complied with. Indispensable supply was obtained; and as for the Plots, the Protector had long had his eye on them, had long had his nooses round them ;-the Protector strangled them everywhere at the moment suitablest for him, and lodged the ringleaders of them in the Tower. Let us, as usual, try to extricate a few small elucidative facts from the hideous old Pamphletary Imbroglio, where facts and figments, ten thousand facts of no importance to one fact of some, lie mingled, like the living with the dead, in noisome darkness all of them; once extricated, they may assist the reader's fancy a little. Of Oliver's own in reference to this period, too characteristic a period to be omitted, there is little or nothing left us: a few detached Letters, hardly two of them. very significant of Oliver; which cannot avail us much, but shall be inserted at their due places.

February 12th, 1654-5. News came this afternoon that Major John Wildman, chief of the frantic Anabaptist Party, upon whom the Authorities have had their eye of late, has been seized at Exton, near Marlborough, in Wilts; by a party of Major Butler's horse.' In his furnished lodging; 'in a room up stairs ;' his door stood open stepping softly up, the troopers found him leaning on his elbow, dictating to his clerk A Declaration of the free and well-affected People of England now in Arms' (or shortly to be in Arms) against the tyrant Oliver Cromwell:* a forcible piece, which can still be read, but only as a fragment, the zealous Major never having had occasion to finish it. They carried him to Chepstow Castle; locked him up there and the free and well-affected People of England never got to Arms against the Tyrant, but were only in hopes of getting. Wildman was in the last Parliament; but could not sign the Recognition; went away in virtuous indignation, to act against the Tyrant by stratagem henceforth. He has been the centre of an extensive world of Plots this winter, as his wont from of old was: the mainspring of Royalist Anabaptistry, what we call the frantic form of Republicanism, which hopes to attain its object by assisting even Charles Stuart against the Tyrant Oliver. A stirring man; very flamy

'Whitlocke, p. 599: Cromwelliana, p. 151.

and very fuliginous: perhaps, since Freeborn John was sealed up in Jersey, the noisiest man in England. The turning of the key on him in Chepstow will be a deliverance to us henceforth.

We take his capture as the termination of the Anabaptist-Royalist department of the Insurrection. Thurloe has now got all the threads of this Wildman business in his hand : the ringleaders are laid in prison, Harrison, Lord Grey of Groby, and various others; kept there out of harm's way; dealt with in a rigorous, yet gentle, and what we must call great and manful manner. It is remarked of Oliver that none of this Party was ever brought to trial his hope and wish was always that they might yet be reconciled to him. Colonel Sexby, one of Wildman's people, has escaped on this occasion: better for himself had he been captured now, and saved from still madder courses he got into.

Sunday, March 11, 1694-5, in the City of Salisbury, about midnight, there occurs a thing worth noting. What may be called the general outcome of the Royalist department of the Insurrection. This, too, over England generally, has, in all quarters where it showed itself, found some 'Major Butler' with due 'troops of horse' to seize it, to trample it out, and lay the ringleaders under lock and key. Hardly anywhere could it get the length of fighting: too happy if it could but gallop and hide. In Yorkshire, there was some appearance, and a few shots fired; but to no effect; poor Sir Henry Slingsby, and a Lord Malevrer, and others were laid hold of here; of whom the Lord escaped by stratagem; and poor Sir Henry lies prisoner in Hull,-where it will well behove him to keep quiet if he can! But on the Sunday night above mentioned, peaceful Salisbury is awakened from its slumbers by a real advent of Cavaliers. Sir Joseph Wagstaff, 'a jolly knight' of those parts, once a Royalist Colonel; he with Squire or Colonel Penruddock, 'a gentleman of fair fortune,' Squire or Major Grove, also of some fortune, and about Two-hundred others, actually rendezvoused in arms about the big Steeple, that Sunday night, and rang a loud alarm in those parts.

It was Assize-time; the Judges had arrived the day before. Wagstaff seizes the Judges in their beds, seizes the High Sheriff, and otherwise makes night hideous;-proposes on the morrow to hang the Judges, as a useful warning, which Mr. Hyde thinks it

would have been; but is overruled by Penruddock and the rest. He orders the High Sheriff to proclaim King Charles; High Sheriff will not, not though you hang him; Town-crier will not, The Insurrection does not The Insurrection quits Salis

6

not even he though you hang him. speed in Salisbury, it would seem. bury on Monday night, hearing that troopers are on foot; marches with all speed towards Cornwall, hoping for better luck there. · Marches ;—but Captain Unton Crook, whom we once saw before, marches also in the rear of it; marches swiftly, fiercely; overtakes it at South Molton, in Devonshire, on Wednesday, about ten at night,' and there in few minutes puts an end to it. They fired out of windows on us,' but could make nothing of it. We took Penruddock, Grove, and long lists of others; Wagstaff unluckily escaped.* The unfortunate men were tried, at Exeter, by a regular assize and jury; were found guilty, some of High Treason, some of 'Horse-stealing: Penruddock and Grove, stanch Royalists both and gallant men, were beheaded; several were hanged; a great many sent to Barbadoes ;'-and this Royalist conflagration too, which should have blazed all over England, is entirely damped out, having amounted to smoke merely, whereby many eyes are bleared! Indeed so prompt and complete is the extinction, thankless people begin to say there had never been anything considerable to extinguish. Had they stood in the middle of it,-had they seen the nocturnal rendezvous at Marston Moor, seen what Shrewsbury, what Rufford Abbey, what North Wales in general, would have grown to on the morrow,-in that case, thinks the Lord Protector not without some indignation, they had known!t Wagstaff has escaped, and Wilmot Earl of Rochester so-called; right glad to be beyond seas again; and will look twice at an Insurrection before they embark in it in time coming.

A terrible Protector this; no getting of him overset! He has the ringleaders all in his hand, in prison or still at large;-as

*Crook's Letter, South Molton, 15 March, 1654, two or three in the morning' (King's Pamphlets, small 4to., no. 637, § 15). State Trials, v., 767 et seq.; Whitlocke, p. 601; Thurloe, iii., 365, 384, 391, 445; Cromwelliana, pp. 152-3.

† Postea, Speech V.

they love their estates and their life, let them be quiet. He can take your estate :—is there not proof enough to take your head, if he pleases? He dislikes shedding blood; but is very apt to 'barbadoes' an unruly man,-has sent and sends us by hundreds to Barbadoes, so that we have made an active verb of it: 'Bar

badoes you." .** Safest to let this Protector alone! Charles Stuart withdraws from Middleburg into the interior obscurities; and Mr. Hyde will not be so cock-sure another time. Mr. Hyde, much pondering how his secret could have been let out, finds that it is an underling of his, one Mr. Manning, a gentleman by birth, 'fond of fine clothes,' and in very straitened circumstances at present, who has been playing the traitor. Indisputably a traitor; wherefore the King in Council has him doomed to death; has him shot, in winter following, 'in the Duke of Newburgh's territory.'† Diligent Thurloe finds others to take his place.

May 28th, 1655. Desborow, who commands the Regular Troops in that insurrectionary Southwest region, is, by Commis. sion bearing date this day, appointed Major-General of the Militiaforces likewise, and of all manner of civic and military forces at the disposal of the Commonwealth in those parts. Major-General over six counties specified in this Document; with power somewhat enlarged, and not easy to specify,-power in fact to look after the peace of the Commonwealth there, and do what the Council of State shall order him. He coerces Royalists; questions, commits to custody suspected persons; keeps down disturbance by such methods as, on the spot, he finds wisest. A scheme found to answer well. The beginning of a universal Scheme of MAJOR-GENERALS, which developes itself into full maturity in the autumn of this year; the Lord Protector and his Council of State having well considered it in the interim, and found it the feasiblest; 'if not good, yet best.'

By this Scheme, which we may as well describe here as afterwards, All England is divided into Districts; Ten Districts, a Major-General for each: let him be a man most carefully chosen, a man of real wisdom, valor and veracity, a man fearing God and

* Intercepted Letters, Thurloe, iii.

† Clarendon, iii., 752; Whitlocke, p. 618 (Dec. 1655); Ludlow, ii., 608. Thurloe, iii., 486.

hating covetousness; for his powers are great. He looks after the Good of the Commonwealth, spiritual and temporal, as he finds wisest. Ejects, or aids in ejecting, scandalous ministers; summons disaffected, suspected persons before him; demands an account of them; sends them to prison, failing an account that satisfies him ;—and there is no appeal except to the Protector in Council. His force is the Militia of his Counties; horse and foot, levied and kept in readiness for the occasion; especially troops of horse. Involving, of course, new expense ;-which we decide that the Plotting Royalists, who occasion it, shall pay. On all Royalist disaffected Persons the Major-General therefore, as his first duty, is to lay an Income-tax of Ten per cent; let them pay it quietly, or it may be worse for them. They pay it very quietly. Strange as it may seem, the Country submits very quietly to this arrangement; the Major-Generals being men carefully chosen. It is an arbitrary government! murmur many. Yes; arbitrary, but beneficial. These are powers unknown to the English Constitution, I believe; but they are very necessary for the Puritan English Nation at this time. With men of real wisdom, who do fear God and hate covetousness, when you can find such men, you may to some purpose entrust considerable powers!

It is in this way that Oliver Protector coerces the unruly elements of England; says to them: "Peace, ye! With the aid of Parliament and venerable Parchment, if so may be; without it, if so may not be,-I, called hither by a very good Authority, will hold you down. Quiet shall you, for your part, keep yourselves; or be barbadoesed,' and worse. Mark it; not while I live shall you have dominion, you nor the Master of you !"— Cock-matches, Horse-races and other loose Assemblages are, for limited times, forbidden; over England generally, or in Districts where it may be thought somewhat is a-brewing. Without cockfighting we can do; but not without Peace, and the absence of Charles Stuart and his Copartneries. It is a Government of some arbitrariness.

And yet singular, observes my learned friend, how popular it seems to grow. These considerable infringements of the constitutional fabric, prohibition of cockfights, amercings of Royalists,