they did not forget to reimpose all the old taxes and imposts, the farming of the duties, and the so-called protective tariffs; the tolls at the barriers, the fines, the regulations, and all the vexatious and severe police arrangements,—in short, all the vices of the old Administration, and with them all the old administrators. Monsignor Savelli also restored the punishment of the cavaletto, that is, of the stick, in prisons, and the French soldiers, who had already given him their aid in besieging the Ghetto, were present in arms at the first example which was given at Cività Vecchia. The Cardinals, who were very mistrustful, perhaps with good reason, of the troops which still remained under their banners, took away the command of them from the French generals, and gave the Ministry of War to Prince Orsini, who was entirely ignorant of military science, and of military administration. He was a proud and ambitious man, who had not been ashamed, a year before, to seek popular honours and favours by means of one of his intimate friends, who was diligent in his attendance on liberal meetings, and courted the Liberal ministry. All the few residuary troops were discharged by these means, and by this individual, and even the corps of the Carabineers, which was the only one that was respectable in point of discipline, was also disbanded. But the Motu proprio of Portici, and the manifesto on the Amnesty, which were lauded in France, were torn to pieces in Rome, daubed with mud, and received with loud menaces and imprecations. The Mazzinians alone turned them to account, for it was to their advantage that the people should not

be favoured with a civil and humane government; even the Puritans of the clerical party complained also, because they could not bear these shadows of Consultative colleges, which impaired the pure supremacy of the old Congregations. Compared with these Puritans, of whom, in the College of Cardinals, the two Triumvirs, Della Genga and Vannicelli, were the representatives, Cardinal Antonelli, though, on other accounts he was hated and envied, cut the figure of a dangerous Liberal; therefore the French Ambassadors, fearful of greater excesses, associated themselves with him, and spoke in his praise; and he succeeded in gaining for himself, to an astonishing degree, a reputation amongst foreigners, whilst he gave to the people a taste of the government and the temper of the Cardinals, his rivals.

CHAPTER IV.

EVENTS IN EUROPE.-REMARKS

ON THE DEFENCE MAINTAINED BY

VENICE. REMARKS ON HUNGARY.-FALL OF VENICE.-NAPLES.TUSCANY. THE DUCHIES.

PIEDMONT. GERMANY. RUSSIA. —

FRANCE. BELGIUM.-ENGLAND.-PROJECTS OF THE NEW FRENCH MINISTRY.-LANGUAGE OF THE POPE.-GENERAL BARAGUAY D'HILLIERS SUPERSEDES ROSTOLAN.-ACTS OF THE CARDINAL GOVERNMENT. BEHAVIOUR OF THE FRENCH SOLDIERS.-OF THE SPANISH. -AND OF THE AUSTRIANS.-BRIGANDS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES. COUP D'ETAT OF MAZZINI. HIS DESIGNS.-CONSE

QUENCES.- —REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF THE PONTIFICAL STATE AT THE BEGINNING OF 1850.

THE rulers of Rome were encouraged in their harsh deeds and illiberal desires by the events which succeeded one another in Europe, with the same rapidity which had distinguished the revolution, that, eighteen months previously, had occasioned such astonishment and fear. Venice, after she had vainly entreated France and England for aid,-Venice, forsaken by all, had courageously persisted in her resistance. Haynau having, in vain, endeavoured during the month of April, to shake the resolution of the authorities, the Austrians besieged the fort of Marghera and attacked it on the 4th of May with many guns and a large body of infantry. There were men in Marghera, from all parts of Italy, who fought with signal bravery under the command of Ulloa, a Neapolitan; the assault was for

midable, the damage serious, the deaths cruel, the wounded many, and the explosions horrible. The following day Radetzky sent a summons to Venice, demanding absolute, full and entire submission, and surrender of arms; he promised to allow whoever wished it, liberty to depart within forty-eight hours; and to pardon all subalterns and privates; and he gave time to consider his proposals until eight o'clock the next morning.

Manin answered that the Assembly had given him orders to resist; to resist was therefore his duty; besides, he had requested the good offices of France and England. To which Radetzky replied, that the Emperor would not accept foreign intervention on behalf of rebellious subjects; that Venice must pay the penalty of her obstinacy. At this very time answers were received from France and England; they replied, that the treaties of 1815 must be maintained; that all aid was impossible; the Venetians must surrender, and come to terms with Austria. But this advice was as ineffectual as the Austrian menaces, for Venice was determined to prove, by self-sacrifice, her hatred to foreign rule. Marghera stood out for a month against a formidable siege, and even then was not subdued, but abandoned, because the Venetian generals were of opinion that it was necessary to withdraw the troops within the lines of the natural defence of the city. 150 Italians were killed in Marghera, 250 were wounded. The imperial forces, in killed, wounded and sick, lost a much larger number; the Vienna Gazette, when it narrated the particulars of the defence, confessed that it admired the enemy who had maintained

it without surrendering earlier. The Austrians entered the fort, but their pride in the acquisition of it was disturbed by the explosion of a mine, which caused great destruction; having recovered from this sinister accident, they attempted in vain the assault of the city, by the bridge of the Lagune. The Venetians were animated to resist, not only by their desire to fulfil a duty towards Italy, but also by the hope that Austria would be worsted in the Hungarian insurrection, of which, I think, it will be well for me to mention succinctly the causes and the consequences.

Ferdinand I., of the House of Hapsburg, ascended the throne of Hungary, by the free election of the people, in the year 1526; and his successors, Maximilian I., Rodolph II., Ferdinand II., III., IV., were also elected by the nation. In 1687 the Diet of Hungary decreed that the succession to the Crown should be hereditary in the House of Hapsburg; and in the year 1723, it extended the right of succession to the female line. But the law of 1723, called the Pragmatic Sanction, maintained and confirmed all the rights and all the constitutional guarantees of Hungary, and its complete independence of the other hereditary States of the House of Austria. When the Emperors of Austria assumed the Crown of Hungary, they swore fidelity to the nation, they swore to maintain all its liberties, immunities, rights, franchises, possessions, and usages, and to defend its independence. From Ferdinand I. up to the present day the oath has always been the same, with the exception of an article which anciently conferred upon the Hungarians the

VOL. IV.

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