Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1906

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work of iron. First, a life-size clay from one to three yards square, and statue after the design was made, then weighing in all 88 tons. These form the three plaster statues, the first one-sixteenth, the second one-fourth the size of the complete work, and the third its full size, the last-named being made

outside of the statue. When this was complete, the iron framework or skeleton was formed on which the outer copper shell could be fastened. The right

hand and torch of this remarkable statue elaborate scientific observations; but,

were shown at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. The head was shown at the Paris Exposition in 1879.

owing to a failure of Congress to make the necessary appropriations, he did not complete his work. He published a personal narrative of his experience in that region in 1854. In May, 1855, he was chosen secretary of state of Rhode Island, which post he held until 1872, a period of seventeen years. He edited and published the Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in 10 volumes; also an Index to the Acts and Resolves of the General Assembly of Rhode Island from 1758 to 1862. In 1847 Mr. Bartlett published a little volume on

On July 4, 1880, the statue was formally delivered to the United States through its representative, the American minister at Paris. Bedloe's Island, in New York Harbor, but lying within the boundaries of New Jersey, was selected by the government as a suitable place for its erection, and money was raised by means of subscriptions, concerts, etc., to build a pedestal for it to rest upon. On Oct. 28, 1886, the statue was unveiled in the presence of distinguished represent- the Progress of Ethnology; and in 1848 a atives of France and the United States, and was formally dedicated with imposing ceremonies. The statue represents the Goddess of Liberty holding aloft a torch with which she enlightens the world. The height of the statue from the base to the torch is 151 feet 1 inch. From the foundation of the pedestal to the torch it is 305 feet 6 inches. The figure weighs 450,000 pounds, or 225 tons, and contains 100 tons of bronze. Forty persons can stand comfortably in the head, and the torch will hold twelve people.

Bartlett, JOHN, author; born in Plymouth, Mass., June 14, 1820; became a publisher in Cambridge. In 1862-63 he was a volunteer paymaster in the United States navy. He is best known for his Familiar Quotations; The Shakspeare Inder; and The Complete Concordance to Shakspeare.

Dictionary of Americanisms, since revised and enlarged. He also published a Bibliography of Rhode Island; Literature of the Rebellion; Memoirs of Rhode Island Men; Primeval Man, and several other works. He died in Providence, R. I., May 28, 1886.

Bartlett, JOSIAH, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; born in Amesbury, Mass., Nov. 21, 1729; educated in a common school and taught the science of medicine by a practitioner in his native town, he began practice in Kingston, N. H., in 1750, and soon became eminent. was a member of the New Hampshire legislature from 1765 until the breaking out of the War of the Revolution. In 1770 he was appointed by the royal gov ernor lieutenant-colonel of the militia, but on account of his patriotic tendencies he was deprived of the office in 1775. He Bartlett, JOHN RUSSELL, author; born was a member of the committee of in Providence, R. I., Oct. 23, 1805. He safety, upon whom for a time devolved was for six years cashier of the Globe the whole executive power of the governBank in Providence, and an active mem- ment of the State. A delegate to Congress ber of the Franklin Society for the Cul- in 1775-76, he was the first to give his tivation of Science. He was also one vote for the Declaration of Independence, of the projectors of the Athenæum in and its first signer after the President Providence, and for some time correspond of Congress. He was with Stark in the ing secretary of the New York Historical Bennington campaign (see BENNINGTON, Society. Mr. Bartlett was associated with BATTLE OF), in 1777, as agent of the Albert Gallatin as a projector and founder State to provide medicine and other necesof the American Ethnological Society. In saries for the New Hampshire troops. In 1850 he was appointed by President Tay- Congress again in 1778, he was active in lor a commissioner, under the treaty of committee duties; and in 1779 he was peace with Mexico in 1848, to settle the appointed chief-justice of the Common boundary line between that country and Pleas in his State. In 1782 he was a the United States. He was engaged in judge of the Superior Court of New that service until Jan. 7, 1853, making Hampshire, and chief-justice in 1788. extensive surveys and explorations, with Judge Bartlett retired from public life

in 1794, on account of feeble health, hav- charge by President Lincoln of the search ing been president of the State from 1790 organized to find missing Union soldiers, to 1793, and, under the new constitution, and in 1865 went to Andersonville to governor in 1793. He was the chief mark the graves of Northern soldiers who founder and the president of the New had died there. When the Franco-PrusHampshire Medical Society, and received sian War broke out (1870), she assisted the honorary degree of M.D. from Dart- in preparing military hospitals, and also mouth College. He died May 19, 1795. aided the Red Cross Society. In 1871, Bartlett, WILLIAM FRANCIS, military after the siege of Strasburg, she superinofficer; born in Haverhill, Mass., Jan. 6, tended, by request of the authorities, the 1840; was graduated at Harvard in 1862. distribution of work to the poor, and in He entered the volunteer army as cap- 1872 performed a similar work in Paris. tain in the summer of 1861; was engaged For her services she was decorated with in the battle of BALL'S BLUFF (q. v.), the Golden Cross of Baden and the Iron and lost a leg in the siege of Yorktown in Cross of Germany. In 1881, when the 1862. He was made colonel of a Massa- American Red Cross Society was formed, chusetts regiment in November, 1862, and she was made its president, and as such took part in the capture of Port Hudson in 1884 directed the measures to aid the in 1863. In the siege of Petersburg sufferers by the Mississippi and Ohio (1864) he commanded a division of the floods. In 1883 she was made the super9th Corps, and at the explosion of the intendent, steward, and treasurer of the mine there he was made prisoner, but Reformatory Prison for Women, at Sherexchanged in September. In 1865 he was born, Mass., and in the same year was brevetted major-general of volunteers. special commissioner of foreign exhibits He died in Pittsfield, Mass., Dec. 17, at the New Orleans Exposition. In 1884 she was a delegate of the United States to the Red Cross Conference, and also to the International Peace Conference, both held in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1889 she directed the movements for the relief of the sufferers by the flood at Johnstown, Pa., and in 1896 went to Armenia and personally managed the relief measures. Prior to the war with Spain she carried supplies to the reconcentrados of Cuba, at the request of President MeKinley, and was also active during the war in army relief work. In 1900, after the Galveston disaster, she directed the movement for the relief of the sufferers, till her health failed. She is author of History of the Red Cross; and History of the Red Cross in Peace and War.

1876.

Barton, CLARA, philanthropist; born in Oxford, Mass., in 1830; was educated in Clinton, N. Y. Her early life was devoted to teaching. In 1854 she became a clerk in the Patent Office in Washington, resigning in 1861, and undertaking the

CLARA BARTON.

nursing of sick and wounded soldiers of the army. In 1864 General Butler made her head nurse of the hospitals in the Army of the James. Later she was given

Barton, WILLIAM, military officer; born in Warren, R. I., May 26, 1748. Holding the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the Rhode Island militia, he, with a small party, crossed Narraganset Bay in the night (July 10, 1777) and seized and carried away the British General Prescott (see PRESCOTT, RICHARD). For this service Congress gave him a sword and a commission of colonel in the Continental army. He was wounded at Bristol Ferry in August, 1778, and was disabled from

a plants peculiar to North America. He died in Kingsessing, Pa., July 22, 1823.

further service in the war. He was member of the Rhode Island convention

WILLIAM BARTON.

which finally adopted the national Constitution. He died in Providence, R. I., Oct. 22, 1831.

Bartram, WILLIAM, naturalist; born in Kingsessing, Pa., Feb. 9, 1739. He engaged in business in North Carolina in 1761, and became a devoted student of natural history. Son of John Bartram, a distinguished botanist, and the founder of the first botanical garden in the United States, William accompanied his father, when the latter was seventy years of age, in a botanical excursion and exploration of east Florida, and resided some time on the banks of the St. John River, returning home in 1771. He was employed by Dr. Fothergill, of London, in 1773-78, in botanical explorations and collections in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Mr. Bartram was a member of the American Philosophical Society and other scientific associations in the United States and Europe. In 1790 he published an account of his travels in the Gulf region, in which he gave an account of the Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee Indians. Mr. Bartram made the most complete table of American ornithology previous to the work of Wilson, and to him we are indebted for a knowledge of many curious and beautiful

Bassett, JOHN SPENCER, educator; born in Tarboro, N. C., Sept. 10, 1867; graduated at Trinity College, N. C., in 1888, and was Professor of History in Trinity College in 1900. He is author of Constitutional Beginnings of North Carolina; Slavery and Servitude in Colony of North Carolina; Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina; Slavery in the State of North Carolina; The War of the Regulation, etc.

Bastidas, RODRIGUEZ DE, explorer; born about 1460. With Juan de la Cosa, he sailed towards the Western Continent with two ships in 1502, and discovered the coast of South America from Cape de Vela to the Gulf of Darien. Ojeda, with Americus Vespucius, went in the same course soon afterwards, ignorant of this expedition of Bastidas, touched at the same places, and proceeded to Hispaniola, or Santo Domingo. He founded the city of St. Martha, in New Grenada; was wounded in an uprising of his people; and died soon afterwards in Santo Domingo, whither he had fled.

Batane, or Bashi, Islands, a group of islands directly north of the Philippine Archipelago, midway between the Bashi and Balintang channels and a little to the southeast of the island of Formosa. They have an estimated area of 125 square miles and a population of about 9,500. The principal islands in the group are Mabudis, Ibayat, Batan, Saptan, and Balintang, and the principal towns are Santo Domingo de Basco, San Bartolome de Calayan, San Carlos de Marigatao, San Jose de Ibana, Santa Maria de Mayan, and San Vincente de Saptan. In March, 1900, the United States authorities established a government over these islands, and the neighboring Calayan Islands, under the direction of Teofilo Costillejo, a Filipino, who had aided the American authorities in their operations on Luzon.

Batangas, a province of Luzon, Philippine Islands, bordering on San Bernardino Strait, and north of the island of Mindoro; also the name of its capital city. The province is naturally one of the richest sugar-growing districts in the Philippines, and has also a large production of cocoanut oil. Prior to the war between the United States and Spain, in 1898, the

city was the seat of large commerce, and and afterwards became the senior partner had a population of over 35,000. The of the firm of Baring Brothers & Co. region gives promise of large economic In 1854 he was appointed umpire between returns on the application of modern the British and American commissioners methods of cultivation.

Batchelder, RICHARD N., military officer; born in Lake Village, N. H., July 27, 1832; entered the volunteer army in 1861; served through the Civil War, and was awarded a Congressional medal of honor for distinguished gallantry in action; entered the regular army at the close of the war; became brigadier-general in 1890, and was retired in 1896. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 4, 1901.

Bates, EDWARD, statesman; born in Belmont, Va., Sept. 4, 1793; served in the Virginia militia in 1813; removed to Missouri in 1814; and began practising law in 1816. He was a prominent anti-slavery man, and during the National Republican Convention of 1860 he received 48 votes on the first ballot for President. Mr. Lincoln after his election appointed Mr. Bates Attorney-General. He resigned in 1864, and returned to his home in St. Louis, where he died, March 25, 1869.

Bates, JOHN COALTER, military officer; born in St. Charles county, Mo., Aug. 26, 1842; educated at Washington University (St. Louis). He entered the army in 1861, and served on the staff of Gen. George G. Meade from the battle of Gettysburg to the close of the war. In 1863-82 he held the rank of captain; in 1882-86 that of lieutenant-colonel; in 1886-92 that of colonel. He was president of the board which devised the present drill and firing regulations, and a member of the board which adopted the Krag Jorgensen rifle. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers, and for the Santiago campaign was promoted major-general. In 1899 he was appointed military governor of Cienfuegos, Cuba. On the reorganization of the regular army in February, 1901, he was appointed one of the new brigadier-generals. Bates, JOSHUA, financier; born in Weymouth, Mass., in 1788; went to England as the agent of William Gray & Son, Boston, and was thrown into intimate relations with the Hopes, Barings, and other great commercial firms.

in the adjustment of claims between citizens of Great Britain and the United States growing out of the War of 1812. In 1852 Mr. Bates offered $50,000 to the city of Boston for the establishment of a free public library, and afterwards gave the library some 30,000 volumes. He died in London, England, Sept. 24, 1864.

Bates, SAMUEL PENNIMAN, historian; born in Meriden, Mass., Jan. 29, 1827; was State historian of Pennsylvania in 1866-73; and published Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania, and several works on the Civil War.

Baton Rouge, BATTLE AT. See PORT HUDSON; WILLIAMS, THOMAS.

Battle, KEMP PLUMMER, educator; born in Franklin county, N. C., Dec. 19, 1831: graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1849; member of the Confederate Convention of that State in 1861; State treasurer in 1866-68; was president of the University of North Carolina in 1876-91; then resigned to become Professor of History in the same institution. He is author of History of the Supreme Court of North Carolina; History of Raleigh, North Carolina; Trials and Judicial Proceedings of the New Testament; Life of General Jethro Sumner, etc.

Battle Above the Clouds. See LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, BATTLE of.

Battle Hymn of the Republic. See HOWE, JULIA WARD.

Battle of the Kegs. See HOPKINSON, FRANCIS.

Battles. The principal battles in which the people of the United States have been engaged, as colonists and as a nation, are as follows: