In all vocal exercises, keep the waist firm.

2.

AT THE LIPS.

Pronounce La

I. La,-a as in age. firmly, holding organs as in Cut. Repeat many times. The sound should ring sharply from the teeth, and be clear and vibratory. It will be somewhat harsh, but if properly made will not irritate the throat. Gradually increase the effort until you reach your fullest limit.

Sta,-a as in age. Same position of organs and same sound of vowel.

Pronounce Sta firmly and prolong the A; make the sound firm, clear and ringing. Repeat many times and also practice in different pitches. If properly produced-with waist firm and sound vibrating from the teeth-this tone has wonderful power of penetration. In the open air, a voice thus produced will carry a mile, with but little effort on the part of the speaker.

Cut 7.

3, Lo,-o long. With lips as in Cut 7, pronounce Lo and prolong O. Try many times, and keep the jaw and lips motionless after you begin the O sound. Make the sound strong and firm and prolong it.

4. Sta,-a as in age. Lips as in Cut 7. Prolong the A. This will produce a coarse, open, vibratory sound. If properly made, you will feel it vibrate from the hard palate and teeth. Make a vigorous tone and prolong it well.

5. Sto,-0, as in old. Begin with lips as in 7, and as you proceed, open the lips slightly until you uncover the tips of the teeth, and thus you will make the tone more vibratory, and, without any additional effort, you will seem to double the power of the tone. Repeat carefully.

6. Sta,-a, as in all. Position of the lips in 7, and practice in same manner.

strong.

NOTE.-In all these exercises make the opening consonants very

Cut 6.

7. A-rm. long this A.

Position as in 6, and pro

Keep waist firm, and the jaw still, while giving the sound, and you may notice distinctly the clear, vibratory quality of sound, as it comes from the palate and teeth.

8. Practice the same with lips slightly projected, covering the teeth somewhat more, and you make the sound more soft and flute-like. You will perceive that by these exercises you can make tones sharp and ringing, or covered, muffled, at will.

9. O-ver. Prolong O with lips well open as in Cut 6; making it clear and vibratory. Then again with lips as in Cut 7, making the closed or covered sound. You can thus make different degrees of this sound. If you close the lips entirely, it will become the closely muffled sound of M.

10. Pronounce the following words and prolong the opening vowel-making the sound vibratory. Do not move the jaw while prolonging the vocal:

a. Arm, armor, armament, arch.

b. On, often, officer, honest.
c. All, august, autumn, awful.
e. Ease, easily, easiest, eastern.
d. Only, oldest, overthrow, ocean.

TO OPEN THE THROAT.

Exercises for Expansion of the Larynx and the Pharynx; to lower the Base of the Tongue and Render the Tone Full, Round and Smooth.

B

Cut 10.

It is desirable to make the passage for the sound from the larynx to the lips, as round, open and tube-like as possible. Thus, to bring the sound from A to the lips,see Cut 10, it is necessary to lower the tongue at the base D, expand the pharynx B, and F raise the veil of the palate.

Open the mouth well and by the aid of a glass, you may observe of the upper part: I,

the teeth; 2, the hard palate; 3, the soft palate; 4, the back or wall of the throat. Of the lower jaw; I,

the teeth; 2, the tip of the tongue; 3, the middle and base of the tongue. You will observe that the veil of the palate and the base of the tongue almost close the opening from the throat. It is the object of our exercises to raise the veil of the palate, and depress and hollow the base of the tongue, and also to fully expand the entire cavity of the pharynx.

Cut 11.

Cut 12.

If you will open the mouth as in Cut II, and then make an effort to yawn or swallow, you will observe the veil of the palate will rise and the base of the tongue descend, opening the throat as in Cut 12. You will notice the enlargement of the throat cavity, if you place the thumb and fingers at the larynx, close up under

Now, this open throat you must have for the production of strong, full, deep, round, vibratory and musical tone. Practice all these exercises with this view, of opening and holding open the throat. As long as the veil of the palate and base of the tongue are in their relaxed or flabby condition, and the throat almost closed, there can be no clear, resonant tone. The throat must be held well open, the tongue, soft palate, jaw and lips, held firmly in proper position.

EXERCISES.

I. Round the lips and project them well as in Cut 7. Draw a quick, full breath. Do this by action of the diaphragm,-do not move the shoulders, and allow the air to enter through the lips. Repeat several times. This mode of drawing the breath will open the throat. Draw breath, and again holding the lips, threat and waist firm, utter the sound of O, as in old, quick, short, abrupt, much like a deep cough. After several attempts, prolong the sound. Repeat often.

Cut 9.

2. Make the movement in the throat as of swallowing, firmly and slowly, and at the same instant project and round the lips well, as in Cut 7. After some practice, hold all parts of the throat in position. they take in the swallowing effort, and utter the sound of Oo, after manner of Ex 1. Practice prolonging the sound, keeping the organs all firm while doing so. Use the sound of O in like manner. Also, A, as in arm; A as in all.

3. Place the lips as in Cut 7, project the chin, raise it well, thus throwing the head well back. Now, open the throat as if to gargle it, that is, as if to fill it with water and hold it in the throat without swallowing it. Some little practice in this way will enable you to expand the throat very fully. Test the action by placing the thumb and finger at the throat, as in Cut 9. Holding the throat as if to gargle it, repeat all the exercises of 1 and 2.

4. Lo. Pronounce Lo. Make L very strong and for O, project the lips very well; put the throat in position of swallowing, then make this O slowly, firmly, as if trying to swallow the sound. This will force tl.ethroat well open. Prolong the sound but do not allow any movement of the organs while doing so.

5. Now. Pronounce Now slowly; hold the tone and make a strong effort as if to swallow the sound. Do it in this way: begin the sound firmly and while prolonging, project and round the lips forcibly and force the throat wide open at the same instant. As you do this the sound will open and become very full and strong. The cut may suggest it, the point A, the opening of the sound; B where you

B

C