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gained no advantage by their sorties, which were made more under the influence of boldness than of discipline and experience, whilst the French were always on the alert, and observed all the vigilance which is customary in armies well disciplined and commanded. The Romans sallied forth on the 5th and 6th with too much noise and impetuosity; they sallied forth every day to protect the defences, and often fought hand to hand with the enemy. Two companies of the first battalion ventured one day too far from the works, and encountered a large party of French, whom they determined to attack, and did attack with such impetuosity that they drove them beyond the lines of which they made themselves masters, and when their ammunition was exhausted, they continued to pelt them with stones. Stern, a Pole, who had served in Africa with the French, and was decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honour, cried out, "Aim at my breast, aim at this cross, you villains!" and being struck on the head by a bullet, dripping with blood he still cried out, "Fire lower, traitors, fire lower!" and continued to cry out and to shoot till he was killed. A captain belonging to the legion of Manara, who had been wounded in the breast on the 3rd, was resolved, a few days afterwards, to sally forth and fight in the front ranks, and to fire with his carbine, which he well knew how to use; being again wounded, he still went on firing, until his valiant spirit departed with his blood.

CHAPTER X.

THE SPANIARDS AT TERRACINA.-DELEGATES FROM THE ARMIES OF SPAIN AND NAPLES TO GENERAL OUDINOT.-OUDINOT'S ANSWER.PROVISIONS MADE BY THE ROMAN

RAPINE.-INSTANCES

GOVERNMENT.-HYPOCRISY.

GIVEN. MENACES OF OUDINOT.--ANSWERS

OF THE ASSEMBLY AND THE TRIUMVIRS. · -REASONS OF MAZZINI'S OBSTINACY. HIS FANCIES.-NATURAL CONSEQUENCES OF HIS

FANCIES.-OBSERVATIONS.-REMARKS

ON THE PARISIAN EVENTS

OF THE 13TH OF JUNE.-CONSEQUENCES AT ROME.-RUSCONI'S OPINION. OBSTINACY.-BOASTING.- OBSERVATIONS.- LETTER OF M. DE COURCELLES.-MAZZINI'S ANSWER.-APPEAL MADE BY THE FOREIGN CONSULS.

ABOUT this time, from 6000 to 8000 Spaniards, commanded by General Cordova, loaded with the blessings of the Pope and the caresses of the Court of Gaeta, landed on the Roman territory, and occupied Terracina and the environs, hoping to take part in the siege and in the conquest of Rome. The King of Naples also, when he saw that the negotiations undertaken by Lesseps had failed, and that a violent turn had been given to the French enterprise, imagined that the Via Sacra to the triumphs of the Capitol was open to him. On the 7th of June, therefore, Colonel de Agostino, and Lieutenant-Colonel Nunziante, his Aides-de-camp, accompanied Colonel Bunenaga, the Head of the Spanish Staff, to General Oudinot, to offer the aid of the Spanish and Neapolitan troops. The Frenchman

answered that it was the duty of France, as the eldest daughter of the Church, to head the enterprise for the restoration of the temporal power of the Pope, which was closely connected with the spiritual power, but that the political situation of France, and the nature of her Government, placed him in a delicate position, and made it incumbent on him to oppose such illiberal measures as might be agreeable to Naples, Spain, and Austria, placed as they were under a different form of government. He had endeavoured at first to conduct himself towards the Romans rather as a pacificator than an enemy; but, since the 30th of April, he had lost all hope of conquering their obstinacy, and had made up his mind to chastise them by force; the advice of M. Lesseps had been the cause of vexatious delay; reinforcements, to a greater amount than necessary, had at last arrived from France, and orders had been sent to commence the attack. He had made himself master of the suburbs of Rome, and the works of approach were already advanced; Rome would soon fall, and the French army would obtain the splendid reparation which was due to its honour. But as that reparation would not be sufficient, unless it were obtained by their own forces, he could not accept the proffered aid; on the contrary, it was his duty to signify that he could not allow any army to approach Rome in the character of an ally; he would be obliged to repel it as an enemy, should it advance. He, therefore, signified to the delegates of the Spanish and Neapolitan armies, as he had already intimated to the Austrian General, that it was the intention of France to make

her entry into Rome by herself. When he had thus spoken, he wrote to General Cordova in the same style.

War having commenced, the Roman Assembly sat in permanence, and the committee of barricades resumed its office of exciting the minds of the citizens and the people, who had been greatly exasperated by the failure of the negotiations undertaken by M. Lesseps, the occupation of Monte Mario, and the breach of the promise made by General Oudinot not to attack Rome until the morning of the 4th. So much so, that on the 3rd of June 7000 Romans were under arms, besides those belonging to the regular troops, or the legion of volunteers. The Government took care to keep up the enthusiasm by an increase of pay to all who were employed in the works; by giving bread to the hungry; providing that the small articles left in pledge in the Monte di Pietà should not be sold, and that poor families, who inhabited dwellings exposed to the artillery of the enemy, should be lodged in houses and in palaces secure from injury. Then women of the lower classes were seen gladly abandoning their wretched hovels, and directing their steps towards sumptuous dwellings, where they strutted about amidst the elegances and splendid furniture of the Princesses they had looked upon with envy. Poor creatures ! Perhaps they imagined at that moment that Fortune's wheel had turned, and she was about to load them with imperishable gifts. The authorities also took heed to the administration of religious services, because the whim of being the Anti-Pope, or Patriarch, or Prophet,

or I know not what other high priest of I know not what other religion, was constantly fermenting in Mazzini's brain; and thus, as he had formerly wished to celebrate the Novum Pascha, he now wanted to celebrate, after his own fashion, the festival of Corpus Domini. But whilst performing these acts of devotion, which savoured of impiety to the faithful, of hypocrisy to all, the unbridled and licentious faction which ruled in the streets was active in committing every possible kind of outrage against the priests; and amidst hymns. of liberty and greetings of brotherhood, dwellings were broken into, rights were violated, this citizen was insulted in his person, that one in his property, and requisitions for the precious metals were temptations to robbery and a pretext for rapine. These charges are proved by the very proclamations and decrees which the Government issued, in order to prevent and punish such rascality; as also by the fact that some of the persons who were appointed to superintend the requisitions sent in their resignations, and the requisitions themselves were so badly managed and administered that the Commission of Finance would never undertake the office, or be responsible for them. Nor could the Government reduce things to order, however much it may have wished and attempted, for thieves were more powerful than it. As a proof of this assertion, I may mention that a chest of silver had been sealed, on one occasion, in the offices belonging to the Triumvirate, and in the presence of Valentini, a most upright Administrator of the Finances, and that the day after, when he ordered

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