Romagna. Garibaldi marched during the whole of the 29th, and arrived at Macerata Feltria in the evening; the following day he occupied Pietra Rubbia, recommenced his march, ran the risk of losing himself in the woods, was attacked in a valley by the enemy from the adjoining heights, but, in spite of all, arrived with his people at San Marino on the 31st, where he published the following manifesto:

"Soldiers! we have reached a land of refuge, and must conduct ourselves with propriety towards our generous hosts. We shall thus merit the consideration which is due to persecuted misfortune. I exonerate my comrades from all obligations, and leave them free to return to their homes; but let them remember that Italy ought not to remain under oppression, and that it is better to die than to live as slaves to the foreigner."

The Austrians were making preparations for attacking the Republic of San Marino, but the authorities, anxious to come to terms, went to General Gorzhowski, who was then at Rimini, and who intimated to them that he would act with forbearance if the legions would lay down their arms; that he would permit them to return to their homes, and that he would send Garibaldi to America; in the meantime 10,000 men took possession of the passes. Part of the legions, on hearing this proposal, cried out, "Surrender! Never! better die; to Venice! to Venice!" and Garibaldi, starting up, raised his haughty head, and exclaimed, “I offer fresh sufferings, greater perils, death, perhaps, to all who will follow me; but terms with the foreignernever!" (Why was not Mazzini, who swore he would never come to terms with the foreigner, why was not

he with Garibaldi?) Then he mounted his horse, and departed with 300 men and his wife. On reaching Cesenatico, he took the few Austrians who were in the garrison prisoners, made ready thirteen fishing-boats, and on the morning of the 3rd of August, steered for Venice.

The Austrian, after seeking him in vain on the hills and in the valleys, put forth a proclamation, in which he threatened death to any one who should shelter Garibaldi, guide him, or give fire, bread, or water to him, or to his followers, or to his pregnant wife. He then went to San Marino, and agreed with the authorities to give liberty to the 900 men who had consented to lay down their arms. He afterwards caused these men to be stopped on the road, and sent prisoners to Bologna; the Lombards he consigned to the prisons of Mantua, and set the Romans at liberty after they had each received thirty blows with a stick.

Garibaldi, who was a skilful navigator, and sailing with a favourable wind, had already rounded the Punta di Maestra, and could see the towers of the Queen of the Adriatic, when the Austrian ships attacked him, and the wind became no longer propitious. The sailors lost courage at the discharge of the cannon, but Garibaldi's heart did not fail him. He attempted to force a passage, and kept his boats together for the purpose, until one of the enemy's ships separated them. Eight got scattered; in vain he attempted to rally them; they were taken, and the prisoners, loaded with chains, were sent to the fortress of Pola. Garibaldi escaped with the rest, and, driven upon the Roman

coast, succeeded in landing on the shore of Mesola on the morning of the 5th of August. He had with him his wife, Ciceruacchio with his two sons, a Lombard officer of the name of Livraghi, a Barnabite monk named Bassi, and other officers and soldiers whose names are not known. They endeavoured to seek safety in flight; Garibaldi, with his Anita and a comrade, directed their steps towards Ravenna, and travelled for two days, recognised, sheltered, and succoured by the peasants, the police, and the revenue officers, in spite of the Austrian proclamation. But on the third day his wife, exhausted by anxiety and fatigue, fainted, and in a short time breathed her last, in the arms of her inconsolable husband. Garibaldi then went to Ravenna, thence to Tuscany, afterwards to Genoa and Tunis, and lastly emigrated to America. The others, who had been driven on shore with him, wandered at hazard amidst the woods and on the moors, chased, slain like wild beasts, and left unburied. Nothing was ever heard of the greater portion, but melancholy accounts remain of two, Ugo Bassi the Barnabite, and Livraghi, who were put in chains and taken to Bologna, where we shall see how their lives finished miserably soon afterwards. Thus ended the Roman Republic.

It is well to remember here that the Pontifical Allocution of the 29th of April, 1848, had excited the national spirit against the Papacy by reviving the old feeling, which is strongly opposed to the union of so much temporal power with the spiritual, the source of so much influence, and which looks upon this temporal power as a lasting obstacle to the union of Italy. That

document was the cause why all who were intent upon rendering their country free were alienated from a Principality which breaks the arms that would avenge it, and polishes those that wound it; and while some felt a preference for a lay principality, others for a Republican Government, all felt contempt for the Papal Government, whence reverence and fidelity became extinct, and the Government, tolerated but not loved, fell a prey to factions and fortune; and as then, so always, whatever Italian State is inimical, or opposed, or indifferent to national redemption, will become a prey to factions and fortune.

After the events of the 15th and 16th of November had taken place, the departure of the Pope from the State of which he was no longer absolute sovereign, but constitutional prince, the lack of sagacious councils in the Cardinal and the Prelate to whom he had deputed the office of governing in his name, and the audience denied at Gaeta to the Deputies of the Parliament and the Municipality, were the causes which had given rise to the Provisional Government. The Gaetan Court, which was equally desirous to recover the State for the Church, and the honour and profit of absolute empire for the clergy, facilitated the schemes of the insurrectionists, and opened the door for the Constituent Assembly, by disclaiming the advice of the Constitutional party and the good offices and assistance of Piedmont. The excommunication with which both electors and elected were menaced, who should have anything to do with the Assembly, had only played into the hands of the Republicans; yet, notwithstanding

this, the Republic, which was but the creation of a few, had no vitality, and would have expired without honour and without commiseration, if the Gaetan Court, by calling in foreign aid, had not exasperated all those to whom foreign invasion is, and ought to be, hateful. Menaces and dangers strengthened the Mazzinian party, which was always foremost in embracing extreme measures. It knew its own wants and wishes (a great advantage in critical conjunctures), and it wished for all which might profit its master, who was, in point of fact, Dictator. The French, when they attacked Rome, and General Oudinot, when he attempted it to his loss on the 30th of April, began the history of the Mazzinian Republic. Whoever seeks for the causes which led to the events that took place in Rome; whoever studies them in a calm and impartial spirit, will attribute them, not to the crimes committed by a few assassins alone, or to the malice of a few conspirators, or the intoxication of a few amongst the people; but having taken into account these and similar accessories, the extraordinary times, and the indifference of the multitude, will come to the conclusion that Italy was deeply indebted, for its history of the Mazzinian revolution, to France and to the clergy. In this history we read, it is true, vapid declamations, servile imitations, puerile trifles, atrocious acts of vengeance, and heinous crimes; but we also read of combats, victories, lavish expenditure of life, perils, and temerity. We see noble-minded youths, who fall with arms in their hands, and fiery leaders, who defy the god of battles,