the heads of the faction and the train; though neither be faultless, yet one is plagued, the other forgiven. Bp. Hall's Contemplations. By some needful act, to put a present restraint upon the wild and lawless courses of all their factious combinations abroad, and enterprises of this kind. Bp. Hall. Some busy factionists of the meaner sort. Id. They remained at Newbury in great faction among themselves. Clarendon. Gray-headed men and grave, with warriors mixed, Assemble; and harangues are heard; but soon In factions opposition. Milton's Paradise Lost. How from dissensions in opinion do violent factions and feuds rage! Barrow. Avoid the politic, the factious fool, Otway. Why these factious quarrels, controversies, and battles amongst themselves, when they were all united in the same design? Dryden. It is thus with all those, who, attending only to the shell and husk of history, think they are waging war with intolerence, pride, and cruelty, whilst, under color of abhorring the ill principles of antiquated parties, they are authorising and feeding the same odious vices in different factions, and perhaps in Burke. worse. If all the world joined with them in a full cry against rebellion, and were as hotly influenced against the whole theory and enjoyment of freedom, as those who are the most factious for servitude, it could not in my opinion answer any one end whatsoever in this Id. contest. Come thou, whose love unlimited, sincere, Nor faction cools, nor injury destroys; Who lend'st to Misery's moans a pitying ear, And feel'st with ecstasy another's joys. Beattie. FACTION, in antiquity, a name given to the different companies of combatants in the circus. They were four; viz. the white, the red, the green, and the blue; to which Domitian added another of purple color. They were so denominated from the color of the liveries they wore; and were dedicated, according to M. Aur. Cassiodorus, to the four seasons of the year; the green being consecrated to spring, the red to summer, the white to autumn, and the blue to winter. It appears from ancient inscriptions, that each faction had its procurators and physician; and, from history, that party rage ran so high among them, that, in a dissension between two factions, in the time of Justinian, almost 40,000 men lost their lives in the quarrel. FACTITIOUS, adj. Lat. factitius, from facio, to make. See FACTION. Made by art. In the making and distilling of soap, by one degree of fire the salt, the water, and the oil or grease, whereof that factitious concrete is made up, being boiled up together, are easily brought to co-operate. Boyle. Hardness wherein some stones exceed all other bodies, and among them the adamant, all other stones being exalted to that degree that art in vain endeavours to counterfeit it; the factitious stones of chymists, in imitation, being easily detected by an ordinary lapicist. Ray on the Creation. Hence the diamond reflects half as much more light as a factitious gem in similar circumstances; to which must be added its great transparency, and the excellent polish it is capable of. Darwin. Take on you the charge And kingly government of this your land; Shakspeare. Richard III. Id. Antony and Cleopatra. We agreed that I should send up an English factor, that whatsoever the island could yield should be delivered at a reasonable rate. Raleigh's Apology. The Scots had good intelligence, having some factors doubtless at this mart, albeit they did not openly trade. Hayward. Dryden. Forced into exile from his rightful throne, He made all countries where he came his own; And viewing monarch's secret arts of sway, A royal factor for their kingdoms lay. Vile arts and restless endeavours are used by some sly and venomous factors for the old republican South. cause. Asleep and naked as an Indian lay, An honest factor stole a gem away: He pledged to the knight; the knight had wit, So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit. Pope. And, disclaiming all regard For mercy, and the common rights of man, Build factories with blood, conducting trade At the sword's point, and dyeing the white robe Of innocent commercial Justice red. Cowper. In the road of commerce,' said he, you will be sure, by diligence and assiduity, though you have no capital, of so far succeeding as to be employed as a factor. Franklin. FACTORS are employed by merchants residing at other places, to buy or sell goods, negociate bills, &c., on their account; and are entitled to a certain allowance for their trouble. A supercargo differs from a factor in this: the business of the former is limited to the care of a particular cargo; he goes along with it, and generally returns when his business is completed: the latter has a fixed residence, and executes commissions for different merchants. A factor's power is either absolute or limited. Though entrusted with ample discretionary powers, he is not warranted to take unreasonable or unusual measures, interest; but it is incumbent on the employer, if or do any thing contrary to his employer's he challenge his proceedings, to prove that he could have done better, and was guilty of wilful mismanagement. When a factor's power is limited, he must adhere strictly to his orders. If he exceed his power, though with a view to his employer's interest, he is liable for the consequence. For example, if he gives credit when not empowered, or long credit if not empowered, for the sake of a better price, and the buyer proves insolvent, he is liable for the debt. A factor has no power to give credit unless authorised but if the goods consigned be generally sold on credit at the place of consignation, the factor will be vindicated for selling at the usual credit, unless expressly restricted. Although opinion will never justify the factor for departing from orders, necessity sometimes will. If he be limited not to sell goods under a certain price, and the goods be perishable, and not in a situation for being kept, he may sell them, to prevent their destruction, even under the price limited. A factor is never warranted to deal on trust, except with persons in good credit at the time. If the employer challenge the debtors, it is incumbent on him to prove that their bad circumstances were known at the time of sale; and the factor will be vindicated, if he trusted them at the same time for goods of his own. If the factor sell his employer's goods on trust, and, after the day of payment is elapsed, receive payment from the purchaser for a debt of his own, he becomes liable in equity for the debt. In case of bankruptcy, the factor ought immediately to lay attachments, and advise his employers; and he cannot withdraw his attachments, nor compound debts without orders. If a factor sells goods belonging to different merchants to the same person, and the buyer proves insolvent, they shall bear the loss in equal proportions; and, if the buyer has paid part before his insolvency, without specifying for which, the payment ought to be distributed in equal proportions; but, if the days of payment be fixed, and part of the debts only due, the payment ought to be applied, in the first place, to such debts as were due. If he makes a wrong entry at the custom-house, and the goods be seized in consequence thereof, he must bear the loss, unless the error be occasioned by a mistake in the invoice, or letter of advice. The owner bears the loss of goods seized, when attempted to be smuggled by his orders: but the factor complying with an unlawful order, is liable in such penalties as the laws exact. If a factor saves the duty of goods due to a foreign prince, he shall have the benefit; for, if detected, he bears the loss. If a factor sells goods bought by his employer's orders for his own advantage, the employer may recover the benefit, and the factor shall be amerced for the same. If a factor receives bad money in payment, he bears the loss; but if the value of the money be lessened by the government, the employer bears the loss. A factor is not liable for goods spoiled, robbed, or destroyed by fire. If a factor receives counterfeit jewels from his employer, and sells them, the employer is liable to indemnify him for any penalties he may incur. If a factor be ordered to make insurance, and neglect it, and the subject be lost, he is liable to make it good, providing he had effects in his hands. If a factor buys goods for his employer, his bargain shall be binding on the employer. Factors having obtained a profit for their employers, ought to be very cautious how they dispose of it; for if they act without commission, they are responsible: and even in the case of a merchant remitting goods to his factor, and some time after drawing a bill on him, which the factor, having effects in his hands, is supposed to accept, if the merchant fails, the goods are seized in the factor's hands, for behoof of the creditors, and the factor, it has been thought, must answer the bill notwithstanding, and only rank as a creditor for the sum, which, by his acceptance of the bill, he was obliged to pay. In case of a factor's insolvency, the owner may reclaim his goods; and, if they be sold on trust, the owner (and not the factor's creditors) shall recover payment of the debts. The above is principally applicable to factors residing abroad, and acting for merchants, or to supercargoes going a voyage to dispose of a cargo, and afterwards returning with another to their employers; but it is likewise the practice of merchants of the greatest credit in the commercial world, to act mutually as factors for each other. The business thus executed is called commission-business, and is generally desirable by all merchants, provided they have always effects in their custody, as a security for such matters as they transact, for the account of others. Those who trade extensively in this manner, have current as well as commission accounts, constantly between them; and draw on, remit to, and send commissions to each other, only by the intercourse of letters, which, among men of honor, are as obligatory and authoritative as all the bonds and ties of law. FACTORAGE, the allowance given to factors by the merchant who employs them: called also commission. A factor's commission in Britain on most kinds of goods is 21 per cent.: on lead and some other articles, 2 per cent. In some places it is customary for the factors to insure debts for an additional allowance, and in that case they are accountable for the debt when the usual term of credit is expired. Factorage on goods is sometimes charged at a certain rate per cask, or other package, measure, or weight, especially when the factor is only employed to receive or deliver them. FACTO TUM, n. s. Lat. fac totum. It is used likewise in burlesque French. A servant employed alike in all kinds of business: as Scrub in the Stratagem. Ben Jonson. French. The act or man Factotum here, Sır. FACTURE, n. s. ner of making any thing. There is no doubt but that the facture or framing, is as full of difference as the outward [parts.] Bacon. FACULÆ, Latin, from fax, a torch, in astronomy, a name given by Scheiner and others, to certain bright spots on the sun's disc, that appear more lucid than the rest of his body. Hevelius affirms, that on July 20th, 1634, he observed a facula, whose breadth was equal to one-third of the sun's diameter. Kircher, Scheiner, and others, represent the sun's body as full of these facula, which they suppose to be volcanoes; and others contend that the macula change into faculæ before they disappear. But Huygens and others of the latest and best observers, finding that the best telescopes discover nothing of the matter, agree entirely to explode the phenomena of facule; and attribute the cause of these appearances to the tremulous agitation of the vapors near our earth. Dr. Hutton concludes that the faculæ are not eructations of fire and flame, but refractions of the sun's rays in the rarer exhalations, which, being condensed, seem to exhibit a light greater than that of the sun.' FACULTY, n. s. Fr. faculté; Ital. facolta; Span. faculdad; Lat. facultas, from facio, to do. The power of doing any thing mechanical or mental: hence skill; dexterity; excellence; quality; power; authority or privilege: a company of skilful or eminent men in any of the professions. There is no kind of faculty or power in man, or any creature, which can rightly perform the functions allotted to it without perpetual aid and concurrence of that supreme cause of all things. Hooker. Law hath set down to what persons, in what causes, with what circumstances, almost every faculty or fayour shall be granted. I'm traduced by tongues which neither know Id. Shakspeare. Henry VIII. Hath born his faculties so meek, hath been Id. Macbeth. He had none of those faculties, which the other had, of reconciling men to him. Clarendon. I understand in the prime end Orators may grieve; for in their sides, Milton. Denham. He, which hath given no man his faculties and graces for himself, nor put light into the sun, moon, stars, for their own use, hath stored no parcel of earth with a purpose of private reservation. Bp. Hall. Our author found out monarchial absolute power in that tex; the had an exceeding good faculty to find it himself where he could not show it to others. Locke. We shall then use our understanding right, when we entertain all objects in that way and proportion, that they are suited to our faculties. Id. Many are ignorant of mathematical truths, not out of any imperfection of their faculties, or uncertainty in the things themselves, but for want of application in acquiring, examining, and by due ways comparing those ideas. Id. Reason in man supplies the defect of other faculties wherein we are inferior to beasts, and what we cannot compass by force we bring about by stratagem. L'Estrange. A power of command there is without all question, though there be some doubt in what faculty this command doth principally reside, whether in the will or the understanding. Bramhall against Hobbes. Sure it is a pitiful pretence to ingenuity that can be thus kept up, there being little need of any other faculty but memory, to be able to cap texts. Government of the Tongue. The fifth mechanical faculty is the wedge used in cleaving wood. Wilkins. Nature its mother, habit is its nurse; Wit, spirit, faculties, but make it worse; The wretched condition, weakness, and disorder of the faculties which I must employ in my inquiries, increase my apprehensions; and the impossibility of amending or correcting those faculties, reduces me almost to despair, and makes me resolved to perish on the barren rock on which I am at present, rather than venture myself upon that boundless ocean which runs out into immensity. Hume. On Human Nature. Called thee into being when thou wast not; gave thee these reasoning and reflecting faculties, which thou art now employing in searching out the end and Mason. happiness of thy nature. FADE, v. n. & v. a. Goth. fada; Isl. and Swed. fata; Erse, faid; Arabic, faut: from Fr. fade, weak, insipid, says Dr. Johnson; but Mr. Todd derives it with more probability, from Lat. vado, Gr. Badw to move, the primary meaning of fade being to disappear quickly. To vanish; disappear rapidly; languish; change to a weaker color; wither; lose vigor or beauty; die away. Our older writers use it as an active verb for to wear away; reduce. Ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that hath no water. Isaiah i. 30. The glorious beauty on the head of the fat valley shall be a fading flower. Id. xxviii. 4. Whose flowring pride, so fading and so fickle, Short Time shall soon cut down with his consuming sickle. Spenser's Faerie Queene. This is a man, old, wrinkled, faded, withered; And not a maiden, as thou sayest he is. Soft joys disport on purple plumes unfurled, Darwin. "Yet such the destiny of all on earth: Then let the winds howl on! their harmony Dim o'er the bird of darkness' native site. Byron. FADGE, v. n. Sax. gerezan; Germ. fugen; from Goth. fagks, fit, accommodated. To suit; fit; succeed. Obsolete. How will this fadge? my master loves her dearly, Shakspeare. Hudibras. The fox hath a fetch; and when he saw it would not fadge, away goes he presently. L'Estrange. FÆCES, in medicine. See EXCREMENTS. Alchemists, who searched every where for the secret of making gold, operated greatly on the fæces of men and other animals; but philosophical chemistry has acquired no knowledge from all these alchemical labors. Homberg particularly analysed and examined human fæces, to satisfy an alchemical project of one of his friends, who pretended that from this matter a white oil could be obtained, without smell, and capable of fixing mercury into silver. The oil was found, but mercury was not fixed by it. Homberg's labors were not, however, useless, as he has related his experiments in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. The following is the result of a careful analysis of human fæces by Berzelius in 1806 : 73.3 Vegetable and animal undigested residue 7.0 . 0.9 0.9 2.7 0.9 It has several fine churches with good paintings and a cathedral standing in a noble square Faenza was ravaged by the Goths in the sixth century, and by the Germans in the thirteenth. It fell afterwards into the hands of the Venetians, the Bolognese, and finally of the pope. Its inhabitants carry on the manufacture of linen extensively. It is twenty miles south-west of Ra venna. FAERNUS (Gabriel), a native of Cremona in Italy, was an excellent Latin poet and critic of the sixteenth century. He was skilled in all parts of polite literature; and pope Pius IV. particularly patronised him. He was the author of several Latin elegies; of 100 Latin fables, selected from the ancients, written in iambic verse; and of several pieces of criticism, as Censura Emendationum Livianarum, De Metris Comicis, &c. He was remarkably happy in decyphering MSS., and restoring ancient authors to their purity: he took such pains with Terence in partilar, that Bentley has adopted all his notes in the edition he gave of that writer. He died at Rome the then unknown fables of Phædrus, for fear of in 1561. Thuanus charges him with suppressing written in imitation of Esop. M. Perrault, lessening the value of his own Latin fables, however, who translated Faernus's fables into French, has defended him from this imputation, by affirming that the first MS. of Phædrus's fables, found in the dust of an old library, was not discovered till about thirty years after Faernus's death. FAG, v. n., v. a. & n. s. Lat. fatigo; Goth. facka, to be weary, or to diminish. To grow weary or tired; to outrival; beat: a fag is a drudge; a school-slave. Creighton with-held his force 'till the Italian began to fag, and then brought him to the ground. Mackenzie's Lives. The duke of Dorset was my fag at Harrow, and I was not a very hard taskmaster. Lord Byron, quoted by Captain Medwin. FAGAN'S (St.), a small town and parish of Glamorganshire, South Wales, and having a castellated mansion built in a comparatively modern style of architecture. Here a sanguinary engagement took place in May 1648, between the royalists and republicans, in which, after a momentary advantage, the former were entirely routed, and left 3000 slain. According to the 0-05 Welsh chronicle, St. Fagan came from Rome to Britain about the year 180, being sent by pope Eleutherius to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. It is three miles from Cardiff, and 163 from London. 0.1 0.05 0.1 14.0 FAGARA, iron-wood, a genus of the monogynia order and tetrandria class of plants; natural order forty-third, dumosæ: CAL. quadrifid: COR. tetrapetalous: CAPS. bivalved and monospermous. Species twelve, all natives of the East Indies and the warm parts of America, rising with woody stems more than twenty feet high. They are propagated by seeds; but in this country must be kept continually in a stove. The chief is F. octandra with pinnate leaves, downy each side. It is a tall tree, abounding in a balsamic glutinous juice, racemed flowers, with white calyxes and yellow corols. Its balsam resembles the gum tacamahac. FAGE (Raimond de la), an ingenious designer and engraver, highly esteemed by Carlo Marani, was born at Toulouse in 1648. He had no master nor any assistance; but his superior talents supplied the want of them. His perform ances on licentious subjects are the most esteemed. It is reported that he never made use of money, but contracted debts, and when the accounts were brought him, he drew on the back of the bills, and bid the owners sell the drawings to connoisseurs for the amount, by which they were generally great gainers. Several of those drawings are in the cabinets of the curious. He led a loose depraved life, which his repeated debaucheries put an end to, at the age of forty-two. FAGEND. From fag and end, says Dr. Johnson, but more probably from Swed. fogan; Sax. Fegan, to join. The end of a web of cloth, rope, &c.; hence the refuse of any thing. I have unpartially ransacked this fag-end of my life, and curiously examined every step of my ways; and I cannot, by the most exact scrutiny of my saddest thoughts, find what it is that I have done to forfeit that good estimation, wherewith you say, I was once blessed. Bp. Hall's account of himself. In the world's fagend Fanshaw. A nation lies. When they are the worst of their way, and fixt in the fagend of business, they are apt to look not kindly upon those who go before them. Collier. FAGGOT, or FAGOT, v. a. Fr. fagot; Arm. and Welsh fagod; Ital. fagotta; British hagoden; according to Casseneuve from Lat. fagus, a beech tree, the old faggots being mostly made of that wood. Others derive it from Lat. fuscis; pardos, a bundle of wood. A bundle of sticks or small wood; any one of the pieces in the bundle: hence an individual in a muster or list of soldiers. See below. We only find the verb used by Dryden. Spare for no fagots, let there be enow; Shakspeare. Fairfax. He was too warm on picking work to dwell, Dryden. The Black Prince filled a ditch with fagots as successfully as the generals of our armies do it with fascines. Addison. Mitres or fagots have been the rewards of different persons, according as they pronounced these consecrated syllables or not. Watts on the Mind. FAGGOT, in times of popery, was a badge worn on the sleeve of the upper garment of such persons as had abjured heresy; being put on after the person had carried a faggot, by way of penance, to some appointed place of solemnity. The leaving off the wear of this badge was sometimes interpreted a sign of apostasy. FAGGOTS, among military men, persons formerly hired by officers, whose companies were not full, to muster and hide the deficiencies of the company; by which means they cheated the king of so much money. FAGIUS (Paul), alias Buchlin, a learned protestant minister, born at Rheinzabern in Germany in 1504. He was a schoolmaster at Isna; but afterwards became a zealous preacher, and wrote many theological works. During the persecution in Germany, he and Bucer came over to England in 1549, at the invitation of archbishop Cranmer, to perfect a new translation of the Scriptures. Fagius took the Old Testament, and Bucer the New for their respective parts; but the design was frustrated by the sudden deaths of both. Fagius died in 1550, and Bucer did not live above a year after. Their bodies were dug up and burned in the reign of queen Mary. FAGONIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order and decandria class of plants; natural order fourteenth, gruinales: CAL. pentaphyllous; the petals are five and heart-shaped: CAPS. quinquelocular, ten-valved, with the cells monospermous. There are four species; natives of Spain, Crete, Arabia, and Persia. FAGRÆEA, in botany, a genus of plants of the class pentandria and order monogynia: COR. funnelform, with a very long tube; stigma peltate: BERRY two-celled, fleshy: SEEDS globular: species one only; a shrub of Ceylon; with thick square branches, and large terminal flowers. FAGUS, the beech tree, a genus of the hexandria order and monœcia class of plants; natural order fiftieth, amentaceæ: male CAL. quinquefid and campanulated: COR. none: stamina from five to twelve: female CAL. quinquedentated; styles three: CAPS muricated and quadrivalved; the seeds two in number. There are five species, of which the most noted are, 1. F. castanea, the chestnut-tree, has a large upright trunk growing forty or fifty feet high, branching regularly round into a fine spreading head, garnished with large spear-shaped acutely serrated leaves, naked on the under side, having flowers in long amentums, succeeded by round prickly fruit, containing two or more nuts. It is chiefly propagated by seeds. Evelyn, says, 'Let the nuts be first spread to sweat, then cover them in sand; a month being past, plunge them in water, and reject the swimmers; being dried for thirty days more, sand them again, and to the water ordeal as before. Being thus treated until the beginning of spring or in November, set them as you would do beans. They need only to be put into the holes with the point upmost. In winter or autumn, inter them in their husks, which, being every way armed, are a good protection against the mouse. Being come up, they thrive best unremoved, making a great stand for at least two years upon every transplanting; if you must alter their station, let it be done against November.' Millar cautions about purchasing foreign nuts that have been kiln-dried, which, he says, is generally done to prevent their sprouting in their passage. He adds, If they cannot be procured fresh from the tree, it will be better to use those of the growth of England, which are full as good to sow for timber or beauty as any of the foreign nuts, though their fruit is much smaller.' He also recommends preserving them in sand, and proving them in water. In setting these nuts, he says, the best way is to make a |