When one noun is used to explain another, it is put in the same case and is said to be in Apposition. A noun, or pronoun, and a participle, which are independent in construction of the rest of the sentence, are said to be in the Absolute construction. Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence. Pleonasm is redundancy or excess of expression. Solecism is an error in grammar or pronunciation. Anomaly is the name given to any irregularity of accidence. Anacoluthon is the confusion of two constructions. The deviation of a word from its right construction, owing to the improper influence of some adjacent word, is said to be due to Attraction. Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions. Polysyndeton is the redundant use of conjunctions. Composition is the formation of a word by joining words together. Derivation is the formation of a new word (1) by adding to a word a part not significant by itself, or (2) by modifying an existing sound. A sound not significant by itself which is added to a word to form a derivative is called an Affix. Attached at the beginning of a word it is called a Prefix, attached at the end, a Suffix. A Hybrid is a compound or derivative containing elements which come from different languages. A Syllable consists of a single vowel sound with or without accompanying consonants. Analysis is the resolution of a sentence into its essential parts. Parsing is the statement of the part of speech to which a word belongs, its inflexion if it has any, and its syntactical relations with other words in the sentence. An Alphabet is the complete collection of the letters used in writing a language. A Phonetic System of spelling is one in which words are written according to their sound. W. E. G. 19 Orthographical expedients are devices by which the deficiencies of an alphabet are supplied. Accent is the stress of the voice laid upon a syllable in a word. Emphasis is the stress of the voice laid upon a word or words in a sentence. Metathesis is a transposition of letters in a word. Umlaut is the modification of a root-vowel owing to the influence of a suffix. Changes in words arising from a desire to economise effort in speech are said to be due to Euphony. A Vowel is a sound by the aid of which any consonantal sound can be audibly produced. A Consonant is a sound which will not enable us to produce audibly sounds which are by themselves almost inaudible. A Diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds in the same syllable. 291 APPENDIX II PASSAGES FOR ANALYSIS. 1. Who is this?—Why are you so late?-Give me your hand.-To bliss domestic he his heart resigned.-There is said to have been a battle. He will succeed or die.-Twilight's soft dews steal o'er the village green.-Let me stay at home. His horse being killed, he was taken prisoner. Your voiceless lips, O flowers, are living preachers. 2. Whatever the consequences may be, I shall go my way.-Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.-No other allegorist has ever been able to make abstractions objects of terror, of pity, and of love.-None but the brave deserves the fair.-This is made of the same material as that. 3. Who will undertake it, if it be not also a service of honour?— Won is the glory, and the grief is past.—It is not true that he said that. -Plain living and high thinking are no more.-To the great virtues of that gentleman I shall always join with my country in paying a just tribute of applause. 5. 6. I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close, Hope for a season bade the world farewell, And Freedom shrieked as Kosciusko fell. 8. 9. Where danced the moon on Monan's rill, He that has light within his own clear breast 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Stone walls do not a prison make, A free and quiet mind can take High on a throne of royal state Last noon beheld them full of lusty light; The World is too much with us: late and soon, We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear; The innocent are gay; the lark is gay, In this poor gown my dear lord found me first, And bid me cast it. The heights, by great men reached and kept, But they, while their companions slept, Then burst his mighty heart; And, in his mantle muffling up his face, Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar fell. 20. How happy is he born and taught, 21. And statesmen at her council met 22. Who knew the seasons when to take The bounds of freedom wider yet. When the men who were exploring the pit ascertained that the water had reached a certain level, they knew that the imprisoned colliers could not be rescued without great difficulty. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Soon as the evening shades prevail, The moon takes up the wondrous tale, Whilst all the stars that round her burn, And spread the truth from pole to pole. He many an evening to his distant home Grow larger in the darkness; all alone And travelled through the wood with no one near. Against a wakeful foe, while I, abroad, Through all the coasts of dark destruction seck The lively Grecian, in a land of hills, Rivers and fertile plains, and sounding shores, Could find commodious place for every god, Thus with the year Seasons return: but not to me returns |