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Emir Soheli, keeper of the seals to sultan Hossein Mirza, put it into a more modern style, and gave it the title of Anuar Sohèli. In the year 1002 the great moghul, Jalal ô Dîn Mohommed Akbar, ordered his own secretary and vizier, the learned Abul Fazl, to illustrate the obscure passages, abridge the long digressions, and put it into such a style as would be most familiar to all capacities; which he accordingly did, and gave it the name of Ayar Danish, or the Criterion of Wisdom.' Thus far Mr. Frazer, under the word Ayar Danish. In the year 1709,' says Dr. Wilkins, the Kulila Dumna, the Persian version of Abul Mala Nasser Allah Mustofi, made in the 515th year of the Hegira, was translated into French, with the title of Les Conseils et les Maximes de Pilpay, Philosophe Indien, sur les divers Etats de la Vie. This edition resembles the Hitopadesa more than any other then seen; and is evidently the immediate original of the English Instructive and entertaining Fables of Pilpay, an ancient Indian Philosopher,' which, in 1775, had gone through five editions. The Anuar Sohèli, above mentioned, about the year 1540, was rendered into the Turkish language; and the translator is said to have bestowed twenty years' labor upon it. In the year 1724 this edition M. Galland began to translate into French, and the first four chapters were then published; but, in the year 1778, M. Cardonne completed the work, in three volumes, giving it the name of Contes et Fables Indiennes de Bidpai et de Lokman; traduites d'Ali Tcheleby ben Saleh, auteur Turc: Indian Tales and Fables of Bidpay and Lockman, translated from Aly Tcheleby ben Saleh, a Turkish author.'

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The Fables of Lockman were published in Arabic and Latin, with notes, by Erpenius, 4to., Amstel. 1636; and by the celebrated Golius, at the end of his edition of Erpen's Arabic Grammar, Lugd. Bat. 1656, with additional Notes; and also in the edition of the same Grammar, by Albert Schultens, Lugd. Bat. 1748, 4to. They are only thirty-seven in number.

Of the Hitopadesa, or Fables of Vishnoo Sarma, we have two very elegant English translations from the original Sanscrit: one by Sir William Jones, printed in his works, 4to. vol. VI, Lond. 1799; the other by the father of Sanscrit literature in Europe, Dr. Charles Wilkins, of the India House, 8vo., Bath, 1787, with a collection of very important notes.

Fable, as a mode of conveying moral instruction, is allied both to all other kinds of similitude and to parable: but, in the strict use of it, at least, it differs widely from both. Every subject of the inanimate creation may be employed in similitude and parable; but the grand objects in fable are borrowed from the animate and rational creation only and the best fables consist of human actions, spirit, and intelligence, attributed to brute and irrational creatures.

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FABRETTI (Raphael), LL. D. a learned Italian author and antiquary, born at Urbino, in 1619. He studied at Cagli, and took his degree at Urbino in his eighteenth year. Cardinal Imperiali sent him into Spain, where he continued thirteen years, and was for some time auditor general of the Nunciature. On his return to

Rome he was appointed judge of appeals, and afterwards inspector of reliques. Pope Alexander VIII. appointed him Secretary of memorials, and Innocent XII made him keeper of the archives of St. Angelo. In the midst of this business, however, he found time to cultivate his favorite study of antiquities, upon which he wrote several tracts in Latin, particularly, 1. De Aquis et Aquæductibus Veteris Roma; 2. De Columna Trajana; 3. Inscriptionum Antiquarum Explicatio, &c. He was admitted a member of the academy of Assorditi at Urbino, and of the Arcadi at Rome; and died 7th January, 1700.

FABRIANO (Gentile Da), a celebrated historical painter, was born at Verona, in 1332, and became a disciple of Giovanni Da Fiesole. He was employed to adorn a great number of churches and palaces at Florence, Urbino, Siena, Perusia, and Rome, but particularly the Vatican; and one picture of his, representing the Virgin and Child, attended by Joseph, which is preserved in the church of St. Maria Maggiore, was highly commended by Michael Angelo. By order of the doge and senate of Venice he painted a picture in the great council-chamber, which was considered as so extraordinary a performance that his employers granted him a pension for life, and conferred upon him the privilege of wearing the habit of a noble of Venice, the highest honor the state could bestow. He died in 1412.

FABRIANO, a town of the Papal states, at the foot of the Appennines in the Marca d'Ancona. The inhabitants trade chiefly in wool and its manufactures; also in paper. Population 4000. Thirty-three miles south-west of Ancona. FABRIC, n. s. & v. a. French, fabrique ; FABRICATE, v. a. Belg. fabryke; Ital. FABRICATION, n. s. Span. and Lat. fabrica, from faber (i. e. faciber à facio, to do), a workman. A building or edifice: hence any system or combination of things: the verb, formed after the noun, signifies to build, construct, or frame, as does the more common verb to fabricate: the latter is also used, figuratively, for to invent, construct, or frame a fictitious, as distinguished from a true account of any thing.

Like the baseless fabric of this vision, The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherits shall dissolve; And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, Leave not a wreck behind. Shakspeare.

There must be an exquisite care to place the columns, set in several stories, most precisely one over another, that so the solid may answer to the solid, and the vacuities to the vacuities, as well for beauty Wotton. as strength of the fabrick.

This fabrication of the human body is the immediate work of a vital principle, that formeth the first Hale. rudiments of the human nature.

Still will ye think it strange,
That all the parts of this great fabrick change;
Quit their old station and primeval frame. Prior.
Shew what laws of life
The cheese inhabitants observe, and how
Fabrick their mansions.

How
may the poet now unfold,
What never tongue or numbers told,

Philips.

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FABRICIA, in botany, a genus of plants of the class icosandria, and order monogynia: CAL. five-cleft, half superior; petals five, without claws; stigma capitate; CAPS. many-celled: SEEDS winged. Species two; natives of New Holland.

FABRICIUS (Caius), a celebrated Roman, who in his first consulship, A. U. C. 470, obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honored with a triumph. The riches acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after Fabricius went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with contempt presents and offers, which might have corrupted the fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus admired the magnanimity of Fabricius, but his astonishment was excitel to the highest pitch, when the latter discovered to him the villany of his own physician, who had offered to the Roman general to poison his royal master. To this greatness of soul was added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used plate at his table. A small salt cellar, the feet of which were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury he wished also to encourage among the people; and during his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Russinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than ten pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in virtuous poverty: his body was buried at the public charge; and the Roman people gave a dowry to his two daughters when they had arrived to years of maturity.

FABRICIUS (George), a learned German, born at Chemnitz in Misnia, in 1516. After a liberal education, he visited Italy in the character of tutor to a young nobleman; and, examining all the remains of antiquity with great accuracy, compared them with their descriptions in Latin writers. The result of these observations was his work entitled Roma, containing a description of that city. He afterwards settled at Misenum, where he conducted a great school till his death in 1571. He also wrote seven books of the Annals of Misnia, three of the Annals of Meissen, Travels, and many sacred poems in Latin.

FABRICIUS (Jerome), a celebrated physician in the end of the sixteenth century (surnamed Aquapendente, from the place of his birth), was the disciple and successor of Fallopius. He chiefly applied himself to surgery and anatomy, which he professed with great reputation at Padua for forty years. The republic of Venice settled a considerable pension upon him, and honored him

with a gold chain and a statue. He died in 1603; leaving behind him several works which are much esteemed.

FABRICIUS (John Albert), one of the most learned and laborious theologians of his age, was born at Leipsic in 1668. He lost his parents when very young, but was carefully brought up by his guardian, who sent him to Quedlinburgh school. In 1692 he was admitted a preacher, and was chosen professor of eloquence at Hamburgh in 1697. He died at Hamburgh in 1736, after a life spent in collecting and publishing valuable remains of the ancients. His principal works are: Bibliotheca Latina, 2 vols. 4to.; Vita Procli Philosophi, 4to.; Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti collectus, 8vo.; Bibliotheca Græca, 14 vols. 4to. A new edition of this stupendous magazine of learning has been published by Harles. Centuria Fabriciorum Scriptis clarorum, 8vo.; Memoriæ Hambergenses, 7 vols. 8vo.; Codex Pseudepigraphus Vet. Test. 8vo.; Bibliographia Antiquaria, 4to.; Bibliotheca Ecclesiastica, fol.; Delectus argumentorum et syllabus Scriptorum, 4to.; Conspectus Thesauri Literaria Italiæ, 8vo.; Salutaris Lux Evangelii, 4to.; Bibliotheca media et infimæ Latinitatis, 5 vols. 8vo.

FABRICIUS (William), surnamed Hildanus, a famous surgeon, was born near Cologne in 1560. He became public physician at Berne, where he died in 1634. His Six Centuries of Observations and Cures were published in 1606, 4to.; besides which he wrote on Gangrene and Sphacelus; on Burns; Gun Shot Wounds; on Lithotomy, &c. The whole of his works were printed in folio, at Frankfort, in 1682.

FABRICIUS (John Christian), a modern entomologist of the greatest celebrity, was born in the duchy of Sleswick in 1742. After completing his studies, he went, at the age of twenty, to Upsal to attend the lectures of Linné. Having here conceived the idea of forming an arrangement of insects according to the structure of the mouth, Linné highly approved his plan, but declined introducing it into his Systema Naturæ. See our article ENTOMOLOGY. Fabricius now adopted the profession of medicine, and took his doctor's degree. Being afterwards appointed professor of natural history at Kiel, he devoted himself entirely to his favorite science; and published, in 1775, his new System of Entomology. Two years after he pointed out the classic and generic characters of insects, in a second treatise; and in 1778 published his Philosophia Entomologica, on the model of the Philosophia Botanica of Linnæus. From that period to his death Fabricius industriously employed himself in extending his system. His knowledge of all the branches of natural history was extensive, and he wrote many useful works in the German and Danish languages. He died in 1807.

FABRIC LANDS, in ecclesiastical affairs, those formerly given towards rebuilding or repairing cathedrals and other churches; for anciently almost every body gave more or less, by his will, to the fabric of the parish church where he dwelt.

FABROT (Charles Hannibal), one of the most celebrated civilians of his time, was born at Aix

in 1681; and acquired an extraordinary skill in
the civil and canon law, and in the belles lettres.
He published the Basilicæ, or Constitutions of
the Emperors of the East, in Greek and Latin,
with learned notes, in 7 vols. folio; and editions
of Cedrenus, Nicetas, Anastasius, Bibliothecarius,
Constantine Manasses, and Cujas, with learned
and curious notes.

FACE', n. s., v. n. & v. a.
FACE-CLOTH,

FACE-PAINTING,

FACET',

FACING,

Fr. face; Span. haz; Port. faz; Ital. faccia; Lat. facies, from facio, to make, 'the face being the part that makes the distinction or identitye.' Minsheu. The visage or countenance; hence general appearance, presence, sight; also the surface or outward part of a thing, distortion or peculiarity; and confidence or boldness of face or character. As a verb neuter, to face, is to come with the face toward an object; to carry a false countenance or appearance: as an active verb, to meet in front, oppose or stand opposite to; cover with the outward layer or superficies; invest with any covering; oppose with boldness and impudence, or with success (as to face down, and face out): a face-cloth is linen cloth placed on the face of the dead: facepainting, portrait-painting. Facet (Fr. facette) is a diminutive of face, a small surface; applied particularly to the small superficies of precious stones. Face to face is an adverbial expression for mutual presence.

Genesis.

And thou child schalt be clepid the profete of the higheste, for thou schalt go before the face of the Lord to make redy hise weyes. Wiclif. Luk. i. A mist watered the whole face of the ground. The children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses's face shone. Erod. xxxiv. 35. The breadth of the face of the house, towards the east, was an hundred cubits. Ezek. xli. 14.

It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have his accusers face to face.

Acts xxv. 16.

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Kicked out, we set the best face on't we could.

Dryden.
Id. Virgil.
Face about, man; a soldier, and afraid of the
enemy?
Id.
Hail and farewell they shouted thrice amain,
Thrice facing to the left, and thence they turned again.

Id.
Georgione, the cotemporary of Titian, excelled in
portraits of facepainting.
Id. Dufresnoy.
You, says the judge to the wolf, have the face to

Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face challenge that which you never lost; and you, says he to the fox, have the confidence to deny that which you have stolen. L'Estrange.

to face.

1 Cor. xiii. 12.
I know how to content myself in others lust,
Of little stuffe unto my self to weave a webbe of trust:
And how to hyde my harmes with sole dyssembling

chere,

Whan in my face the painted thoughtes would out-
wardly appeare.

I know how that the bloud forsakes the face for dred,
And how by shame it staynes agayne the chekes with
flaming red.
Surry.

Thou needs must learn to laugh, or lye,
To face, to forge, to scoff, to company.

Hubbard's Tale.

They're thinking, by his face,
To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage :
But 'tis not so.
Shakspeare. Julius Cæsar.

Id. Macbeth.

A

Shame itself! Why do you make such faces? How many things are there which a man cannot, with any face or comeliness, say or do himself? man can scarce allege his own merits with modesty, much less extol them: a man cannot sometimes brook to supplicate or beg.

Bacon.

A man shall see faces, which, if you examine them part by part, you shall never find good; but take them together, are not uncomely.

Id.

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Seized and tied down to judge, how wretched I! Who can't be silent, and who will not lye: To laugh, were want of goodness and of grace; And to be grave, exceeds all power of face.

Pope. The temple is described square, and the four fronts with open gates, facing the different quarters of the world. Id. They are as loth to see the fires kindled in Smithfield as his lordship; and, at least, as ready to face them under a popish persecution. Swift.

The face cloth too is of great antiquity.-Mr. Strutt tells us, that after the closing the eyes, &c., a linen cloth was put over the face of the deceased. Thus we are told, that Henry the Fourth, in his last illness seeming to be dead, his chamberlain covered his face with a linen cloth. English Era, p. 105.

Brand's Popular Antiquities.

FACE Comprehends all that part of the head

which is not covered with the hair. The human

face is called the image of the soul, as being the seat of the principal organs of sense, and the place where the ideas, passions, emotions, &c., are chiefly set to view. It shows also the sex, age, temperament, health, disease, &c. As the index of the passions, habits, &c., of the person, it becomes the subject of physiognomy. See PHYSIOGNOMY.

FACE OF THE MEASURES, in mining, is that part of a mine bounded by the length-way or principal vertical joints, or natural cracks of the measures. In coal mines, these principal joints are called sline back, or face joints, and are generally parallel to each other; the lesser joints, which cross the slines almost at right angles, are called end-joints or cutters.

To FACE, in the military art, a word of command intimating to turn about: thus, face to the right, is turn upon the left heel, a quarter round to the right; and, face to the left, is to turn upon the right heel a quarter round to the left. FACETIOUS, adj. Fr. facetieux; Lat. FACE'TIOUSLY, adv. fucetus, from facetia, FACE TIOUSNESS, n.s.jokes. Jocular; lively; FACETE LY, adv. witty; cheerful: facete and facetious seem both to have been used in this sense formerly.

FACETENESS, n. s.

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Our word jealousies contains all the vowels, though three of them only were necessary: nevertheless in the two words abstemiously and facetiously the vowels exist all of them in their usual order, and are pronounced in their usual manner. Darwin.

And without turning his facetious head,
Over his shoulder with a Bacchant air,
Presented the o'erflowing cup, and said,

CINE.

Talking's dry work, I have no time to spare.' Byron. FACIES HIPPOCRATICA, the aspect of a dying man, as described by Hippocrates, and so named by later physicians, who have made similar observations: it is when the nostrils are sharp, the contracted and cold, the forehead dry and wrinkled, eyes hollow, the temples low, the tips of the ears and the complexion pale or livid. See MEDItowards the period of phthises and other conThe Hippocratic face is chiefly observed sumptions, and is held a sure prognostic of death. FACILE, adj. FACILELY, adv. FACILITATE, v. a. FACILITATION, n. s.facilitas, from facio, to ible: to facilitate is to make easy; make free do. Easy, pliant, flexfrom difficulty or obstruction.

FACILITY.

Fr. facile, facilité; Span. facilidad: Ital. facilita; Lat. facilis,

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Facility is worse than bribery; for bribes come now and then but if opportunity or idle respect lead a man, he shall never be without them. Id.

I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet, Hating that solemn vice of greatness, pride, I meant each softest virtue there should meet, Ben Jonson.

Fit in that softer bosom to reside.

The one might be as facilely impetrate as the other. Ld. Herbert. Facility of yielding to a sin, or wooing it with a voluntary suit, is a higher stair of evil.

Bp. Hall's Contemplations. They renewed their assault two or three days together, and planted cannon to facilitate their passage, which did little hurt; but they still lost many men in the attempt. Clarendon.

The facile gates of hell too slightly barred.

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They who have studied have not only learned many excellent things, but also have acquired a great facility of profiting themselves by reading good authors.

Id.

"Tis a great error to take facility for good nature; tenderness without discretion, is no better than a more pardonable folly. L'Estrange.

The facility which we get of doing things, by a custom of doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice. Locke.

He opens and yields himself to the man of business with difficulty and reluctancy; but offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility, and all the meeting readiness of appetite and desire. South. This may at first seem perplexed with many difficulties, yet many things may be suggested to make it more facile and commodious. Wilkins.

Some men are of that facile temper, that they are wrought upon by every object they converse with, whom affectionate discourse, or serious sermon, any or any notable accident, shall put into a fit of religion, which yet usually lasts no longer than till somewhat else comes in their way. Calamy. What produceth a due quantity of animal spirits, necessarily facilitates the animal and natural motions.

Arbuthnot on Diet. A war on the side of Italy would cause a great diversion of the French forces, and facilitate the progress of our arms in Spain. Swift.

Science, though perhaps the nurseling of interest, was the daughter of curiosity: for who can believe that they who first watched the course of the stars, foresaw the use of their discoveries to the facilitation of commerce, or the mensuration of time?

Johnson. Rambler.

FACING, FAÇADE, or Revêtement, in fortification, is a strong wall of masonry, or other binding, built on the outside of the rampart and parapet, to prevent the soil of which they are composed giving way. When the revêtement of a rampart goes quite up to the top, four feet of the upper part is a vertical wall of three feet thick, with a square stone at the top of it, projecting about five or six inches, and a circular one below, or where the slope begins, of eight or ten inches diameter. When the facing is carried up as high as the soles of the embrasures, it is called a whole revêtement; but, when confined to the ditch only, it is termed a half-revêtement. These must depend on the nature of the soil, the facility of obtaining materials, the time that can be bestowed, the importance of the post, &c. Where difficulties occur, as also in temporary works, the facings are made with turf; in which case they are said to be gazoned.

FACİN'OROUS, adj. Lat. facinus, facinoris, from facio, to do, used both in a good and bad sense for great actions, but more commonly the latter. Extreme: extremely bad, or wicked.

"Tis strange, 'tis very strange, that is the brief and tedious of it; and he's of a most facinorous spirit that will not acknowledge it. Shakspeare.

FACT, n. s. Fr. fait; Lat. factum, from facio, factus, to do. A thing or effect accomplished: reality, as opposed to fiction or speculation; action; deed.

In matter of fact they say there is some credit to be given to the testimony of man; but not in matter of opinion and judgment: we see the contrary both acknowledged and universally practised all throughout the world.

Hooker.

As men are not to mistake the causes of these operatious, so much less are they to mistake the fact or effect, and rashly to take that for done which is not done. Bacon.

Those effects which are wrought by the percussion of the sense, and by things in fact, are produced likewise in some degree by the imagination: therefore if a man see another eat sour or acid things, which set the teeth on edge, that object tainteth the imagination. Bacon's Natural History.

I see the Levites, not long since, drawing their swords for God and Moses, against the rest of Israel; and that fact wins them both praise and blessing. Bp. Hall's Contemplations.

Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
Of nature, pleading in his children's cause:
Howe'er the doubtful fact is understood,
'Tis love of honour and his country's good;
The consul, not the father, sheds the blood.

Dryden. Matter of fact breaks out and blazes with too great an evidence to be denied. South's Sermons. Manifold sins, though in speculation they may be separable from war, in reality and fact never fail to attend it. Smalridge. If this were true in fact, I do not see any colour for such a conclusion. Addison on the War. It is a point of fact on which every English gentleman will determine for himself. Junius. The facts which inspired writers relate are no less instructive than the doctrines which they teach. Robertson's Sermons.

It may seem strange, that horror of any kind should give pleasure. But the fact is certain. Why do people run to see battles, executions, and shipwrecks?

FACTION, n. s. FACTIONARY, FACTIONIST, FACTIOUS, adj.

Beattie.

Fr. faction; Ital. fattione; Lat. factio, factionis, from facio, factus, to make, or do. A FACTIOUSLY, adv. public, or busy party : dissension: factionary and factionist are old words FACTIOUSNESS, n. s. J hence tumult; discord; for the promoters of faction or discord.

By one of Simon's faction murders were committed.
Shakspeare. Mac.
The queen is valued thirty thousand strong;
If she hath time to breathe, be well assured
Her faction will be full as strong as ours.

Shakspeare,

He has been known to commit outrages, And cherish factions. Id. Timon. Pr'ythee, fellow, remember my name is Menenius; always factionary of the party of your general. Id. Coriolanus.

He is a traitor; lead him to the Tower, And crop away that factious pate of his.

Shakspeare. Id.

Be factious for redress of all these griefs. There be that can pack the cards, and yet cannot play well so there are some that are good in canvasses and factions, that are otherwise weak men.

Lord Bacon. By the weight of reason I should counterpoise the overbalancing of any factions. King Charles. Factious tumults overbore the freedom and honour of the two houses. Id.

I intended not only to oblige my friends, but mine enemies also: exceeding even the desires of those that were factiously discontented. Id.

God and Moses knew how o distinguish betwixt

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