they had taken the only measures which were compatible with the condition in which the City and the State then were, and that their conduct merited praise, not reproof, for that as they had been forced at the command of the Government, and by popular tyranny, to take a part, they had passed a vote which was neither favourable to the Republic nor absolutely contrary to the temporal dominion of the Pope; they had only declared themselves opposed to a special mode of that Government, a mode which all the Potentates of Europe had disapproved for a long time past by solemn protocols, and which the Prince himself had, so to speak, utterly condemned. If it should be more agreeable to Monsignor Bedini, they would wait until the Pope should return to his State, before they made their wishes known to him; but meantime they believed that the expression of the wishes and hopes of the majority could never be unacceptable to the august Prince, who had taken care, in his encyclical letter, always to separate the factious agitators among his subjects, from the majority who were well intentioned and moderate. "To so benevolent a pontiff as Pius IX.," they wrote, "the ingratitude and perversity of some, can never prove an obstacle to the good of all. It cannot be displeasing to that illustrious Reformer, entirely intent on securing the happiness of the people confided to him by Providence, to find that, after so many painful vicissitudes, and so many misfortunes, the peaceful and lasting reestablishment of his kingdom has become possible. The fundamental idea of the Council, by which it truly expresses the opinion of the whole city, and we may

venture to add, of the State, is that of a real and lasting concord between Prince and people. This concord has for its basis, the maintenance of the constitutional privileges already granted to these provinces, desirous to be governed in the same mode as that which obtains at the present day amongst all civilised nations."

The prelate answered anew, that they had better delay the expression of their wishes to a more favourable opportunity; and advised that the deputation should content themselves for the present with a simple testimony of homage and devotion. On which Zannolini, the senator, took his departure for Gaeta, accompanied by Count Carlo Marsili, and Gaetano Zucchini, all excellent men, who ought to have been dear to the Pope, if those had been dear to him who maintained their fidelity intact, in the midst of so many dangers, and in spite of so many opposite examples. They were courteously received at Gaeta, but soon perceived that the Court did not give them credit for the fidelity which they had maintained towards the Statute, nor for their wish to restore it; and on their return to Bologna, they learnt that the Commissioner had received orders to dismiss and dissolve the Municipality. In consequence of which, the Council unanimously passed the following resolution by ballot at their last sitting:

"The Communal Council, in conformity with the declarations already put forth, feels it to be its duty, in the act of its being dissolved, to reiterate the expression of the wishes and desires of the country.

"It is firmly persuaded that the restoration of the Prince

will not be unaccompanied by the re-establishment of those representative institutions which could not be withheld without prejudice to the country.

"The Council is persuaded that the best guarantee for order and progress will be found in the consolidation of constitutional liberty, and it invokes, with loyalty and confidence, the preservation of the Statute, as the best pledge of civilisation and concord.

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Finally, the Council confides the carrying into effect of these desires to the municipal authority, which will be its successor."

The Pontifical Commissioner and the Austrian General conferred together in their turn, and resolved that a fine of 2000 scudi should be imposed on those who had passed the resolution, and that each should be responsible for all; it was accordingly paid. Ravenna, Forli, Ferrara, and the other cities, which were on the point of selecting deputies, to go to Gaeta to petition for free institutions, abstained from doing so, being warned by the example of Bologna, that even the liberty of petition was denied, and sent a merely complimentary deputation.

As Gaeta had deputed a Prelate to act as Commissioner Extraordinary to govern the four Legations, so it sent other Prelates to other parts of the State, to fulfil the same office, and these Commissioners nominated Pro-Legates over the administrative departments: most of them were laymen, some temperate in their views, others servile; but they were all of them magistrates without power, subject to the prelatic Commissioner, and to the caprices of foreign soldiers.

A uniform system was everywhere pursued; a state

of siege, as they called it; Censorship; the Police half military, half civil, but more or less severe, in the different provinces of the State, according to the character and habits of the various foreigners who occupied them, and sometimes in the same province, according to the humours of the different commanders. The Austrians did not interpret or administer the "state of siege" with the moderation shown by the French, but made a regulation, that crimes, transgressions, and OMISSIONS should be visited either with summary judgment, or subjected to trial by courts-martial; they gave warning, that summary judgment DID

NOT RECOGNISE ANY PENALTY EXCEPTING THAT OF

DEATH, and that it took cognisance of, and judged as high treason, every action directly aimed at forcibly changing the form of Government, or causing, or increasing dangers from without, directed against the State; the detention, concealment, conveying away of arms and ammunition; participation in insurrection, in sedition, with arms or without; unlawful enrolments, or attempts to induce desertion; any resistance or violence towards the soldiery; theft or pillage. The courts-martial punished by imprisonment, varying from a month to one or more years, and by the imposition of fines the circulation of proclamations or revolutionary writings; any outrage whatever against the soldiers, the wearing of any revolutionary or party badges, which were not either Austrian or Pontifical; the singing of revolutionary songs, every kind of political demonstration, all disobedience to the orders of the soldiers, public meetings, or being present at any political demonstrations, disregard of police regula

tions, transgressions against the Censorship of the press, hospitality shown to refugees without denouncing them, defacing or pulling down the Papal arms. Deeds followed words; blood, proclamations: seven individuals, during the months of June and July, suffered the extreme penalty of the law, under sentence passed by the Austrians; two had been convicted of theft, three of false informations, two of the concealment of arms: on the 8th of August, Bassi, the Barnabite monk, and Livraghi suffered death. Gorzhowski sent them to the scaffold, drawn in a cart like assassins, without any form of trial, not even military, and without the consolation of the Viaticum, which Bassi earnestly entreated; the ecclesiastical power did not interfere, they died like Christians and brave men, and were buried like beasts, in a field. The people revered Bassi as a martyr, strewed garlands of flowers over the ground which covered his bones, and honour his memory to this day.

On the 2nd of August, the Cardinal Triumvirs annulled all the laws and regulations which had been in force since the 16th of November, 1848; all the Municipal Councils, and all the public officers nominated after the 16th of November, and instituted a Court of Censorship, to inquire into the character and conduct of the Government employés in every department. The next day they guaranteed the full value of the Treasury Bonds issued by the Pontifical Government, but at the same time they reduced, by 35 per cent., the value of those issued by the Provisional Government and the Republic, at which all the citizens complained bitterly,