proachable life and devotion to his country had gained universal respect and regard, was elected together with Domenico Nanni Levara, and Domenico Tonini, both of whom are patterns of all that is excellent. How great was the courage shown by these citizens would be sufficiently proved to every noble mind by the mere acceptance of so onerous a charge in the midst of such difficulties, even if the memory of the evils which they prevented were not present to the minds of the Bolognese; incalculable benefits which, lightly forgotten or repaid with ingratitude by contemporaries, ought to be treasured up by history with grateful care.

The armistice having terminated, the Austrians returned to the assault with renewed vigour and a reinforcement of artillery and bombs; they diverted the Reno Canal from its course, let loose the soldiery in the pleasant neighbouring villas, and gave them up to pillage, so that they sacked and devastated all of them; furniture was broken, provisions stolen or cast to the winds, statues thrown down, the Villa Bignami set on fire whilst a body of soldiers was stationed round to prevent the flames, which very soon destroyed it utterly, from being extinguished. This without the walls; within, amidst the thunder of artillery and the clanging of bells, songs and frenzied cries and warlike shouts arose, and by the frightful light of the conflagrations caused by the falling bombs, the maddened populace was seen joining in frantic dances round the tree of liberty; thus whilst the city was battered from without by Austrian barbarity, it trembled within beneath the impending perils of a savage mob. No

longer was there a shadow of discipline amongst the soldiers; they did not obey Pichi, and Marescotti obeyed the popular leaders in order to preserve some semblance of authority; the unbridled multitude, headed by a Brescianini, a Bellini, and other political actors, who abused the magistrates, and wished to rule themselves, no longer acknowledged the restraint imposed by the laws or by the usages of civilisation. On the 11th of the month it was reported that Romagna was moving to their aid, and when it was ascertained from the summit of the towers that the road beyond the Porta Maggiore was free from Austrians, they attempted to go and meet their expected friends, but they were scarcely outside the walls before they were attacked on all sides, killed, wounded, trampled upon, and dispersed; of the succours from Romagna nothing more was heard.

The magistrates then sent the Marquis Luigi Tanari, and Angelo Padovani to Wimpffen to request another armistice, but the only answer the Austrian vouchsafed was a menacing proclamation, and the next day he put forth another, in which he announced the arrival of General Gorzhowski, the Governor of Mantua, who was famed for his great severity. But neither the bombs, which did much injury, nor the menaces, interlarded with the elegant phrases with which the Austrians murder our language, nor the break-jaw name of the Governor of Mantua, had any effect on the rulers of the Piazza, who imagined the enemy to be few in numbers, and discouraged by the resistance they had met with, and who were still expecting aid from

Romagna. Thus passed two more days, a period which seemed endless when measured by the palpitating fears of the troubled citizens, and by the incessant thunder of the artillery. On the 15th the magistrates decided that a new deputation should be sent off, consisting of two citizens, two officers of the National Guard, and two of the most restless and noisy of the popular leaders, of whom one, Garagnani by name, was so alarmed in the street San Felice, by the artillery, that he took to his heels and hid himself; and Zannolini took care to tell the people of his cowardice. Wimpffen proposed surrender at discretion, the delivery of all the arms, of the Lombard refugees, of the agitators, and six of the most respectable citizens as hostages, giving them until five o'clock in the morning to decide.

In the meantime the conflagrations, the rapine, and the devastations around the camp increased, together with the horrors of military licence; women were violated, men assassinated, amongst them an old man whilst attempting to save his daughter-in-law from brutal violence. It was now only six days since the Austrians had besieged the city, victory was certain and at hand, and these people, in whose country they were committing so many ravages, had not shown them a single sign of enmity! The popular leaders, who had persuaded themselves and others that the number of the besiegers was small, and their artillery insignificant, became so disheartened when they had seen with their own eyes what the forces arrayed against them really were, that on their return to Bologna they im

mediately began to assert that all further resistance was useless, and that it was time for all who were alarmed to consult their own safety. The magistrates, in consequence of this, decided to go themselves to the camp, accompanied by the Cardinal Archbishop Opizzoni, and the military commanders; they intimated this to the city, and signified their intention of obtaining conditions which should be consistent with honour and humanity; meantime the citizens must conduct themselves so as to ennoble and dignify misfortune.

At dawn on the 16th they went to Borgo Panigale, and were introduced to Gorzhowski, who had been nominated Civil and Military General of the province of Bologna; they were then ushered into the presence of Wimpffen, Prince Albert of Austria, General Strassoldi, and Monsignor Bedini. The Senator Zannolini commenced by saying that he could not, without dishonour, accept the terms which had been offered the preceding day; he proposed that Bologna should open her gates to the besiegers provided that the city were not punished for its resistance, and the combatants and refugees suffered no molestation; he trusted that the Austrian Generals would honour and not humiliate a brave people, who had been fighting during a week against such odds, and that the Pope's Legate would not add to the misfortunes which were signalising the restoration of the Pontifical Government. The Archbishop added words worthy of a priest, and it was then stipulated that four of the gates of the city should be given up to the Imperial troops; that the few troops of

VOL. IV.

K

the line should keep guard over the artillery in the Governor's palace, secure order, and swear fidelity to the Pope; that the arms should be surrendered at the Porta Castiglione to Austrian and Bolognese Commissioners; that no citizen or foreigner in Bologna should be annoyed or punished on account of the war or for political reasons. The magistrates notified the articles of capitulation to the city, and recommended dignity and submission, the popular leaders dispersed, the citizens were overwhelmed with grief, and the Austrians made their entry amidst profound silence. Gorzhowski gave orders, on the 18th of May, for all the arms, powder, and ammunition to be given up within forty-eight hours, in due time they would be restored; the Papal arms to be put up again; all meetings and assemblies prohibited; only four gates of the city to be kept open; every citizen to be in-doors at midnight; volunteers and the National Guard to be disarmed; the censorship of the press to be restored; every tri-coloured badge prohibited; summary justice in twenty-four hours, penalty death. Officers and soldiers effaced the marks of ownership from the arms which private citizens surrendered, and appropriated the best; the rest were sent to Mantua, and thus was performed the promise which the Austrians had made to restore them.

I will not follow the Austrians in their progress across Romagna, where, after the fall of Bologna, nothing followed worth remembrance. Nor will I describe the manner in which Monsignor Bedini began his government, since this will form the subject of the