Strong and substantial plants of Laburnum formed the shell; while the slender and flexile shoots of Syringa filled up the interstices. Was it to compliment, as well as to accommodate their worthy guests, that the shrubs interwove the luxuriant foliage? Was it to represent those tender but close attachments, which had united their affections and blended their interests? I will not too positively ascribe such a design to the disposition of the branches. They composed, however, by their twining embraces, no inexpressive emblem of the endearments and the advantages of friendship. They composed a canopy, of the freshest verdure, and of the thickest texture: so thick, that it entirely excluded the sultry ray; and shed both a cool refreshment and an amusive gloom; while every unsheltered tract glared with light, or fainted with heat.-J. HERVEY.

ARCHBISHOPRICS.-The Establishment

of

The first establishment of archbishoprics in England was in the time of Lucius-the first Christian King of England; who, after the conversion of his subjects, erected three archbishoprics at London, York, and Llandaff, then called Caerleon. The dignity of archbishop continued in the see of London one hundred and eighty years, till, in the time of the Saxons, it was translated to Canterbury, where it has continued ever since.-BUCK.

ARCHER.-Instructing an

You're not steady. I perceived You waver'd now. Stand firm !-Let every limb

Be braced as marble, and as motionless. Stand like the sculptor's statue on the gate

ARCHITECTURE.

Of Altorf, that looks life, yet neither breathe Nor stirs.

You've miss'd again! Dost see the mark? Rivet your eye to it! There let it stick, fast as the arrow would, Could you but send it there.

J. S. KNOWLES. ARCHERY.-The Advantage of

In the fight the English arrows fell so thick among the French, and did so torment and fright them, that many men, rather than endure them, leapt desperately into the sea. And without all question, the guns which are used, are neither so terrible in battle, nor do such execution, nor work such confusion as arrows can do; for bullets, not being seen, only hurt where they hit; but arrows enrage the horse, and break the array, and terrify all that behold them in the bodies of their neighbours.-J. BARNES. ARCHITECT.-The Place of Study for an

An architect should live as little in cities as a painter. Send him to our hills, and let him study there what nature understands by a buttress, and what by a dome. There was something in the old power of architecture which it had from the recluse more than from the citizen. The buildings of which I have spoken with chief praise, rose, indeed, out of the war of the piazza, and above the fury of the populace: and Heaven forbid that for such cause we should ever have to lay a larger stone, or rivet a firmer bar, in our England! But we have other sources of power in the imagery of our iron coasts and azure hills;-of power more pure, nor less serene, than that of the hermit spirit which once lighted with white lines of cloisters the glades of the Alpine pine, and raised into ordered spires the wild rocks of the Norman sea; which gave to the temple gate the depth and darkness of Elijah's Horeb cave; and lifted out of the populous city grey cliffs of lonely stone, into the midst of sailing birds and silent air.-RUSKIN.

ARCHITECTURE.

admit of reiterated description. They excite those ideas which arise from magnificence of design, not from delicacy of execution; and they rather astonish by their grandeur than please by their elegance.-Dr. KNOX.

ARCHITECTURE.-The Function of

We are forced, for the sake of accumulating our power and knowledge, to live in cities; but such advantage as we have in association with each other is in great part counterbalanced by our loss of fellowship with nature. We cannot all have our gardens now, nor our pleasant fields to meditate in at eventide. Then the function of our architecture is, as far as may be, to replace these; to tell us about nature; to possess us with memories of her quietness; to be solemn and full of tenderness like her, and rich in portraitures of her; full of delicate imagery of the flowers we can no more gather, and of the living creatures now far away from us in their own solitude.— RUSKIN.

ARCHITECTURE.-The Origin of Euro

pean

All European architecture, bad and good, old and new, is derived from Greece through Rome, and coloured and perfected from the East. The history of architecture is nothing but the tracing of the various modes and directions of this derivation. If you hold fast this great connecting clue, you may string all the types of successive architectural invention upon it like so many beads. Those old Greeks gave the shaft; Rome gave the arch; the framework and strength of architecture are from the race of Japheth; the spirituality and sanctity of it from Ismael, Abraham, and Shem.-RUSKIN.

ARGUMENT.-Answering a Bad

The best way of answering a bad argument is not to stop it, but to let it go on in its course till it leaps over the boundaries of common sense.-S. SMITH,

ARGUMENT.-Conduct in

Treating your adversary with respect is giving him an advantage to which he is not entitled. The greatest part of men cannot judge of reasoning, and are impressed by character; so that if allow you your adversary a respectable character, they will think that, though you differ from him, you may be in the wrong. Treating your adversary with respect is striking soft in a battle.Dr. JOHNSON.

ARGUMENT.-The Force of

Argument is like an arrow from a crossbow, which has great force though shot by a child.-LORD BACON.

ARITHMETIC.

ARGUMENTS-like their Subjects. Arguments, like children, should be like The subject that begets them.-DECKER. ARISTOCRACY.-Blessings Conferred on

the

God has ornamented your terrestrial crowns with many choice jewels. He has given you of the fatness of the earth, as well as of the dew of heaven; Esau's venison, as well as Jacob's blessing; the nether springs of common bounty, as well as the upper springs of special mercy.-W. SECKER.

ARISTOCRACY.-A Defence of the

Look at history, and you will find that the institution you decry has been the salvation of England. Who does your work-fights your battles-writes your books-guides you in storm and darkness, but the aristocracy?-LINDSAY.

ARISTOCRACY.-General

There is a fretfulness about every man's position with us, which is positively frightful. He is never easy; for there is always some little line of demarcation between him and his neighbour, which he toils to pass over. The aristocracy descends through every link, from the golden to the copper, of the country. The Duke of Devon is not more exclusive than the duke's poulterer. Society is a long series of uprising ridges, which from the first to the last, offer no valley of repose. Wherever you take your stand, you are looked down upon by those above you, and reviled and pelted by those below you. Every creature you see is a farthing Sisyphus pushing his little stone up some liliputian molehill. This is our world.-LYTTON.

ARISTOCRACY-Necessary to a Mon

archy.

An aristocracy is the true, the only support of a monarchy. Without it the State is a vessel without a rudder-a balloon in the air. A true aristocracy, however, must be ancient. Therein consists its real force, its talismanic charm.-NAPOLEON I.

ARISTOCRACY.-The People in an

If in an aristocracy the people be virtuous, they will enjoy very nearly the same happiness as in a popular government, and the state will become powerful.-MONTES

QUIEU.

ARITHMETIC.-Ignorant of

He who is ignorant of the art of arithme. tic is but half a man.-CHARLES XII.

ARITHMETICIAN.

ARITHMETICIAN.-The Matchless There is no arithmetician like him who hath learned to number his days, and to apply his heart unto wisdom.-SWINNOCK.

ARK.-The

The ark was the only memorable ship that sailed unarmed.-PROF. G. WILSON, ARK. The Capacities of the

If in a ship of such greatness we seek room for eighty-nine distinct species of beasts, or, lest any should be omitted, for a hundred several kinds, we shall easily find place both for them and for the birds, which in bigness are no way answerable to them, and for meat to sustain them all. For there are three sorts of beasts whose bodies are of a quantity well known :-the beef, the sheep, and the wolf; to which the rest may be reduced by saying, according to aristotle, that one elephant is equal to four beeves, one lion to two wolves, and so of the rest. Of beasts, some feed on vegetables, others on flesh. There are one-andthirty kinds of the greater sort feeding on vegetables, of which number only three are clean according to the law of Moses, whereof seven of a kind entered into the ark, namely -three couples for breed, and one odd one for sacrifice; the other eight-and-twenty kinds were taken by two of each kind; so that in all there were in the ark one-andtwenty great beasts clean, and six-andfifty unclean; estimable for largeness as ninety-one beeves; yet, for a supplementlest, perhaps, any species be omitted-let them be valued as a hundred and twenty beeves. Of the lesser sort feeding on vegetables were in the ark six-and-twenty kinds, estimable, with good allowance for supply, as fourscore sheep. Of those which devour flesh were two-and-thirty kinds, answerable to threescore and four wolves. All these two hundred and eighty beasts might be kept in one story or room of the ark, in their several cabins; their meat in a second; the birds and their provisions in a third, with space to spare for Noah and his family, and all their necessaries.-SIR W. RALEIGH.

ARK.-The View from the

The mighty ark Rests upon Ararat; but nought around Its inmates can behold, save o'er the expanse

Of boundless waters the sun's orient orb Stretching the hull's long shadow, or the

moon

In silence through the silver-curtained clouds

Sailing, as she nerself were lost, and left
In hollow loneliness.-C. BOWLES.

ART.

ARMED.-Completely

Arm'd at all points, exactly, cap-à-pié. SHAKSPEARE.

ARMED.-Thrice

What stronger breast-plate than a heart untainted?

Thrice is he arm'd, that hath his quarrel just;

And he but naked, though lock'd up in steel,

Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted. SHAKSPEARE.

ARMOUR.-The Best

The best armour is to keep out of gunshot.-LORD BACON.

ARMOUR.-Strong

Our armour all is strong, our cause the best;

Then reason wills our hearts should be as good.-SHAKSPEARE.

ARMS.-Coats of

Coats of arms were known in the time of Richard I., and hereditary in families about 1192, although some trace it higher, and think that it originated with the primitive people painting their bodies with various figures, to distinguish them from each other. In the time of the crusades, the knights painted their banners with different figures, for better recognition. The lions in the English arms were originally leopards, as found in an old record of 1252. Formerly, none but the nobility bore arms; but the French monarch, Charles XV., having ennobled some Parisians in the thirteenth century, the custom was adopted by other nations. Crest implies the most elevated part of the head armour, and took its origin from crista, a cock's comb, the cock being an emblematic figure of undaunted bravery.— LOARING.

ARMS.-The Noise of

The noise of arms deafens the voice of the laws.-MONTAIGNE.

ARROGANCE.-The Assumption of

In some people arrogance takes the place of greatness of mind.-LA BRUYÈRE, ARROGANCE.-The Effects of

Arrogance creates disgust in some, and ridicule in others, more especially if it be shown by an inferior toward a superior.— LIVY.

ART. The Acquirement of

The acquirement of art is difficult, its reward transient.--SCHILLER.

ART.

ART.-Criticism on

The production of all works in art or poetry requires in their conception and execution not only an exercise of the intellect, skill, and patience, but particularly a concurrent warmth of feeling and a free flow of imagination. This renders them most tender plants, which will thrive only in an atmosphere calculated to maintain that warmth, and that atmosphere is one of kindness-kindness toward the artist personally, as well as toward his production. An unkind word of criticism passes like a cold blast over their tender shoots, and shrivels them up, checking the flow of the sap which was rising to produce, perhaps, multitudes of flowers and fruit. But still, criticism is absolutely necessary to the development of art, and the injudicious praise of an inferior work becomes an insult to superior genius.-PRINCE ALbert.

ART.-Great and False

Great art dwells on all that is beautiful; but false art omits or changes all that is ugly. Great art accepts Nature as she is, but directs the eyes and thoughts of what is most perfect in her; false art saves itself the trouble of direction by removing or altering whatever it thinks objectionable.— RUSKIN.

ART-the Hand of Nature.

Art is the right hand of Nature. The latter has only given us being, the former has made us men.-SCHILLER.

ART-as a Language.

We regard Art, in its higher offices, as a LANGUAGE. And as a poet, an orator, or a writer employs words and sentences to convey thoughts and feelings, so the artist employs forms, colours, and symmetries to convey some sentiment or truth.-H. W. BEECHER.

ART.-Taste in Relation to

In art there is a point of perfection, as of goodness or maturity in nature; he who is able to perceive it, and who loves it, has perfect taste; he who does not feel it, or loves on this side or that, has an imperfect

taste.-LA BRUYÈRE.

ART.-Wonder at the Works of

Wonder at the sight of works of art may be the effect of ignorance and novelty; but real admiration and permanent delight in them are the growth of taste and knowledge.-HAZLITT.

ARTS.

ARTICLES-on Common Subjects.

I never wanted articles on religious subjects half so much as articles on common subjects written with a decidedly religious tone. -DR. ARNOLD.

ARTICLES.-The Rise and Fall of

When articles rise, the consumer is the first that suffers; and when they fall, he is the last that gains.-COLTON.

ARTISTS.-Different Classes of

Artists, considered as searchers after truth, are to be divided into three classesa right, a left, and a centre. Those on the right perceive and pursue the good, and leave the evil: those in the centre, the greatest, perceive and pursue the good and evil together, the whole thing as it verily is those on the left perceive and pursue the evil, and leave the good.-RUSKIN. ARTIST.-A Judicious

A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust only to his rule.-DR. SOUTH. ARTIST.-The Rebuke of an

An on-looker observing the slight taps given to a statue by Canova, spoke as if he thought the artist to be trifling; but was rebuked by this reply-"The touches which you ignorantly hold in such small esteem are the very things which make the difference between the failure of a bungler and the chef d'œuvre of a master.-COLEY. ARTS-brought to the Aid of Religion.

If the fine arts are to be brought to the aid of religion, they should put on a dress as unlike that which they wear in their intercourse with the world as possible.HULLAH.

ARTS.-The Fine

These as far as they relate to painting, sculpture, and architecture-which are sometimes confounded with art in general, rest on the application of the laws of form and colour, and what may be called the science of the beautiful. They do not rest on any arbitrary theory on the modes of producing pleasurable emotions, but follow fixed laws-more difficult perhaps to seize than those regulating the material world, because belonging partly to the sphere of the ideal and our spiritual essence, yet perfectly appreciable and teachable, both abstractedly and historically, from the works of different ages and nations.-PRINCE ALBERT.

ARTS.-Great

In all great arts, as in trees, it is the height that charms us; we care nothing for

ARTS.

the roots or trunks; yet they could not exist without the aid of these.-CICERO.

ARTS.-Liberal

Liberal arts, as distinguished from mechanical arts, are such as depend more on the exertion of the mind than the labour of the hands, and regard amusement, curiosity, or intellectual improvement, rather than the necessity of subsistence or manual skill: such are grammar, rhetoric, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, etc.-DR. WEBSTER.

ARTS.-The Mother of

The mother of useful arts is necessity; that of the fine arts is luxury.-SCHOPEN

HAUFER.

ASCETIC.-The Hope of the

In hope to merit heaven, by making earth a hell!-BYRON.

ASCETICISM.-Three Forms of

Three forms of asceticism have existed in this weak world. Religious asceticism, being the refusal of pleasure and knowledge for the sake-as supposed-of religion; seen chiefly in the middle ages. Military asceticism, being the refusal of pleasure and knowledge for the sake of power; seen chiefly in the early days of Sparta and Rome. And monetary asceticism, consisting in the refusal of pleasure and knowledge for the sake of money; seen in the present days of London and Manchester.—RUSKIN.

ASPIRATIONS.-Devout

My God! my happiness! who art as well the End as the Author of my being-who hast more perfection than I can desire, and art also seriously willing to quench my great thirst in the ocean of Thy perfectionI beseech Thee show me Thy glory, that I may see Thee as Thou art, and ever dwell in the light of Thy beauty !-J. NORRIS.

Nearer, yet nearer,-oh, to be so near The great good Presence, that above all fear

For this scene or the next, my soul might

move

Beneath the shadow of that perfect LoveThat Wisdom infinite-Power firm and fast,

Which form'd, upholds, and will discern at last!

I know His eye is ever on my heart,— Wake I or sleep, His arm is round my way:

Oh, why of Him see I so small a part, While me He searcheth closely day by day?

ASSOCIATE.

I would be nearer, holier, higher brought

By earnest aims, untouch'd by earthly leaven:

Lord, let the daily fountain of my thought Flow ever 'mid the golden fields of heaven!-MRS. SIMPSON.

Oh, love, love surpassing in Jesus! I have no fault to that love, but that it seemeth to deal niggardly with me; I have little of it. Oh that I had Christ's seen and read bond, subscribed by Himself, for my fill of it! Oh, there is no room in us on this side of the water for that love! This narrow bit of earth, and these ebb and narrow souls can hold little of it, because we are full of rifts. I would that glory, glory would enlarge ts, and make us tight, and close up our seams and rifts that we may be able to comprehend it, which is yet incomprehensible. -RUTHER

FORD.

I long to behold Him array'd

With glory and light from above,
The King in His beauty display'd
His beauty of holiest love:
I languish and sigh to be there,

Where Jesus hath fix'd His abode;
Oh when shall we meet in the air,

And fly to the mountain of God!
C. WESLEY.

ASSASSIN.-The Cowardice of the

The assassin is emphatically a coward, because he takes away life, or attempts to do so, by surprise or secret assault.-DR. DAVIES.

ASSASSIN.-The Guilt of the

Because there is no act under the roof of heaven so dreadful as that which he accomplishes, save that of self-murder, therefore the guilt of the assassin is black as midnight, and his punishment, like that of Cain, greater than he can bear.-E. DAVIES.

ASSIMILATIONS.-Moral

There will be moral assimilations. Like will draw to like. Spirits will cling to kindred spirits, like steel-filings to the magnet.-MACDUFF.

ASSISTANCE.-Asking and Bestowing

Those who are constrained to solicit for assistance are really to be pitied; those who receive it without, are to be envied; but those who bestow it unasked, are to be admired.-ZIMMERMAN.

ASSOCIATE.-With Whom to

In all societies it is advisable to associate, if possible, with the highest; not that the