vent of San Bernardo alle Terme should be converted into a House of Reclusion; they decreed that the insane, confined until that time in sordid ruinous hovels, should be lodged in the Montalto Palace, the delightful autumnal retreat of the Jesuits at Frascati; they granted ten days' grace for the payment of debts which had fallen due; they ordered that at the first sound of the tocsin the Holy Sacrament should be exposed in the churches, to implore the salvation of Rome. The delegates appointed to visit the wounded issued public reports of the attention they had paid to them, in well-chosen terms; the leaders of the people magnified the victory they had gained, persuading them that everything else would turn out well; popular preachers published "records" (so they called them, after the manner of the missionaries), in which they pronounced the war, undertaken against the foreigner, sacred; affirmed that God and the people were the foundation of all justice; that it was the duty of the Christian to die for his country; and that the temporal dominion of the Pope was contrary to the doctrine of Christ. By these "records" of Republican missionaries, by this reverential exposure of the Holy Sacrament, by large salaries, by promises of comfortable lodging in convents, and by fresh spectacles, the Roman populace was edified in a way that was in strict conformity with the education it had received.

But new perils impended. Although General Oudinot had informed Count Ludolf, who proffered him aid, in the name of King Ferdinand, that he could not unite with the Neapolitan troops, yet General Win

speare entered into the Roman State, and published a manifesto, in which he signified his intention to restore, by force, the Pontifical Government. As soon as this got abroad, it caused a great commotion in the city; the people took up arms with as much eagerness as they had done a few days before against the French; and, perhaps, with even greater, because (with the exception of the clergy, who since the 30th of April had been disheartened and frightened,) there were no partisans or friends of his Bourbon Majesty in Rome; and because, though some may have confided in French liberality, King Ferdinand had, at any rate, taken from every one all pretext for accusing him of any generous intentions.

The Triumvirs announced the Neapolitan invasion to all the people of the Roman State; assured them that Rome was prepared to repel it with the same vigour with which it had conquered the French, and instigated them to undertake war to the death, publishing a chapter of advice on the best mode of conducting it. A demand was made for money; they ordered that the taxes due for two months previous should be paid within twenty-four hours, together with the half of those for the two months following; they endeavoured to infuse order into the multitudes who had been called out and mustered, and to introduce discipline into the popular combat; then they sent Garibaldi with a body of picked soldiers against the new invaders, keeping the rest of the troops ready for any movement the enemy might make. At the same time, to give an idea of their justice, they annulled the

VOL. IV.

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iniquitous privilege of mano regia, conceded to private individuals by the Pontifical Government; and, to please the people, they presented the asylums for children with all the superfluous furniture of monks and nuns, who, from vast and sumptuous palaces, were reduced to more modest habitations.

The Spaniards, also, who were making a descent rather to cause a diversion in the temper of Rome, than to aid the Catholic enterprise, were at Fiumcino, a small town situated at the mouth of the Tiber, where, on account of the malaria, there are only a few hundred inhabitants in the winter, and none whatever in the summer. The captain of the vessel Mazzaredo, published a manifesto, addressed to all the authorities, civil, military, and ecclesiastic, in which he spoke of "the great satisfaction which the generous heart of his Holiness would experience, so soon as he should hear of their spontaneous submission." Yet at Fiumcino there were no authorities to give in their submission, no forces to subdue, excepting those of the malaria.

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'Spain, also," said the Triumvirs to the Romans, sends you an insolent challenge, couched in haughty words, according to its custom. Thus the chorus is complete. Austria, France, and Spain, are trying once again the old story, responding to the appeal of a

Pope," and they concluded by saying,

"be they two or

three, the difference is small, and Rome will not draw back from her high resolve."

So the Government remained firm in its intentions; it increased the preparations for the war, by recalling from

the provinces the regular troops, under the command of Roselli, a man of much knowledge and singular modesty; by purchasing, at a high price, percussion muskets, and by making collections of pikes and calthrops; it flattered the people, by confiding in their bravery; the students, by abolishing the fees on academical degrees; the small communes and parishes, by the permission to open druggists' shops, which had not been allowed in places of less than three thousand inhabitants, and it gratified the poor, by granting an additional ten days' grace for the payment of debts; at the same time it showed its zeal to improve the civil government, by temporarily constituting the "Curia," in accordance with the legislative reforms recently introduced; by striking out all names of supernumeraries in public offices, and those who were entered for reversions, according to the vicious system long pursued by clerical administrations; and, by the advice of the Committee on Finance, it made some praiseworthy economical regulations. The pernicious plan of farming the public revenues was condemned; and the excise on all articles of consumption, salt, and tobacco, was placed under one general administrative direction; taxes were consolidated, the tariff was modified, and the duties considerably lowered, — a change which gratified the people, and satisfied the friends of free trade. The only class who bore a grudge to the Republic were the smugglers.

The Austrians, for the sixth time in thirty years, now trod on soil belonging to the State of Rome. They marched from Ferrara and Modena, under the

command of Count Wimpffen. He announced that he was leading his troops to Rome, to restore the Papal Government," overthrown by a perverse faction;" that he hoped to find the people submissive, otherwise he should use severe measures. In his rear came Monsignor Bedini, who thus addressed the citizens of Bologna, and the other inhabitants of the Legations:

"Deputed by the Supreme Pontiff to reinstate his sovereign authority among you, it is in his august name that I address you, and invite you to a wise and peaceful submission. You, generous and noble-minded people, cannot forget the benefits and sympathy lavished upon you by a Pontiff, whose heart overflows with nothing but love and pardon towards his beloved children. A proof of this you already gave, when you knew not how to curb your indignation at the marvellous ingratitude exhibited on the very scene of his triumphs, and more than ever sought to prove yourselves children of such a father. Oh! that it had been permitted him then to hasten hither, and taste the sweets of that holy, reverential affection.

"Providence, in rendering it so difficult to follow the impulses of the heart, has reserved us all for more sorrowful trials. In its inscrutable counsels, it designs, perchance, that by means of these trials, deceit should be thoroughly unmasked, illusions about men and things made clearly manifest, and the lesson of experience completed; for hers is the only voice which at last finds an echo in the hearts of the stubborn, and seals with its eternal sanction the holiness of principles.

"Let there be an end, once for all, to the sighs of the oppressed, and the audacity of the oppressor. Let the sacrilegious usurpation, not only of the most sacred rights, but of every the most sacred name cease also. It is in vain to deny that under its influence the sounder portion of the people have been seduced and tempted by the malignant to the commission of horrible crimes; nor are there any who do not now admit the destruction of society, of religion, and of personal