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count their wounds, and exhibit them with pride; we behold traces of the steel and of bullets on monuments sacred to religion and the arts; memorials these which survive in the hearts of men far longer than the events and the errors of Governments; memories which comfort the conquered and disturb the joy of the victors; which console the aged, strengthen the resolves of men, kindle the enthusiasm of the young, enamour maidens, and make mothers proud; which furnish food for hope, a bond for conspiracies, and a creed for national redemption!

VOL. IV.

R

BOOK VII.

FROM THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC TO THE YEAR 1850.

CHAPTER I.

PROVISIONS MADE BY THE FRENCH IN ROME.-M. DE COURCELLES.HIS CHOICE OF MINISTERS. HIS ADVICE. -THE GENERALS.CHARACTER OF THEIR ADVISERS. TESTIMONY BORNE BY THE FRENCH TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE REPUBLICAN FINANCES. -CONDITION OF THE TREASURY.- - QUANTITY OF PAPER MONEY.BASE MONEY AND SMALL NOTES.-CALCULATION.-GALLI, COMMISSIONER OF FINANCE.-PREDOMINANT DESIRES AT GAETA.—URGENT REQUESTS OF THE FRENCH AMBASSADORS.-ANSWER OF THE POPE.THEIR DESIRES AND PROCEEDINGS.-REMARKS.-ILLIBERAL DECREES AND DEMONSTRATIONS AT ROME.-PROCLAMATION DY GENERAL

OUDINOT.-RELIGIOUS POMP IN ST. PETER'S.-ACCESSORIES OF THE FESTIVAL.-NOMINATION OF THE MUNICIPAL BODY.-THE POLICE.-REGULATIONS.-RESTORATION OF ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION.-LETTER OF GENERAL OUDINOT.-MANIFESTO OF THE POPE. OBSERVATIONS.-FEELINGS AND SENTIMENTS OF THE ROMANS.-EVENTS.-BANQUETS AND FUNERAL SOLEMNITIES.- -CARDINALS DELLA GENGA, VANICELLI, AND ALTIERI.-NOTICES OF THEM. -THEIR PROCLAMATION.-COUNCILLORS OF THE CARDINAL TRI

UMVIRS.-MINISTERS.-NOTICES OF THEM.

As soon as they were masters of Rome, the French began to make the regulations usual with armies in a conquered city, but less severe than those made by the Austrians in the provinces. There was a pompous display of soldiers and a military police, but no ferocious bands, no insolence, no punishments; the citizens were rather requested to deliver up their arms than deprived

of them by force; the soldiers who were willing to enter the Pope's service were allowed to retain them, and passports were given to all who wished to leave the State. M. de Courcelles, who had been charged to endeavour to moderate the views of the Gaetan Court, applied himself to seek for persons who might administer affairs provisionally, and endeavoured to make good selections, whilst, being a religious as well as a liberal man, he was always hoping that he should be able to reinstate the Pope in public opinion, and to restore order to Rome; to place the temporal Government on a sure foundation, and authority on the reputation of respectable magistrates. At first, therefore, without the wish, and little to the satisfaction of Gaeta, kind words were spoken, good selections made, and no acts of severity performed; the Magistrates of the Commune elected by the people were retained in their offices; the aid and advice of honourable men requested; Lunati was elected Commissioner of Finance, Piacentini of Justice, Cavalieri of Public Works, and other posts were assigned to others. But the Generals spoke and acted after a different fashion, and being entirely ignorant of the condition of the State, of the wants and desires of the people, and of the nature and character of the clerical Government, they were crammed with all kinds of miraculous stories about the clergy, and sacrileges committed by the Liberals, by the clique who paid court to them. Moreover, as right-minded men are not accustomed to force themselves on the intimacy of strangers, or to cringe to them, the Constitution

alists, aware of the immutable designs of Gaeta, and the uncertain intentions of ever-changing France, held themselves aloof; even those among the Illiberals who were persons of influence and importance, were kept back, if not by conscience, at any rate by shame and the fear of popular castigation; and thus the Generals were surrounded by the ignorant, obscure, and base—enemies of liberty and Italy-enemies, also, of the good name and reputation of France. Obsequious, flatterers, impudent, they calumniated honourable men, lauded the evil, mocked the estimable, exalted the mean; according to them they knew everybody; they were acquainted with everything; they assumed the holiness of saints, the faith of apostles, the fortitude of martyrs; what perils had they not incurred for the sake of the Pope, of religion, and of the French! how much, alas, had they not suffered! And yet among these very men, who had become the oracles of the French Generals, were some who had pocketed pay from the Republic, others who had requested favours from it, or who had at the same time secretly demanded and obtained salaries and alms from Gaeta and the Republic.

General Oudinot, after he had in vain entreated Valentini and his colleagues to remain in office, deputed three officers to receive the cash and the portfolios of the Treasury. They executed their commission on the 7th and 8th of July, and certified not only that the cash was intact and the accounts correct, but that the finances had been administered with such order, rectitude, and ability as was astonishing, when

compared with the times and the usages of the clerical Administration, of which they left a written testimony. There was in the exchequer 190,953 scudi in coin and paper notes, 406,287 scudi in credits, bank-notes, and bills of exchange; in all, 597,240 scudi. Valentini delivered up all the paper prepared for making notes; the instruments necessary for manufacturing them, and an account of the notes which had been issued up to the 6th of July; an account of the metal which was in the mint, and of all the base money coined; a copy of the laws which sanctioned the issue of the different kinds of money; in a word, every document which appertained to the finances and to the Treasury. The Pontifical Government had issued Treasury Bonds to the amount of 2,500,000 scudi; the province of Bologna had issued to the amount of 200,000 scudi; the Constitutional Parliament had provided for the issue of 1,200,000 scudi; the Provisional Government to the amount of 251,000 scudi; so that when the Republic was established, there were 4,151,000 scudi in circulation. The Constituent Assembly had given money value to 1,100,000 scudi of notes of the Bank of Rome; the Triumvirs created 1,000,000 scudi of Bonds of the Republic on the 29th April; the Assembly created 4,000,000 scudi on the 15th June, but only 1,963,000 scudi had been put into circulation, because the Republican Commissioners of Finance did not use the authority which they possessed of issuing the other 3,003,700 scudi [2,037,000?] of paper money. Thus the sum total of paper money in circulation at the period when the Pontifical Government was restored, including the notes of the bank, amounted to 7,828,300

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