bini had proposed, the motion was lost, and it was well that Rome did not taste the delights of Sterbinian rule.

What

Whilst time was thus wasted in these tumults and disputes, the French made a lodgment on the breach, and fortified themselves there in such a manner, that the attack, as planned by Roselli, became impracticable. Mazzini himself confessed he had no longer any hope, and he wrote thus on the 22nd to Luciano Manara: “I consider Rome as fallen," but he wished to have the satisfaction (he also wrote), not to subscribe his name to capitulations, which he foresaw would be inevitable, yet the same evening his bravos spread abroad reports of fortunate news from France. wonderful constancy! what heroic virtue was shown in those days by the noblest soldiers of Rome! that is to say, by all those brave youths who had brandished their swords for the independence of Italy in 1848, and who would not sheathe them again whilst war was carried on in any part of Italy against the foreigner. Republicans or no, for many were not, and the majority were not Mazzinians, they clung to their standard without any hope of victory, yet they did not murmur, neither did they raise a tumult nor complain; they endured unheard-of fatigue; they suffered and died for their own honour, for the honour of Italy.

On the 24th the French Artillery, posted on the curtain of the Bastions, 6 and 7, began to attack the Romans, who defended themselves with the guns which they had posted on San Pietro in Montorio, and fortified themselves within the ancient Aurelian wall.

The legion, known by the name Medici, still occupied the whole of the Vascello Palace, and other houses situated at a little distance from the breach, and performed prodigies of valour. A party of young men, who had thrown themselves into the Casino Barberini, were surrounded by the enemy, and every one of them slain, after a struggle which was so furious that one of them had five-and-twenty wounds, and twenty were killed and buried beneath the ruins of the Vascello Palace, which fell on the 26th; still the Medici troops did not retreat. On the 27th the Villa Savorelli, where Garibaldi had taken up his quarters, fell beneath the fire of the artillery; San Pietro in Montorio, the Corsini Palace, and the adjacent houses were also very much damaged; almost all the wounded left the hospitals to add their numbers to the forces engaged, some of them worked, some fought, some ran to extinguish, so they fancied, the fusees of the bombs which were showering around; as there were not sufficient artillerymen, the soldiers of the line and the volunteers took the posts of those who had fallen; some young men remained on duty two days and three nights consecutively, without taking any repose. The headquarters had been removed to the Villa Spada; the defence had been reduced to the Aurelian rampart and to the Bastion No. 8, thundered against by the enemy's artillery; the night of St. Peter, the 29th of June, was tempestuous; the thunder of the storm alternated with the roar of the artillery; the lightning mingled its sharp flashes with the brilliant illuminations on the Cupola of Michael Angelo; the French entered the city during

that night. Garibaldi, with his sword drawn, ran about, endeavouring to animate the people with his voice and by his example; a bloody combat followed, in which 400 Italians were killed; other noble lives were lost not far from the fray. Luciano Manara perished, officers fought with muskets, with swords, and with their hands, like common soldiers; many artillerymen were killed, lashed to their guns, which they would not abandon the French triumphed. Let our anger be calmed by the sight of these corpses. Reader, if thou art of Italian blood, bless those who in dying defended the honour of Italy, fighting against the foreigner; here there is neither party spirit nor question of party-it is Italian soil that the foreigner tramples; they are defenders of their country who have fallen. Peace and honour to their ashes!

The Asssembly, which in the previous days had been discussing the Constitution of the Republic, moved by anger, and filled with grief, met on the morning of the 30th of June in the Capitol. Cernuschi was the first to rise and propose that all further resistance should be declared impossible, and that the Assembly should remain at its post. Mazzini enters with a pallid face, he rages and hopes; in his opinion there are three alternatives; to surrender, or to re-enact the prodigies of Saragossa, or for the Government, Assembly, and army to quit Rome, and continue the struggle in the provinces; the first an unworthy course, the other two dignified and noble. The Assembly remained silent, uncertain how to act, when General Bartolucci broke silence, affirming that Garibaldi had himself assured

Mazzini that all resistance beyond the Tiber was impossible, on which the Assembly complained of the Triumvir for concealing the truth and sent for Garibaldi. He made his appearance, dripping with sweat, and his clothes stained with blood, and, like an honest man, declared what was the truth, that resistance beyond the Tiber was impossible; resistance on this side tremendous and useless; that they could only hold out for a few days; that to defend Rome in the streets was vain, since the French were masters of the heights, and he concluded by saying that it would be a cruel thing to attempt such a course; it was better to quit Rome. But the majority would not agree to this, though some of the Deputies coincided in the opinion, and Mazzini tried to bring others round to it; so the course proposed by Cernuschi was adopted in the following terms:—

"In the name of God and the People. The Constituent Roman Assembly ceases from a defence which has become impracticable, and remains at its post."

The business of treating with the French was then confided to the Municipality of Rome. Mazzini left the Assembly in indignation, and in resigning his office, wrote words full of anger and reproof, which greatly annoyed the Deputies, but not to such a degree as to prevent them from proclaiming the former Triumvirs to have merited well of their country, when Saliceti, Mariani, and Calandrelli were elected in their stead. Mazzini, Avvezana, and the committee of barricades then took leave of the Romans, praising their bravery, and entreating them to maintain their fidelity towards

the Republic. Garibaldi mustered his troops in the Piazza San Pietro, and proposed to them to quit Rome, to avoid the abhorred sight of the victorious army, to throw themselves into the provinces, to excite them to rise and to fall upon the Austrians. "I offer you," he said, "new battles and fresh glory, at the price of great exertions and great perils; let him who has a heart follow me; let him who still has faith in the fortunes. of Italy follow me. Having dyed our fingers in French blood, let us go and plunge our hands in German blood." His name was lauded to the skies, and 5000 men enrolled themselves in his service, and swore to follow him. But intelligence was meantime received that the negotiations undertaken by the Municipality had failed of influencing General Oudinot's mind, and a furious desire arose in consequence to attempt a desperate resistance in the streets of Rome, and it would have been carried into execution if the advice of the newly-elected Triumvirs, and the firmness shown by some officers, amongst whom was Cololonel Pasi, had not preserved Rome from such an act of desperation. Then Mazzini proposed to the Assembly that it should elect Commissioners, who should follow Garibaldi, as Dictators of the Republic, to govern and fight where they could, and the motion was carried in the morning, but on being proposed again in the evening it was lost.

The Municipal Magistrates, who had gone to General Oudinot, had proposed these Articles: "That the French army should enter Rome; that all the barricades and works of defence should be destroyed; that