5 everywhere know that we must keep up our courage and hope; they know that hope is, as Wordsworth well says, "The paramount duty which Heaven lays, For its own honour, on man's suffering heart." But the very word duty points to an effort and a struggle to maintain our hope unbroken. Franklin and Emerson maintained theirs with a convincing ease, an inspiring joy. Franklin's confidence in the happiIo ness with which industry, honesty, and economy will crown the life of this work-day world, is such that he runs over with felicity. With a like felicity does Emerson run over, when he contemplates the happiness eternally attached to the true life in the spirit. 15 You cannot prize him too much, nor heed him too diligently. He has lessons for both the branches of our race. I figure him to my mind as visible upon earth still, as still standing here by Boston Bay, or at his own Concord, in his habit as he lived, but of 20 sole survivor, alas! of the famous literary generation of Boston,— Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Dr. Holmes has kindly allowed me to print here the ingenious and interesting lines, hitherto unpublished, in which he speaks of Emerson thus: "Where in the realm of thought, whose air is song, He seems a wingéd Franklin, sweetly wise, And steal their effluence for his lips and lyre? heightened stature and shining feature, with one hand stretched out towards the East, to our laden and labouring England; the other towards the ever-growing West, to his own dearly-loved America,-"great, intelligent, sensual, avaricious America." To us he shows 5 for guidance his lucid freedom, his cheerfulness and hope; to you his dignity, delicacy, serenity, elevation. -Discourses in America, ed. 1896, pp. 138-207 NOTES. 1.-The Function of Criticism. This essay stands first in Arnold's Essays in Criticism: First Series (1865). It may be regarded as a programme" of Arnold's subsequent prose writing. It suggests nearly all the various uses to which he afterward turned criticism: his application of it to social conditions, to science, to philosophy, and to religion, as well as to literature. Properly read, it has also something to say of the causes that gradually led Arnold away from poetry to prose. 1:4.—I said. See On Translating Homer, ed. 1883, p. 199. I: 20.-Mr. Shairp's excellent notice. An essay on Wordsworth: The Man and the Poet, that appeared in the North British Review for August, 1864, vol. xli. Mr. Shairp" was in 1865 Professor of Humanity at the United College in St. Andrews University, In 1868 he was made Principal of the College. In 1877 he became Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford. He is best remembered by a series of lectures delivered at Oxford on Aspects of Poetry (1881). On the Poetic Interpretation of Nature had appeared in 1877. He died in 1885. 2:5.- Wordsworth, .. in one of his letters. See Memoirs of William Wordsworth, ed. 1851, ii. 51. The passage occurs in a letter of 1816 to the Quaker poet, Bernard Barton (Lamb's friend and correspondent), who, on the appearance of the Excursion, had "addressed some verses to Wordsworth expressing his own admiration, unabated by the strictures of the reviewers." 3:16.--Irenes. Johnson's play of Irene was produced in 1749. "One of the heaviest and most unreadable of dramatic performances; interesting now, if interesting at all, solely as a curious example of the result of bestowing great powers upon a totally uncongenial task. . . The play was carried through nine nights by Garrick's friendly zeal, so that the author had his three nights' profits. . When asked how he felt upon his ill-success, he replied: 'Like the monument.'" Leslie Stephen's Johnson (English Men of Letters Series), p. 36. 3: 17.-Lives of the Poets. In these Lives (1779–81) Johnson is at his best. His wide and accurate information, vigorous understanding, and strong common sense give his judgments permanent value, despite the limitations of the eighteenth-century horizon. 66 3: 19.-Ecclesiastical Sonnets. This series of 132 sonnets (1821-22) deals with the history of the Church in England "from the introduction of Christianity" to the present times." Despite Arnold's sneer, several of the sonnets-notably those on Cranmer and on Walton's Book of Lives-are in Wordsworth's best manner. "" 3: 20.-Celebrated Preface. The allusion is to the Preface prefixed to the second edition (1800) of the Lyrical Ballads. Passages in the Preface remain among the most suggestive and memorable things that have been said of poetry. Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science." . . The remotest discoveries of the chemist, the botanist, or mineralogist will be as proper objects of the poet's art as any upon which it can be employed; if the time should ever come when these things shall be familiar to us, and the relations under which they are contemplated by the followers of these respective sciences shall be manifestly and palpably material to us as enjoying and suffering beings; if the time should ever come when what is now called science, thus familiarized to men, shall be ready to put on, as it were, a form of flesh and blood, the poet will lend his divine spirit to aid the transfiguration, and will welcome the Being thus produced as a dear and genuine inmate of the household of man.' Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads, 3d ed., London, 1802, pp. xxxvii and xxxix. 3:23.-Goethe. The student should specially note the recurrence of Goethe's name throughout this 'programme of Arnold's critical work. Cf. Introduction, p. lxxix. 6:11.-Too abstract. Cf. Selections, p. 36, 1. 24, and Introduction, pp. xliii-xlix. 64 8: 20.-No national glow of life and thought. Cf. Kuno Francke's Social Forces in German Literature, p. 528. There is a deep pathos in the fact that the principal character of the play with which Goethe in 1815 celebrated the final triumph of the German cause should have been a dim figure of Greek antiquity-Epimenides, the legendary sage who awakens from a sleep of long years to find himself alone among a people whose battles he has not fought, whose pangs he has not shared." 10: 13.- The old woman. On July 23, 1637, the attempt was made in St. Giles's Church, Edinburgh, to read the new service prescribed by Charles I. for Scotland. A dangerous riot followed. According to tradition, the riot was started by one Jenny Geddes, who threw her stool at the Dean's head, crying out, "Villain, dost thou say mass at my lug!" The latest authorities regard Jenny as legendary. See Burton's History of Scotland (1873), vi. 150, 12: 1.—Joubert. See Pensées de J. Joubert, Paris, 1869, i. 178. The sentence quoted is the second aphorism under Titre xv.-De la liberté, de la justice et des lois. 12:31.—Burke. For representative extracts from Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, see Bliss Perry's Selections from Burke (1896), pp. 143-202. 13:23.—Dr. Price. Richard Price, D. D. (1723-91), long a preacher at various meeting-houses in Hackney, London, was one of the most prominent English advocates of the "Rights of Man." Because of his defense of the American revolutionists he was in 1788 invited by Congress to " come and reside among a people who knew how to |