time, 281. We measure duration by the
events which succeed in it, 283. The feeling of past time is a
present feeling, 285. Due to a constant cerebral condition, 286.

CHAPTER XVIII.

MEMORY

What it is, 287. It involves both retention and recall, 289.
Both elements explained by paths formed by habit in the brain,
290. Two conditions of a good memory, persistence and nu

280

merousness of paths, 292. Cramming, 295. One's native re-
tentiveness is unchangeable, 296. Improvement of the mem-
ory, 298. Recognition, 299. Forgetting, 300.
conditions, 301.

Pathological

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CHAPTER XIX.

IMAGINATION

What it is, 302. Imaginations differ from man to man; Gal-
ton's statistics of visual imagery, 303. Images of sounds, 306.
Images of movement, 307. Images of touch, 308. Loss of
images in aphasia, 309. The neural process in imagination,
310.

CHAPTER XX.

302

Perception and sensation compared, 312. The perceptive
state of mind is not a compound, 313. Perception is of definite
things, 316. Illusions, 317. First type: inference of the more
usual object, 318. Second type: inference of the object of
which our mind is full, 321. 'Apperception,' 326. Genius
and old-fogyism, 327. The physiological process in percep-
tion, 329. Hallucinations, 330.

The attribute of extensity belongs to all objects of sensation,
335. The construction of real space, 337. The processes
which it involves: 1) Subdivision, 338; 2) Coalescence of differ-
ent sensible data into one ‘thing,' 339; 3) Location in an en-
vironment, 340; 4) Place in a series of positions, 341; 5) Meas.
urement, 342. Objects which are signs, and objects which
are realities, 345. The 'third dimension,' Berkeley's theory of
distance, 346. The part played by the intellect in space-per-
ception, 349.

335

CHAPTER XXII.

REASONING

What it is, 351. It involves the use of abstract characters,
353. What is meant by an 'essential' character, 354. The
'essence' varies with the subjective interest, 358. The two

351