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Fig. 2 is a similar one for block printing. I have written in the angles of the different slopes, so that any one can set one out for himself. If block printing is not upright it should slope the reverse way to hand writing, else it looks very bad.-J. K. P. [2557.]-OLD COIN.-I have pleasure in informing "Flint." from information just gained, that his coin is a Nurnberg counter, copied from a historical jetton of the Low Countries, of the 15th century, particulars of which may be found in Van Mieri's History of the Princes of the Netherlands." The oby. contains the arms of Burgundy slightly varied. The rev. represents Fortuna. The legend has no meaning.-D. T. BATTY. [2574.]-BRONZING MODEL VESSEL.-Varnish, and when nearly dry rub on the copper bronze varnish again to preserve the bronze from changing colour.

-J. F.

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[2584.] SULPHATE OF LEAD BATTERY. In reply to your correspondent "Carfax," and others, I did not amalgamate the zincs in the sulphate of lead battery, though I think from what I have read it is better to amalgamate all zinc plates, no matter what form of battery it may be. I find my zincs very little worse than when they were put in. I mixed my sulphate of lead with water to about the consistency of cream, and filled each porous pot within half an inch of the top. A friend of mine has a manganese battery of 6 cells, which he says has been in constant use for ringing electric bells in his warehouse for the last eighteen months without requiring one penny outlay or a moment's attention, and is as good now as at first. When next I require a battery I shall try my hand at a manganese, as I believe they are by far the best for any kind of communicating purposes, such as short lines of telegraph or electric bells and indicators. I notice Cox's price is 5s. per cell, but my friend says he did not pay near so much for his.-A GooD BOY.

[2587.]-CHINA GRASS.-If "Katka," will publish his address, I think I can get him what he wants in a week or two.

[2593.]-DEFECTIVE BATTERY.-I presume that "G. F. L." is using a medical coil, though he calls it an "electric machine." The fault he complains of most likely lies in the imperfect connections of the battery. When he bent the silver plate straight again did he see that it was properly connected with its binding screw, and the pair of zinc plates with theirs? it may have been torn away from the binding screw As the silver is doubtless very thin, it is possible that in the accident that occurred, and that would explain the stoppage of the action. I should advise him to circuit complete, that each pair of zinc plates are conlook carefully at his plates, and to see that he has the nected with the binding screw of the silver in the next trough, and so on throughout the series, but I expect he has only 2 or 3 troughs. If the plates require platinising, it certainly would render the action more feeble, but it would not stop it altogether. He can easily tell by a look at them; if they are smooth in patches he may be sure that they require it. It is not done with mercury, but by an application of the electrotype process. If he wishes it I will send him the mode of procedure. If he attempts to put mercury to silver plates he will spoil them.-AP-RHYS.

[2594.]-BORING WOODEN HANDLES.-" A. B." can make and bore his handles in the following manner :-First turn a cylinder in the usual way between centres, then turn down the end nearest the poppet head, and fit on the ferrule and turn it true; next turn the handle any shape required, leaving the end like A, Fig. 1; now substitute a boring collar for

FICH

[2595.]-WORK ON PROJECTION, &c.-An "Elementary Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, &c., to which is added a Description of the Principles and Practice of Isometrical Projection, by T. F. Heather, M.A., Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. London: Virtue and Co., 26, Ivy-lane.-BERNARDIN.

[2598.)-ELECTRIC.-Let "Slasher" at once drop his notions about glass tubing as an electric. This is my experience:-Being of an amateur turn, I love to have everything on a miniature scale. For instance, I have a Grove battery with fin. by in. platinum foil, a Wollaston element about the same size, &c. I made a small Leyden jar with an ounce medicine bottle, and succeeded with a glass tube and a piece of amalenmated leather in obtaining perceptible shocks (if you can call them shocks), and in exploding hydrogen and oxygen mixed The jar was made thus: The outside was covered with tin foil, and the inside I filled to the required height with brass filings. The top of the wire is bent in a ring. Holding the jar with the thumb and first finger, and the leather (amalgamated) on the palm of the hand and the other three fingers, I moved the tube (in. diameter) backward and forward through the ring. If "Slasher" will be at a little trouble and make an electropher about 12" diameter. he will be able to charge a moderate-sized jar so that he will not want a second shock very quickly.— TANGENT.

[2600.]-CLEANING OF DIATOMS.-After washing away the acids, pour some cold caustic ammonia on the fine sediment, let it stand for a day or two (the mouth of the vessel being closed to prevent the escape of the ammonia); then decant off the ammonia and wash the sediment with water before examination. The diatoms are heavy, therefore the washing waters may be decanted off before the whole of the flocculent matter has settled. Would "Beaten " kindly state from what sort of places he gathers his fresh diatoms, and what forms he has found?-R. G. ANDERSON.

[2600.]-OLD COIN.-Is a Roman coin struck to commemorate the taking of Jerusalem by Titus, then general to Vespasian, Emp. It is thus descried by Hobler," Vol. I, p. 163, No.298:-Obv.: "IMP. CAES. VESPASIAN. AVG. P.M.TR.P.P.P. Cos. III. The laureate head of Vespasian to the right. Rev.: IVDAEA. CAPTA. In the exergue, S.C. A palm tree rising in the middle of the field, on the left side of which a female captive is seated upon armour, her head reclining upon her left hand in the attitude of grief. The emperor is standing on the right side, bare headed, and in military costume; in his right hand he holds a spear erect, and in the left hand a parazonium; his left foot rests on a helmet lying at the foot of the palm tree; struck about A.D. 71 and 72." He mentions several varieties. It is a coin of some rarity, and is much sought after by most collectors on account of its biblical interest, and is consequently of corresponding value.-D. T. BATTY, 9, Fennell-street, Manchester.

[2615.]-BICYCLE WHEEL.-The less the number of joints in a wheel the better. I do not see whas drawing is wanted, or would send one.-F. J. D. [2623]-SCIENCE QUESTION.

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h 109in., therefore h = 11ft. 1.1in. And by substituting the value of h in the equation for the content of the upper or lower frustum we receiver 1.30ft. A. TOLHAUSEN. [2582.]-SOLIDITY OF FRUSTUM OF CONE.Is as follows:

Area of smaller end = 29 x 7854 = 31416 Area of larger end = 42 x 7854 = 12-5664 Square root of produce = 8 x 7854 = 6-3832

21-9912+ by

= 21-9912 x 4 = 87·9648 87.6948 x 440 Weight = = 17 ton 5 cwt. 2 qrs. 4lb. 2240 To find after cutting off 4 tons the diameter of small end and height of remaining frustum, complete

the cone

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with tranverse axis F G and conjugate = 2 EB describe ellipse FC H, cutting C D in C join A C, C B, then AC+CB= 42E F.-J. K. P. [2582.]-WEIGHT OF FRUSTUM.-Let A B C D be the given frustum complete the cone CD E, then weight of frustum equals

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the poppet head, and bring the hand rest round and turn an indent for the augur to enter, and he can then (if the augur is properly entered) bore a hole any H length without fear of it being out of truth; the part A, Fig. 1, can then be turned, and the handle cut off. The above is the way I turn long soft wood, turning handles 1ft. or so long; but short handles can be turned quicker without the aid of the poppet head or boring collar. Fix a piece of wood in a wooden cup chuck in the usual way, turn down the end farthest from the chuck, and fit on the ferrule; then turn an indent and bore the hole: afterwards turn the handles the required shape, finishing at A, Fig. 2, where it can and be cut off. I shall be happy to answer "A. B." if there is any part he does not quite understand.KENNINGTON AMATEUR.

As D G 1: BG 12 BO 1 to A0 = 12 or solidity of annexed part-22 x 7854 x 4 = 12-5664, to which add 20-3636 cubic feet, this represents 4 tons. Therefore the part to be cut off from the whole cone = 125664 + 20 3636 = 32.9300

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triangle A B C. given base, height and sum of the sides AC+ CB = 1.

Solution:

Draw KF parallel to A B at a distance height, with A as centre and as radius draw are D E; mark I symmetrical of B. and with F (ad libitum on KF) as centre, draw I BE, hree point G and from Ga Tangent to the arc D E, hence H. constructing circle through HI B. we have C vertex of the triangle: proof easy by Fuc. iii, 36 (vide my reply to Query 2604-another solugion on the left side of A B.BERNARDIN.

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2624.1-PROPORTIONS OF SPACE.-CUBE AND SPHERE.-I suppose a sphere tangent to all the faces of the cube; edge of the cube being D, the volume of the spheres will be If now I divide the edge na equal parts, I can have n3 spheres tangent to each other and to the cube, volume of each sphere will be π D3 π D3 and total volume of the n3 spheres = 6 n3 6 the same as the first sphere inscribed in the cube; this sphere is equal to the volume of the cube x 0.5236; all this is theory: in practice we must account with the more or less sinking of the substance.-BERNARDIN. [2625.]-BIRDS' EGGS.-Blow out the inside carefully, and then boil them for 10 or 15 minutes; they will then keep many years.-SEMPER PACE.

(2625.]-PRESERVING EGGS.-If "Rustic" will procure some corrosive sublimate dissolved in alcohol, and insert a small quantity into the egg, and shake it after drying, he will find no insect destroy it. If be wishes his eggs to appear bright, he must brush over them very sparingly a little mastic varnish; but if for blue or green eggs, gum arabic must be used, as the varnish is apt to slightly change the colour.-OISEAUX. [2628]-DIMENSIONS OF ENGINE.-I think the following dimensions will give Cam" satisfactory results:-The steamways should be in. wide and lin. long, or exactly of a square inch, the exhaust just twice this size, or of a square inch. The steam-pipe ought to be fin. diameter (inside of course), the exhaust pipe fin. diameter.-W. H. THORPE.

this commutator.

the shocks.

[2688.-RENDERING WOOD INCOMBUSTIBLE. -I do not know of any preparation that will render wood absolutely fireproof. Alum will, however, if the wood is impregnated with a solution of it, prevent the wood from flaming.-LLAH.

a commutator arrangement for throwing either
length into the circuit; at the centre of the circle is
a pivot earrying a spring which may be moved in con-
tact with either stud, from which it carries the current
to the binding screw P. Of course separate binding
screws may be employed for each length instead of
[2692.]-BOTANY.-Cuckoo flower (Cardamine pra-
The core is shown with a handle. tensis), root stock short and perennial, stem erect,
by which it can be drawn out partially, to regulate leaves primate, the segments of the lower radicle ones
The lines formed of dashes show the ovate, the terminal segment being largest. Flowers
primary circuit, and those of dots that of the secondary sometimes pure white, but more frequently tinged
or induced current. Any battery will serve to work with a faint purple, sepals 4, petals 4. stamens 6.
such a coil, even a single Smee cell.-SIGMA.
Pistils short, almost wanting, seed pod flat, grows in
[2644.]-ADULTERATION OF TURPENTINE.- meadows and on the banks of brooks. Hedge mus-
Apart from the evidence of colour and smell, the use tard (Sisymbrinya officinale), an erect annual, about 4ft
of a specific gravity glass is a certain test for the high, flowers very small and yellow, sepals 4, petals 4.
purity of turpentine. They may be procured at auy stamens 6; leaves deeply pumatifid, seed in a pod
optician's. The gravity of genuine American turpen- about in. long, tapering to a point, hairy, and in long
tine is, of course, the standard to be taken. If petro-slen ler racemes.-AUTOMEDON.
leum is added, the mixture will show a lighter gravity. [2695.]-GEOGRAPHICAL QUERY-Might "key"
If Russian," German," Polish," or other turpen- not have the meaning of "quay in these words?
tines of a rougher kind, are added, the mixture can be netherset is evidently an Anglo-Saxon word meaning
detected and approximated by the increased gravity to lay down." Hence the quay, where goods are
figures. Field, optician, Birmingham, supplied my stored keyhouse, where duty is paid; key-spink,
gravity glass.-LLAH.

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ful whether by any alteration the clarion stop will be

[2645.]-IMPERFECT ORGAN.-I am very doubt-
made perfect. I would not recommend" Anti Discord
to go to any expense in attempting to do so, but he
might ask a pipe-maker for what he will supply him
with a new one, taking the old pipe as part payment, A
wooden flute from tenor E upwards would cost voiced
about 458. The cost of applying them need not be
much; any handy carpenter or cabinet-maker could
do it in a day or less. Cannot "Anti Discord" do that
himself?-MILES JENNINGS.

[2651.] LECLANCHE BATTERY. "Telos"
should write to the Patent Office, and enclose 9 stamps
for the specification. It was patented 10th Oct., 1866
(No. 2628) in the name of Brandon. I have a specifi-
cation of it which I was recommended to procure by
a well-known electrician, who assured me that the
system must ultimately supersede all others, but I have
tried in vain to understand it. The battery consists of
two parts, the "generator" and the "accumulator,"
both of which have porous cells differently charged.
A little light thrown on this matter would much
oblige-VIATOR.

[2656.]-BOOKS.-I know of no book better than
Culley's" Practical Telegraphy" to "Much-in-Want."
LLAH.
[2656]-TELEGRAPHIC BOOKS-Cully's "Hand-
book is perhaps the best, and Clark's Electrical
Measurement" would be a valuable addition.-SIGMA.
[2663.]-QUICKSILVER.-There is no solvent which
could be used; heat alone will succeed in driving it off.

-SIGMA.

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(2667.]-PAINT TO COVER TARRED WOOD.I know of no paint that will effectually cover tarred wood, certainly not a light paint. I would recommend your correspondent to clean the posts as much as possible, and then limewash them with a wash having plenty of size or grease in it. This will whiten the post as he required, and the lime would, I think, eventually "eat up " the tar, after which it may be painted.

[2634.]-PAPER HANGINGS.-There are three modes of producing the required effect. 1st. Wooden blocks are carved representing in relief the outlines of the figure; an impression is taken from these blocks, and the device is completed by painting with a pencil. 2nd. A sheet of paper, leather, tin, or copper, is cut out into the required pattern, and laid on the paper to bo stained; a brush dipped in a coloured pigment and worked over the surface of the perforated plate, conveys the pigment through all the perforations, and forms a pattern on the paper. 3rd. A block is carved-LLAH. for each of the colours to be employed, and an impres sion from all the blocks in succession fills up the design on the paper. The first of those methods is too slow and costly for ordinary use: the second produces imperfect outlines; and the third is the method chiefly employed at the present day.-A. BOUGHEY.

[2636.] CEMENT FOR JOINING BOARDS.Marine glue will join boards so as to resist water.-J. F. [2639.]-OPINIONS WANTED.-I think John W. Bedford, of May 6, Vol. II., page 166, will find a remedy for his engines if he will look to his links. When his lever is in the centre notch, his links ought to hang so that the valve spindle will be in centre of eccentric rod ends. If they are so at present, then the eccentrics are not fixed properly. When they are properly set the links ought to vibrate on the valve spindle or stud without imparting any motion to either spindle or stud, when his lever is in the centre notch. By attending to these he will make a perfect cure.-J. HAR

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[2667.]-PAINT TO COVER TARRED WOOD.-If "Associate," No. 2967, mix some red lead with boiled oil and paint his posts with it, he will find the tar will not burn through. (I speak from experience, having found it stand the hot sun for years.) He can then paint them white, or oxide of iron will answer the samé purpose.-C. H.

[2671.]-CANOE BUILDING.-"C. D. R." wishes to know how the planks of a canoe are kept to the proper shape while building. He will find that the strakes must be so cut and fitted to each other, that there is no tendency to buckle or twist, and in this adaptation of flat surfaces with curved edges lies the whole mystery and art of boat-building. The skin of a boat may be divided into three parts-the floor, the bilge strakes, and the side. On the shape of the floor depends the form of the boat. The strake next the keel on each side (called the garboard strake) fits the rabbet in the keel. Thus we trace the modelling of the boat to the starting point. If the rabbet is not continued well fore and aft, but bridled up into the stem and sternpost, the canoe will be sharp and crank. The edges of the strakes should be lapped or fin., and fastened with copper boat-nails about 2in. apart. The hole must be bored right through, the nail driven, and then a copper burr punched on the point. With a pair of cutting pliers then cut the nail just inside the burr, and rivet. This draws the work together without caulking or any intermediate substance being necessary. The upper edge of the strake is chamfered to the angle formed by the strake above; but this is only required in some parts. When "C. D. R." has his frame ready, he will find it best to get an lin. board, rather longer than the frame; fasten the board on its edge near the ground, and lay down" the canoe on it. As he says he is totally ignorant of the art, I recommend him to set up three or four moulds on his keel to work to, taking care that the strakes do not press too heavily on them.-Boat Builder.

[2679.]-UNANSWERED QUERY.-One method of preparing curled hair is as follows:-It is cut from the rumps, washed and dried, It is then spun up into ropes and put into a baker's oven for a while, care being taken that it is not burned by the heat being too strong, It is then teazed out by the hand, and is then ready for use,-MILES JENNINGS.

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[2683.]-IRON PALISADINGS.-To this general screw P to S, the stem which carries the screw of the question only a general answer can be given. If the contact breaker, thence along the spring to its stem palisades are painted with the most suitable class of a, thence by wire to the electro magnet 5, 6, and to the paints, and all the other materials are good, and the inner end of the primary of the coil 1, and from its work is carefully done, it should stand and look well other end 2 to the binding screw N. The secondary for at least seven years, and with re-varnishing 10 to circuit, which is screwed in the coil, goes from binding The most important matter is ts have the screw N to 5, in order to utilise the action of the paint for the first coat of the right kind.-LLAH. magnet, or it might go to 1 direct, through the primary [2685. AMATEUR TURNERS' CLUB.-In reply to 2, and thence to a stud; the secondary wire which to Mr. H. Hume'a inquiry, I beg to state that the Amais attached to the termination of the primary has its teur Mechanical Society was originated in January, outer end 3 led to a similar stud, and if great force is 1869; admission by introduction of a member on perrequired several layers may thus be formed, all in a sonal knowledge. I shall be pleased to send a prospecContinuous length, but with branches thus led to tus, &c., to any of your readers on application.-J. W. separate studs arranged on an arc of a circle; this is BOORD, Hon. Sec., 180, Belsize-road, Kilburn, N.W.

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and a hard brush on a piece of pumice stone.

[2696.]-CLEANING FLAGS.-Use mineral naphtha Let the naphtha lie upon the tar for some time if it has been long there. Mind the fire, or a light.-LLAH.

[2697.]-CANARY.-In reply to "Minehaha," I copy the following from "Bechotein's Natural History of Cage Birds":"Asthma or hard breathing, which arises from an oppressed stomach, generally yields to plantain and rape seeds moistened with water as the sole food."-EL HAKIM.

[3701.]-KOLA-NUT.-I do not know where to procure it. I asked for it at many places without result last year.-BERNARDIN.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[3706.]-PANCRATIC TUBES.-Will "Amateur," p. 139, describe the manner of using the pancratic tubes which he employs with his eyepieces: where they may be obtained, and the cost of making?-T. J.

[3707.]-TWISTING POWER OF METAL.-Will any of your numerous readers kindly give me a rule by which I can find the relative twisting power of metal, iron, and steel shafts; or what diameter a steel or iron shaft should be to be equal to a given-sized metal one?-P. P. W.

[3708.]-CARBONIC MONOXIDE, &c.-How can this gas be prepared otherwise than by depriving carbonic acid of half its oxygen, or by adding carbon to it?-CARBON.

turners inform me the following:-How the sandy [3709.]-TURNING.-Will some of my brother surface is taken off metal before turning? I turned although they were good steel, and left at, I think, some metal, and it continually kept blunting, my tools about a straw colour. How are cylinders bored out in the lathe? A sketch would greatly assist me, and I think some of my brother readers also. How are cylinder covers turned, both sides and edge (hind ones); they will have no hole in them for a mandrel to go into ?-AMATEUR TURNRR.

[3710.]-ARITHMETICAL QUERY.-Will any of your numerous readers kindly inform me, through the medium of your valuable paper, how the decimal 7854 is arrived at as a multiplier for converting areas of circles into squares; also, how the multiplier 3,1416 is made out so as when multiplied by the diameter of a circle it will give the circumference of the same?FALCON.

[3711]-CUSTOMS EXAMINATION PAPER.— Could any of your readers inform me where I could get a copy of the examination papers (last time, or last but one), for the Customs service.-R. P.

[3712.]-POWERS OF TELESCOPES.-As no one has noticed my communication on the above subject in Vol. X., No. 258, p. 606, I should take it as a great favour if your obliging correspondent "F.R.A.S," would tell me if the method there suggested for the determination of telescopic powers is correct, and if differ from the true results ?-R. G. ANDERSON. not, to what extent the results so obtained would

[[3713.-TELESCOPIC.-Will "F.R.A.S," or some gentleman, reply to these queries:-I have been endeavouring to make a 4in. achromatic object glass for a telescope, in the following manner, but at present with slight success; I am acquainted with the theoretical portion of the subject, but I am not yet able to realise my wishes practically. I have used for a grinding tool a piece of glass, lin. thick, and the same diameter as the lens, 4in., and in this I have ground the convex side of the flint glass with different finenesses of emer, till I thought it was fine enough for polishing. I then covered the glass tool with black pitch, about fth of an inch thick, and commenced polishing with putty power, but I found that the glass would only polish in the centre, the edges remaining untouched

worked the lens across the tool, and not more than lin. over the edge); I removed the pitch, re-ground the lens, covered the glass tool with a piece of fine calico, and commenced polishing in the same way as I had done when polishing on the pitch, but the result was I shall not be satisfied unless I can get a good spherical still the same. I could not get the edges to polish, and figure. I have come to the conclusion that the error lies in my grinding tool not being large enough, and I, therefore, wish "F.R.A.S.", or some other gentleman, will tell me whether this is the reason, and give me the diamater of tools for a 4in. lens? also tell me of what metal they should be made, I wish they would whether it is necessary to use brass ones, or would iron do as well? I should also like to know how to tell when my lense is ground fine enough to begin the polishing; and whether it should be ground with anything else besides emery before commencing to polish, and on what it should be polished on, pitch or linen and lastly, whether putty powder is the proper polishing material to use?- DIOPTRICS.

[3714.]-BACK DRAUGHT IN ENGINE.-Would some kind brother reader inform me how to prevent what is generally termed back draught in a steam boiler? Ours is an ordinary two flued boiler, and we have a good draught, so much so that the damper is seldom needed to be drawn above one-half, but whenever the coals are thrown on it makes a very oppressive humming noise, and causes the boiler shake very much, and consequently breaks the joints very often, as we have to carry 601b pressure of steam. There is a good draught under the furnace, but still it blows out of the apertures in the furnace doors.-ONE IN A FIX.

[8715.]-COIL.-Many thanks to Messrs. Conisbee and Tucker for their kindness in replying to my last questions, and as I have made up my mind not to touch the old coil, but make a complete new one, I think I can not do better than ask the gentlemen above mentioned, if they know of anything new in the construction of coils, I made my last one, 12in. loug, of gutta-perch, with a disc in the centre dividing the secondary in two, joined by a piece of copper at the bottom of the centre disc going through the disc; the primary I wound on a small reel of lignum vitæ, same length as large reel, with in. hole through for iron core. I covered the fprimary well with gutta-percha tissue, and pushed it tight into the large reel. Now can any of my two friends suggest anything new? I mean to put 4lb. No. 36 secondary; what will be the best for primary? I intend making the reel 12in. long.

-D. FORBES.

[3716.] - RELACQUERING BRASS WORK. Would W. Seabrook, p. 18, No. 1929, kindly say if there is any peculiar pickle or solution for immersing brass work in before dipping in nitric acid, as I have some old brass work I wish to relacquer, and have gone to work as directed, but the work not come clean enough from the boiling in soda process, and I find the acid will turn the brass nearly black if in for 2 or 3 seconds. How is that? I should also like to hear, through our MECHANIC, how "Inquirer" has succeeded? A reply on the above will, I have no doubt, oblige many besides myself.-PRO BONO.

[3717.)-COPPER AND SILVER COINS.-Will either of our kind friends, Mr. Henfrey or Mr. Batty, give me any information relative to the two coins of which I send attempts at representations? Of the small

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copper taken, there are two varieties. the other specimen has the date under the G 1. I have had one specimen many years (17), the other was sent to me a few days since. Of the silver coin 1 know nothing, but should be glad to learn?-S. SMITH.

[3718.] TALL CHIMNEYS.-Can any of our brother readers inform me the height, with size at bottom and top, of the large chimney at the chemical works of Messrs. Tennant and Co., Glasgow, or one at any other works? A sketch with full particulars through the ENGLISH MECHANIC Would be esteemed. -GAINSBORO.

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pose the flutes round the sides are to grasp it while the work or drill is fixed?-W. T.

[3729.]-SEAMLESS FELT SKIRTS.-I want a machine for making seamless felt skirts, a description would oblige.-C. F. J

[3730]-PAPER COLLARS AND CUFFS.-A deseription of the apparatus used for finishing paper collars and cuffs would be welcome ?-C. F. J.

[3731.]-BLOCKING BLACK LEAD-Will some kind friend inform me how to make black lead into blocks and medallions with devices on; all the information to enable me to make them up will very much oblige?-AN AMATEUR.

of your many readers kindly inform me how I can [3732.]-TRANSPARENT PARAFFIN.-Will any paraffin, so as to make it white, or nearly white, and take pink, green, blue, and mauve colour out of hard transparent again?-GREEN.

[3733.]-COTTON SPINNING.-Can an reader inning, price and name, and where to obtain ?--OSCAR. form me of a good new German book on cotton spin

[3734.]-THE GOAT AND THE GRASS PLOTcircumference, I want to tether a goat to a peg driven I have a circular grass plot in my grounds, 45 yards into the edge of the plot in order that the goat may feed over only half the ground. What must be the length of the tether?-CAPTAIN BAXTER. [3735.]- ENGLISH VELOCIPEDE. Will A Thinker "kindly say how his machine is steered, and whether the cranks are set at a quarter circle or both or both in one plane?-GARIBALDI.

[3736.]-GENEVA CYLINDER.-I thank "Nobody' for the information given, but would like to know the kind of callipers used, and if there is not a Swiss tool used for the purpose of taking the height?-CYL. [3737.]-HARDENING PLASTER. The plaster on the walls of a mill staircase is being continually knocked off with the boxas and other things that are carried up and down the steps, will some obliging reader inform me of a cheap and simple method of keeping it in its proper place, either by hardening the surface of the plaster or any other plan ?-COTTON SPINNER.

[3738.]-UNNOTICED QUERY.-Having a Fitzroy barometer tubes, quite new, but covered with few a film inside, would some friend tell me in what way to remove it before filling them ?-T. FORTY.

[3739.]-CHLORIDE OF TIN.-I find great difficulty in obtaining chloride of tin, I have tried at things. Is it better known by some other name ?— several chemists, and each have given me different AMATOR SCIENTIÆ.

[3740.]-FLOAT FOR BOILER.-Perhaps some of your correspondents could inform me if there is any material a solid float could be made with to carry its own weight in a steam boiler, pressed say from 30 to 40lb., or can a hollow float be made strong enough to keep from filling with water ?-J. K.

[3741]-TURBINE.-Can any oue inform me where a turbine is to be seen working in England?

M.R.C.S.

[3719]-LACE AND BUTTONS.-I wish to know if [3742.]-SEASONING WOOD.-Would any of your there is any way of cleaning tarnished silver lace on readers kindly tell me the best method of quickly a uniform, and also a reeipe for a dark bronze for seasoning small pieces of wood for carving or turnbuttons which have become bright through wearing, I think I saw some recipe or direction in a former number, but cannot find it now?-BRUIN.

REX.

[3720.]-BONE BLEACHING.-Will some brother reader kindly inform me how to bleach bone so as to make it like ivory, I have tried hot lime, but did not

find it answer?-Os.

[blocks in formation]

[3743.]-SYPHON PIPES.-Will any reader kindly give me a rule to calculate the quantity of water a syphon will discharge in a given time, diameter of pipe, height water rises to in syphon, and length of discharge end being known ?-CALCULUS. [3744)—SILVER COIN.-Will some fellow subscriber kindly tell me what coin this is, and its value? About the size of a threepenny piece, on one side a rose, crowned, inscription-G. ROSA. SINE. SPINA; VIT. DEVS.-J. NASH. other side a thistle, crowned, inscription-ATVR.

[3745-STEAM PIPE JOINTS.-Will some brother subscriber be kind enough to inform me what quantity of salammoniac should be mixed with lewt. of metal borings to make steam pipe joints ?-J. E. S. [3746.]-TESTING BOILER.-Could any of my brother readers inform me of the best way to test a boiler without taking it out of its bed? My boilers are 6-h p., and I want to work them up to more should like to test them before adding more weight to sure, but the safety valve blows off at 101b., and I presmy lever.-THOMAS EDWARDS.

[3747.] SITUATION OF PLANETS. Zodiac is Saturn and Mars at the present time; is F.R.A.S."-In what constellation or sign of the TO Herschel still in Gemini, although, of course, it is not RAM. discernable to the naked eye?-SECUNDUM NATU[3748]-DENTISTRY.-Will "Portsmouth Chemist" oblige by informing me where I can procure a copy of "Richardson's Mechanical Dentistry," or where the publishers, Lindsay and Blakiston, carry on business? -F. W.

(3727.]-WIRE TACKS AND NAILS.-Can any reader give me a description of a good machine for manfacturing the above?--C. F. J. (3728)-CURIOUS CHUCK S.-I have seen in tool makers' shops, lathe chucks like figures 1 and 2, but EARTH'S ROTATION.-C. R. O., Hants." in n FORCE AND TH

[3749.-CENTRIFUGAL

letter on the "Earth's Rotation," p. 131, seems to im

ply that the amount of centrifugal force depends, not on the size of the revolving body, but upon the rate at which it revolves, which seems to me to be correct, though I never thought of it before-and that the amount of tendency which bodies on the earth's surface have to fly off is precisely the same as that of the filings on his iron globe, because the revolution of his iron globe occupies the same length of time as that of the earth. Seeing, then, that the centrifugal force of the earth is so small, how is it that its circumference at the equator is so much greater than its circumference at the poles-I believe 25 miles. This is, I have heard, owing to centrifugal force. I wish some one who knows something about it would enlighten me?-SALOPIAN.

[3750.-SILVER COIN.-Could Mr. H. W. Henfrey, or any other kind correspondent, inform me

[blocks in formation]

what the silver coin is of which I enclose a full size copy; and if it is of any value; weight 19gr. ?-A BEGINNER.

[3571]-ASTRONOMICAL QUERIES.-I beg to round in the tube, while watching the planet Venus, inform "F.R.A.S." that I did turn my 240 eyepiece sud my supposititious moon" did not describe an orbit round its primary. Will some kind friend give me some information on the following:-Has D'Arrest's comet been picked up by any one, and whereabouts is it now? Is that the only comet now that is within R. A. and D. for any day of the year? I find the position of any of the asteroid given in rench of an 8tin. silvered glass reflector? Where can What power with an sin. With mirror, would be necessary to divide μ Bootis? What is the apparent diameter of the sun, moon, Venus, and Jupiter, to the unassisted eye in inches or parts of inches, and how can such be ascertained from their diameters in minutes and seconds, given monthly in the "Nautical Almanac "?-H. A. C. I shall be glad if any of your chemical correspondents [3752.]-DEPOSIT FROM SODA CRYSTALS.can answer the following:-In dissolving a quantity of soda crystals without water, and by either fire or pan which, when cold, is a hard brittle mass which steam, there is a sediment left at the bottom of the dees not mix with the other part of the soda even if material, although the same in colour. cooled in the same pan, but seems to be quite another know what it is, and can it be prevented; I have used I wish to the best Newcastle soda ?-NATRUM.

[3753.]-BOTANY.-Would some one of your correspondents who is interested in botanical pursuits, botany, or guide to the indigenous plants of Great kindly inform me what is the best handbook of Britain, for field use? I have used an old edition (the 7th) of Macgillivray's "Abridgment of Withering," but have often found it difficult to determine the species from the short descriptions given.-D. N. E.

[3754]-ELECTRO.-Will Mr. Chapman, or any other obliging reader help me out of the following difficulties:-I have a large Smee's battery for depositing copper. I want to get a deposit on a nonmetallic surface a foot square, which I cannot get in less than 30 hours, and not then with any degree of certainty? How can I quicken the deposit? What is used for removing the wax from a shell taken from

a wax mould?-J. D.

[3755.]-TURBINE WHEEL.-Will "Senex," or ary other practical person, oblige me by answering a few questions respecting turbines What is the quantity of water per minute required to drive a one-horse power turbine wheel, the neight of the fall, diameter of feed pipe or jet, diam ter of wheel outside, number of revolutions per minute, or any information concerning the machine.-A. B.

[2756.]-LAMENESS IN HORSES.-Having seen a paragraph in your valuable paper 1t week" Amateur Farming," that a "Country Vet." would at any time be happy to render help towards the advancement of a column respecting the breeding, rearing, and diseases of dogs, &c., I think that a few hints upon the above subject would be very instructive to many. Would the "Country Vet" be kind enough to give me his opinion lameness which the horse is so much subject to in this and a little information respecting that troublesome country-ramely, laminitis or founder of the feet, and -J. O. DUFFRYN, Neath. also the best method of shoeing for chronic laminitis?

mens.

а

[3757.)-BOOKBINDER'S PLOUGH.-Thanks to "Ab Initio" for his answer to my query. 1 have bookseller, and they say they are very fair specishown some samples of books to a printer and I should be obliged if he would describe how to make a plough ?-MASCHIL. kindly effers to give some information to those of [598]-EMIGRANTS' INQUIRIES.—“F.R.G.S." your readers who require it, and which will most certainly be useful to all of us. As an intended colony of South Australia. I am a carpenter, been emigrant, I shall esteem it a great favour to obtain some geographical and general information of the used to railway work, and desire to fix on some town in that part where the climate would be cougenial (as trade would be likely to be brisk. I am not very robust in constitution), and where my would kindly assist me in my choice of a destination F.R.G.S. through the medium of your valu ble ENGLISH MECHANIC, I should consider it a great boon.-J. FRANCIS.

If

[3751.]-ASCARIDES.-Can one, out of the very many obliging, correspondents of the ENGLISH ME

MAY 13, 1870.7

FERER.

5

16

by a pair of mitre wheels from the crank shaft. I may
state that the engine only indicates about 91b. on the
vacuum gauge. Any hints how to understand the
diagram properly, and to make the engine work better
will greatly oblige.-NIMROD.

[3772.]-KAPPER'S FIRES.-On page 17 there is a
drawing of Kapper's improved fires, given by a Mr.
Geo. Huart. Would he be so good as to give us a little
more explanation as to Figs. 2 and 3, what cokes they
use, and how they hammer the iron, as he says it is
more for beams? He says there is no turning the work
on edge. G. H. will greatly oblige by giving us a
little more about the said fires.-BENDER.

CHANIC, answer me the whole or any one of the fol-
lowing questions:-1. What is the primary cause of
ascarides, or thread worms? 2. What is a safe and
certain cure for these parasites? 3. What is the best
preventive against their future generation? 4. What
is the cause of their being so seldom felt during the
day, but chiefly towards evening ?-A GREAT SUF-
[3760.-CONTRIVANCE FOR HOLDING IRON
RODS. Can any of your correspondents favour me
with a sketch of a contrivance for holding round iron
rods-in. thickness. The rods are passed up a hollow
[3773.]-PLATE PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERA.-
I should be glad if "Mus" or some other corre-
spindle into the machine for turning. I want a con-
trivance at the end of hollow spindle, to lock and un-spondent would, with your permission, give a detail
lock as the rods are drawn in. The pieces turned off sketch with measurements of the above, stating what
The rods size, with probable cost of lens, and any other infor-
rods at each stroke will be about in. long.
mation he thinks an artisan would require in construct-
I should like to
vary a little in thickness. The lock must take up as
little space as possible, but must be very strong. The ing one, so as to obtain good results.
know if this is the most suitable size for a beginner,
machine is self-acting?-RAYMOND.
Will the and for future use ?-SNATCH BLOCK.
[8761.] - EMIGRANTS INQUIRIES.
learned "F.R.G.S." please say whether the climate
of Natal is usually much hotter in summer than in
England, and whether or not dangerous wild beasts
and snakes might be met with there in the woods. I
have read denials of this, but the statements of paid
advocates, and otherwise interested persons, on all
drawbacks, are, of course, worthless, and their silence
confirms belief, hence I have been led to believe those
drawbacks exist there, though I only doubted it
The productions of Natal indicate a hot
climate. Dangerous animals, including the lion,
seem to have been common there some years ago.
What will be the best mode of my getting the ME-
CHANIC there if I go?-EMIGRANT.

before.

[The ENGLISH MECHANIC can be had in postal districts at Natal, postage 2d.] AND DECORATION.-Can [3762.3-PAINTING any of our readers recommend a good book on ornaIf so, I mental painting and house decoration ? should esteem it a favour.-C. H. (There is a series of articles now being inserted in the Building News on this question.]

[3763. THEINE.-I have tried several times to isolate the above from various samples of tea, but have failed. I proceed as follows:-Make an aqueous infusion from a sample of good tea, and when cold, precipitate the tannin with plumbic acetate; then remove the excess of lead with sulphuretted hydrogen, filter the solution and neutralise the excess of acetic acid contained in the filtrate with ammonia. I now evaporate the solution to about one-sixth of its original volume with heat, and leave the residue to evaporate at the ordinary atmospheric temperature. By this process I obtain the long needle-shaped crystals, but not thoroughly isolated, for with them I get a gum-like residne, which I can collect and roll up like a pill. Will some of your chemical correspondents kindly point out where my manipulation is defective, or inform me of a process by which I n ay obtain my obtain my desire in a more effective manner?-A. A. ATTWOOD.

[3764.]-EBONITE.-Can some one of your readers give me any information as to the manipulation of ebonite? Is it possible, without injuring the quality of the substance, to convert a sheet into a cubical block, and if so, how is this done ?-S. T. P.

[3765.]-NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.-Will some one give me some information as to joining the evening class for studying naval architecture at South Kensington ?-G. E. J.

[3766.]-CLEANING AND REFILLING BAROMETER TUBES-Can any of your numerous readers inform me the best metho i for cleaning the inside of barometer tubes and refilling them with mercury? WATCHMAKER.

[3767.]-FLY WHEEL ARMS-Why are the arms of a fly wheel made gradually smaller as they recede from the centre of motion ?-C. B.

[3768]-POISONING BY CANTHARIDES.-Will any of your medical readers kindly advise what course should be therapeutically pursued to neutralise the exhausting and debilitating effects presumed to have ensued from surreptitious administration of can-, tharidian poison 7-I. I. D.

[3769]-STREET TEE ESCOPES.-Will "G. F. (2580), inform me in what localities in London I should be likely to see a "street telescope?" I am curious to see one. "G. F." should say where he resides, and he would probably meet with a friendly possessor of a good instrument ?-F. FOTHERGILL.

[8770.]-SILVERING DIAGONAL PLANES.-I can endorse all Mr. James Gray says in No. 267, page 164, with reference to his difficulty in silvering diagonal planes. I have failed in exactly the same manner, after trying many strengths and temperatures of solutions, and under a variety of changes in the method of manipulation, but always in vain, for I never could get a film other than what he describes. I understand Browning's formula is also most uncertain with amateurs, in spite of the usual precautions with regard to purity of chemicals, &c. Can any reader in the chemical line give a hint or two ?-INTERESTED. [3771)-FAULTY ENGINE.-Will any of your remiers tell me what is wrong with the engine which the enclosed diagrams have been taken from (A taken from the crank cud, and B from the back end). The

USEFUL AND SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

HONEY.-From Queensland we have an interesting note upon honey, which in that colony, and indeed throughout Australia generally, forms an industry of considerable value. A centrifugal machine is used for extracting honey from the combs, the caps being first removed by a sharp kuife, so that in less than a minute every particle of honey is taken out. The combs are then turned, and the cells on the other side treated in the same manner. The advantages claimed for this process are, that the larva, which are frequently very troublesome, remain in the comb, and that when the latter is replaced in the hives, the bees readily use it over again.

of eggs.

THE SUNFLOWER.-The following description is an extract from the Agri-Horticultural Society of the Pungal on the sunflower:-It is an annuai plant. Its seed has an edible kernel, and affords 15 per cent. of a mild oil, which is equally good for food or for burning. If the outer skin is removed it would give a still larger proportion of oil. Although little cultivated as an oil-seed, it deserves to be better known, especially as its seed is very useful for nourishing and fattening poultry. It is said to increase the number The roasted kernels are used instead of coffee. The foliage, which is abundant, and may be partially removed without injury to the seeds, forms a good fodder for cows. The stems, which will do for sticks for peas or beans, may be burnt, abd their ashes abound in potash. Sunflowers require good and fertile soil if they are to produce much seed, but they will succeed in very indifferent soil, or even in very moist ground. Their cultivation is very similar to that of Indian corn. They may be sown from April to May in lines or broadcast. It has often been said that large plantations of sunflowers are useful in marshes or places where malarious fever is common, as this plant is a deeided remover of malaria.

DOMESTIC RECIPES.

SCOTCH BROSE.-This favourite Scotch dish is generally made with the liquor in which meat has been boiled. Put half a pint of oatmeal into a porringer with a little salt, if there be not enough in the broth, of which add as much as will mix it to the consistence of hasty-pudding, or a little thicker. Lastly, take some of the fat that swims on the broth, put it on the crowdie, and eat in the same way as hasty-pudding.

MADRAS DRY CURRY.-Cut one pound of meat into small pieces, slice one onion and fry it in butter to a light brown, then add one tablespoonful of Madras curry powder, one teacupful of water, one breakfastcupful of gravy, the juice of one lemon, and a little salt; stew all together till nearly dry, and send it up quite hot.

FOR PREPARING INDIAN MEAL.-While the maize is yet green in the car, it becomes by boiling a delicious vegetable for the table; and when ripe it is capable, before it is ground, of being prepared for food in a great variety of ways. It makes its appearance in every form,-from gruel, stirabout, and pancakes, to bread in twenty different shapes. In no form in which it is ever used in America is it eaten cold. When wanted in the shape of bread, no more is baked than is necessary for the time being; it is never baked in large quantities, and in the shape of loaves, as ordinary flour is baked into bread. Nor is it mixed with any kind of flour or meal. Indian corn is always best when used by itself, with the exception of such ingredients as eggs, butter, milk, sugar, etc., which are frequently added in its preparation, to give it richness and flavour. It is really never so sweet as when made in the simplest way. In preparing it for their own nses, the negro women generally mix it with water and a little salt, the dough which is thus formed being made up into a roll about the size and shape of a sodawater bottle without the neck. This is enveloped in the hot ashes of a wood fire, which is the simple process by which it is baked. When ready, it is taken to the pump, and, whilst yet hot, the ashes are washed off it. When they wish to be a little particular, they protect it by wrapping it in leaves before covering it with the ashes. The bread produced by this means Indian meal is, whilst warm, exceedingly sweet. should never be ground to line. It should not have much salt, which spoils its native flavour. It requires a hot oven, or, if baked upon a girdle, a hot, clear fire. It takes longer to bake than wheaten flour bread; and, if boiled, much longer time than oatmeal. For boiling, the more coarsely it is ground the better, if it is long enough boiled. It is sufficient that it is husked. For hominy (a good substitute for rice) the corn is simply hulled or cracked at the mill, and any ineviengine is horizontal and condensing, working with table meal is afterwards sifted out; or the skins are 301b. pressure in the boilers. There are two slide got rid of by pounding the corn in a mortar and siftvalves driven by a double crank shaft, running parallelog it-a tedious process Indian corn roughly ground with the cylinder, and two cams upon the same shaft may be used for force-meat, instead of bread-crumbs. working two expansion valves. The shaft is driven It makes tolerable gruel.

JA

CONGRATULATIONS.

SINCE the alteration in our form we have received from all quarters thanks and congratulations. We have, in fact, only received one letter expressing anything like sorrow or disappointment. We need scarcely say that our circulation, since the commencement of the present volume, has increased several thousand copies weekly. Any one may verify this statement by inquiring of any of the principal booksellers or newsIt is not, however, agents in any of our large towns. merely in our large towns where our influence and circulation has increased, as may be seen from the few extracts from letters given below, which have been taken at random from a host of communications of the

same character:

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. "I beg to congratulate you on the enlargement of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, and also on its great improvement in every way. I also beg to assure you that I shall always take great pleasure in answering all questions in numismatics that appear in its columns."HENRY W. HENFREY, Markham House, Brighton.

Then

"What a vast improvement in a few months! "dodges" and "fads" were repeatedly solicited as well as inserted; now the "Notes and Queries" are sifted and classified, trivial correspondence expunged, more like a revolution has been effected."-JAMES BELL. and better original matter inserted; in fact, something

"Not only the biggest but the best scientific paper published."-SUBURBAN.

"I need scarcely say I wish you success. The marvel to me is how it pays. The secret exists, I suppose, in its immense circulation,"-KAPPA.

"Too much cannot be said or written in praise of the ENGLISH MECHANIC."-J. B. COCKBURN, 4, Mossstreet, Paisley.

"I look on our' MECHANIC as the leading scientific periodical."-W. BAGULEY, 5, Garden-place, Tutbary-street, Manchester..

"The success of our MECHANIC is now so complete that it will be a bold venture on the part of any one to attempt to surpass it."-J. H. JoHNSTONE, 17, Crownstreet, Aberdeen.

"I believe the ENGLISH MECHANIC serves its pur

pose better than any similar paper in existence. R. A. SCOTT, St. Neots, Hunts.

"I certainly must congratulate you on the progress of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, and think it worth three times its price."-R. W. PARAMER, Steam Saw Mills, Margate."

"I congratulate you, Sir, on the improved appearIn fact, it is a ance of the ENGLISH MECHANIC. most voracious monster, this of ours. Long may its health and appetite improve! I wonder what other journal will it gobble up next!"-C. FALLON, Bath gate, Edinburgh.

"I congratulate you on the great improvement in the appearance of your journal, and on its intrinsic value and interest. I file it each week with undiminished satisfaction."-C. F. JESSEN, Bradford.

"I have taken a great interest in the journal, and particularly since the management was transferred to the new Editor, under whom it has much improved." -ISAAC K. CLAYTON, Stalybridge.

"I am delighted to see such an improvement in our MECHANIC from what it was eight or nine months since, when I began to think it would come to grief." -H. D. FOOT, The Parsonage, Lytchett Minster, Poole, Dorset.

"An exceedingly valuable work for all classes of "-J. H. MORGANS, Parklands, Clifton. society."

"Allow me to congratulate you on the improvement of your excellent ENGLISH MECHANIC, which is becoming a great favourite here."-W. WILSON, Surveyor, 9, Orange-street, Canterbury.

"The various and multitudinous contents of the ENGLISH MECHANIC make it, as I think, the most interesting and valuable scientific publication extant." J. H. SYMES, Torquay.

"I am quite surprised at the wide circulation our paper has attained. I frequently receive communientions from places thousands of miles distant. I have just received one from the Antipodes respecting the geometric chuck."-GEORGE PLANT, Alsager,

Cheshire.

"I have just heard that a wealthy and influential gentleman near here made the remark that he could not live without the MECHANIC,' a proof positive, I think, of how much it is liked."—J. M. PROCTOR, 11, Holt-street, Wrexham.

"I beg to assure you that your valuable paper is much read and esteemed here."-E. HALMSHAW, 9, Grove-square, Gomersal, near Leeds.

"Your ENGLISH MECHANIC is most flourishing!

What a good thick handful of useful matter it is!"
Rev. E. LUKIN, Stetchworth, near Newmarket.

"The last real improvements, commencing with Vol. II., seem to leave nothing farther to be desired by correspondents or subscribers."-E. A. CROUCH, 239, Brooklyn, New York.

"May I just add that I derive such hours of pleasure from our MECHANIC as I have never before enjoyed! -C. E. C.ESAR, 3, Raglan-terrace, Highbury.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

All communications should be addressed to the EDITOR of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, 31, Tavistockstreet, Covent Garden, W.C.

The following are the initials, &c., of letters to hand up to first post, Friday, May 6:

J. Taylor, P. V., J. G., Ashworth Bros., T. Brown, J. McG.,
G. G. R., W. G., A. T., J. and H. S., T. J., Dioptrics, C. E
Gordon, R. A. Proctor, J. A. Sales, Elliptic, J. P. H., J. A. F.,
Rev. E. J., Capt. O. H. S., Hopeful, Jas. Melhune, R. W.,
Jas. Mansergh, W. Soper, J. Scott, Junr., Pisa, J. Beards-
ley, Geo. Plant, W. B. D., R. Thomas, J. Grylls, W. M. B.,
J. T., J. E. T., Rev. R. C. H., S. Taylor, Veritas, S. T. D.,
J. B. and Son, S. T. D., Charles Kennedy. J. T. W.,
H. S., H.. C. B., H. N. Henfrey with MS., E. E. L., J. B. H.,
W. C., W. Pearson and Co., Marine, Sidney Beddell, W.
Pickering, jun., S. Taylor, S. Bruce, W. Taylor, J. Wil-
liams, P. Makin, W. Corbett, Beta, J. H. Twitchell. J. T.
Batley, J. N., Valex, Photo, Loder, J. L. Hawkings,
Juvenile, E. Y. Herbert, Harmonious Cotton Spinner,
M.A., One in Need, E. A., Jas. Linton, H. G. Salop, J.
Steel, Exchange, R. A. Proctor, W. Rees, F. T. Henbest,
Arthur W. Blacklock, A. Stringer, J. Dyer, C. and C.

THE SALE AND EXCHANGE COLUMNS.-Correspondents are
respectfully requested when sending their advertisements
to consult the scale of charges prefixed to each of the above
columns. Several announcements have been received
lately accompanied by an insufficient number of stamps.
In all such cases stamps and advertisement are at once
returned to the senders. This of course causes delay and
disappointment, for which, however, we are not responsible.
CAUTION.-R. Passmore, of Sidmouth, complains that he sent
£5 2s. 6d. to a T. Norris for a lathe, and got a miserable
mandrel for his money. On demanding either the lathe or
his money, he is treated with contempt.
ROTHERWOOD.-Not received. Should be glad to have it.
J. KING.-No room.

J. S. A.-At the Patent Office.

H. M. See back numbers.

Mr. ROBERTSON.-Letter forwarded.

C. SLAGG.- Not suitable.

J. SMITH.-Write the Secretary of the Society of Arts,
Jolin-street, Adelphi, W.C.

A. TOLHAUSEN, 18, Waterloo-road Manchester.-We do not
know the number of copies of the ENGLISH MECHANIC
which circulates weekly in Manchester. As John Hey-
wood, of 143, Deansgate, takes more than 1200 copies of
"ours" weekly, we should say that at least four times
that number sell in Manchester and the neighbourhood.
J. L. EWEN.-Returned as requested.
FALCON Search at the Patent Office. Second query inserted
with this signature. Do not assume the name of one of
our frequent correspondents, as it may lead to confusion.
SANS AIDE.-Only a portion of our space can be devoted to
mathematical queries, and we therefore endeavour to make
the best selection. In the present instance you doubt our
judgment, but you must give us credit for good intentions.
Thanks for good wishes.

A CONSTANT READER.-We cannot give an opinion. The
value of an "old dictionary" is probably, like any other
thing, just as much as it will bring."

GEORGE TEMPLETON.-We do not consider ourselves bound
to officiate as "referee," or to decide disputes. We are
always ready to answer, or to lay before our readers ques-
tions of practical interest; besides, your query only " sup-
poses" a variety of circumstances.

J. ENTWISTLE.-There is no such member of Parliament.
F. FOTHERGILL.-W cannot insert queries containing lists of
books like yours. An inquiry at some London bookseller's,
will procure you the information, and save our space.
ONE IN A FIX.-You or your friends had better consult a
lawyer, or better still, get some mutual friend fairly to
represent your position to your master. The latter can of
course be compelled to act up to his covenants in your in-
dentures.

NIMROD.-Send us the information about the China grass.
W. FREEMAN.-No stamps enclosed for exchange.

W. R. T. AND OTHERS.-Mr. Geo. Plant has written us to say
that he will at once get the necessary drawings ready to
accompany a description in our pages, of his geometric
chuck.

W. H. S.-The manuscript did come to hand.

ANTI EGYPTIAN.-Many answers have appeared on removing paint, and on the preservation of rabbit skins, in back numbers, some very recently. We cannot be always repeating.

A. LINTON.-A good grammar and a dictionary. De Lille's grammar is a good one; can be procured through any bookseller.

J. H.-The Dialectical Society meets fortnightly, at 1, Adam-
street, Adelphi. The annual subscription is 10s. There
will be no difficulty in your getting nominated, if you like.
JAMES WARD.-Thanks for your good wishes. Since the
commencement of our present volume, the circulation has
increased several thousands weekly.
MARINE.-Yes.

H. DOLAN. Most of them are in print.

W. M. THORPE.-We have no wish for a discussion on loss of
power by the use of the crank. We are aware that the crank
is a favourite object of abuse with some mechanicians, but
we have not seen many successful attempts to do without it.
ALVECHURCH.-We never heard of such a feat.
J. Hoors. - Rivington and Co., Waterloo-place, Pall Mall,
6s. 6d., or small edition, 38. 6d.
POMPEY.-We illustrated several wire-covering machines in
last vol. All queries respecting addresses of vendors of
chemical apparatus, &c., must appear in Sixpenny Sale
Column.

1230 J. M. Clark, Aberdeen, apparatus for solderinti" enses or canisters

1231 T. Empson, Birmingham improvel button

1232 E. W. Buller, Hanley, attacing door and other knobs and handles to spindles, and in the manufacture of door and

other knobs and handles

1233 F. Ransome, 2, Queen-street-place, Cannon-stree, artificial stone

1234 H. E. Curtis, Llansantffraid. machinery for entting slate, narble, and other like materials

1235 R. H. Collyer, Lille, France, breaking, softening, and preparing flax and other fibrous materials 1286 W. Sketchley, Melcombe Regis. Dorset, propelling boats 1237 D. Mills, New York, U.S., apparatus for supporting and guiding the work in machines for sewing boots and shoes 1218 T. Battinson and G. Battinson, Halifax. machinery to be employed for combing wool, silk, flax, and other bres 1230 A. C. Henderson, 31, Charing-cross, apparatus for breaking and crushing stones.-A communication 1210 V.Bablon. 40, Rue du Roi de Sicile, Paris, apparatus for regulating the pressure of gas in burners

1241 A. Evans, Wolverhampton, automaton vase or depot for holding coals

1212 C. Massi, 1A, Bassett-street, Malden-road, Kentishtown, locks and keys

H. W. S.-A popular error. For a good account of its origin,
and information on the whole subject, see No. 252.
LLAH.-We have repeated your advertisement this week. We
hardly expect to be called on to give reasons for our rules, fastening for securing purses.-A communication
but we may repeat what we have stated many times, that
we do not give the addresses of our correspondents, for
three very good reasons; first, because many of them object
to it secondly, because in many cases we don't know their
addresses; and thirdly, because the ENGLISH MECHANIC
is the proper medium for all intercommunication.
W. R. S.-We considered the two queries unnecessary,
especially the second. The other query had already been
replied to by several correspondents.

1243 W. H. Gosling. Calthorpe-street, improvements in sewing machines

1244 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, improved spring
1245 O. Murrell. Bethnal-green-road, apparatus for genera-
ting and heating steam in steam boilers and other vessels
counting machines-A communication
1216 C. N. A. Collett, 21, Cockspur-street, Westminster,
1247 J. H. Kidd, Bangor Iscoyd, improvements in shoes for
horses and other animals

THE SIXPENNY SALE COLUMN is the only place in which
can appear queries sent by A. B. (glass pens), John Brown,
"A Bird Fancier," "Strong Bow," "F. W.," "Constant
Subscriber, Bath (also see back numbers), "Over Sixty," J.
Bell, "Inquirer," Samuel Hill.
ELECTRO.-The latter phrase.

W. HALL-It was a printer's blunder.
THE FORM OF THE EARTH-We will try to find room for
Mr. Beardsley's concluding letter next week.

J. H. E.-Yes, we saw it. Threats are generally the off-
spring of weak and mean minds.

F. R. A. S.-It is all right.

W. STEVENS.-We will forward a letter to "A Practical
Man." We studiously protect the incog. of correspondents

who desire it.

A BRICK.-Your correspondence is labour lost. Try and
work to more advantage in future.

W. WINDHAM.-We have no model of springs.

J. R. B.-A good suggestion-shall have attention.

THE ENGLISH MECHANIC LIFE-BOAT

FUND

1248 J. Christie, Paisley, apparatus for cutting or shearing and ripping and clipping the whip" of lappet cloth or other fabrics

1240 S. W. Stanbridge. Canal Bank, Camberwell, preparation of malt for brewing, colouring, flavou ring, and keeping ales 1250 E. Lowe and H. J. Farnol. New-street. Aston-juxtaBirmingham, brass-heaced nails, screw-rings, and rivets 1251 T. Paton and T. Winder. Liverpool, improvements in compound steam and atmospheric engines 1252 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, improved valve or stopcock.-A communication

1253 W. Nunn, 67, St. George-street East, improvements in ships' and other signal lamps

mannre

1254 H. Beare. Queen-street, Newton Abbot, Devon, apparatus for pulverising and distributing guano and artificial 1255 A. V. Newton, 66, Chancery-lane, improvemenis in buckles or bale ties.-A communication

1253 W. Anderson, Erith, improved arrangement of gearing for rolling mills

1257 J. J. McComb, Liverpool, an improved hoisting machine. -A communication

1258 J. Leetch. 9, Broadley-terrace, Blandford-square, improved combined self-closing stopper and whistle for the mouth-pieces of speaking tubes 1259 E. R. Wethered, Hythe, apparatus for saving life al property from fire

PATENTS SEALED.

3151 J. C. Mewburn, a new or improved photographic process for preparing printing surfaces.-A communication

3167 J. Hargreaves and T. Robinson, treatment of pyrites and in obtaining products therefrom

3168 A. Thornton and B. Senior, of Heekwondwike, im

Subscriptions to he forwarded to the EDITOR, at the office, 31, provements in carding engines or machinery for carding wool
Tavistock-street, Covent-garden, W.C.

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WEEK ENDING MAY 2, 1870.

1100 T. Wright and I. Fox, Nottingham, manufacture of lace
made on bobbin net or twist lace machines
1200 L. Schad, Warrington, improvements in treating human
excrement

tingham, manufacture of ornamented net or lace
1201 R. Birkin, jun., Newdigate-street, Alfreton-road, Not-
1202 Sir W. F. Cooke, Branksea Lodge, Tooting, and G.
Hunter, Aberdovey. Merioneth, stone-cutting apparatus
1208 H. Fletcher, Upper Baker-street, Regent's-park, boot
and shoe heels and tips, and shoes for horses

1201 H. Y. D. Scott, Ealing, improved mode of manufacturing
cement
1205 H. Y. D. Scott, Ealing, mortar, concrete, and bricks
1206 J. Palmer, 10, Koyal Promenade, Bristol, gas cooking
stoves

1207 A. Browne, 85, Gracechurch-street, construction of
multitubular steam boilers.-A coinmunication

1208 T. Wrigley, Manchester, looms for weaving
1209 W. E. Gedge, 11, Wellington-street, Strand, rolling mills
or machines for manufacturing bar iron.-A communication
1210 H. Atkinson. Wharf-road, City-road, breech-loading
occupy-needle guns.-A communication

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E. WILLARS (Leicester).- We cannot say; we have, however,
little faith in any such apparently philanthropic an-
nouncements. If the advertiser you refer toreally desires
to benefit suffering humanity there are many cheaper
and surer ways of doing it than by advertising his
panacea "free gratis for nothing." for one stamp.
J. H. MORGAN.-The photos. did not come to hand.
have written to the Post Office authorities about them.
C. RANDALL-We said, say "yes."

W. ROBINSON.-No stamps enclosed.

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1213 F. J. Ortner, 73, Great Titchfield-street, Portland-place, arrangement of pipes for drawing liquids from casks

1214 E. Vimeux. 1. Station-road. High-street, Clapham, musical instruments

1215 C. Wood, Birmingham, apparatus for absorbing the over-
flow of oil in lamps.-A communication

1216 H. E. Curtis, Llansantifraid, North Wales, oscillating
cylinder engines
1217 J. Burnley and W. Nichols, Leeds, steam boilers and
furnaces

1218 J. Underwood, 5, Archway-road, Highgate, closing
necks, mouths, or openings of bottles, jars, and other vessels
1219 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, improved process
for cleaning wool or hair.-A communication

1220 R. H. Kay and A. T. Richardson, Mobberly, manufac-
ture of crape

1221 W. Germain, Brighton, improvement in or an addition to
earrings
stitch sewing machines
1222 W. J. Blinkhorn. St. Helen's, improved spool for lock

1223 J. Lee, Hipperholme, near Halifax, apparatus for
ing motive power

3169 W. Birch, improvements applicable to sewing machines 3173 C. G. Gumpel, improvements in ships' rudders and steering gear therefore

3177 W. Conneli, improvements in water-closets

3180 C. E. Cawley and J. Newton, improvements in tramways, and in carriages to run thereon

3182 S. Leoni, apparatus for cooking and lighting by gas 3183 A. Grothe, apparatus for registering number of passengers travelling in public conveyances

3185 F. F. Samier, and A. Anthoine, metallic vessels intended to prevent all liquid or solid imflammable substances from iguiting

3188 H. J. H. King, apparatus for measuring, indicating, and regulating the flow or passage of liquids

3191 J. McDowall, machinery for sawing and entting timber 319 W. Gardner, mechanism or tools for the manufacture of parts of watches or timekeepers

3207 J. Turnbull, improved cut-off gears for steam engines 3212 R. Douglas and L. Grant, motive power engines 3219 J. C. Heywood, U.S.A., improvements in weighing machines or scales.--A communication

3246 M. Tuthill, improvements in horse gear 3299 G. Cherpit, construction of healds for looms 3518 W. R. Lake, improvements in harness for draught animals.-A communication

3620 W. K. Lake, apparatus for making and breaking electromagnetic circusts.-A communication

3497 W. R. Lake, manufacture of steel, 'and of steel bars, rails, and plates.-A communication

108 J. Greenshields, obtaining oil from carbonaceons substances in utilising the hye products and residues, and in making manure and moulder's blackening

281 C. Mahler, an improved windmill, which can also be used as a water wheel or as a ship's propeller

665 E. Wood, improvements in potters' glazes

744 W. R. Lake, apparatus for indicating a deficiency of water in steam boilers, and for regulating the supply of water thereto.-A communication

3204 C. Crockford, treating metallic ores and materials, and obtaining metallic and chemical products therefrom 3205 J. Maiden, lubricators

3206 J. M. Stanley, furnaces and crucibles for melting steel

3213 F. Taylor, sewing and embroidering machines 3230 J. Tracy and H. Tracy, improved stick or stem for umbrellas, parasols, &c

3231 A. Bohiken, improvements in terriers or ground angers 3238 J. Ingleton, improvements in waterclosets

3267 W. Gorman, manufacture of iron and steel, and in apparatust herefor

3208 J. G. Jones, apparatus for breaking down coal

3343 W. and J. Edmondson, and B. Cunliffe, machinery for engraving cylinders used in printing

3355 T. F. Lynch, bottles for holding poisons and other preparations

3364 K. Wilson, hydraulic presses and other hydraulic machinery

3373 J. Thomlinson, cements

3396 D. Miles, apparatus for lighting and extinguishing gas by electricity.-A communication

3407 E. F. Goodall, excise ink bottles and other ink bottles and inkstands

3517 A. Ripley, and J. Wormald, pipe wrench

3520 8. Chatwood and J. Crompton valve for drawing of condensed fluids from steam engines, pipes, and other steam vessels

3582 W. R. Lake, improvements in vices.-A communication 3512 W. E. Newton, apparatus for folding printed she es of paper as they issue from the printing machine.-A comu anication

3610 B. B. De Morell, method of raising navigable vessels or other heavy bodies above the surface of the water

521 G. H. Ellis, apparatus for washing, wringing, and mangling

558 H. Bessemer, apparatus employed for the botter accomobtain-modation of passengers on board vessels and for lessening or preventing sea sickness

1224 P. Smith, J. H. Leather, and E. D. A. Marriner, Keighley, apparatas for preparing wool for combing

1225 K. B. Hamel and J. B. Holden, Jersey, State of New Jersey, U.S., mechanism for transmitting power

1226 A. V. Newtou, 66, Chanc ry-lane, apparatus for starting treadle motions, applicable to sewing machines.-A communication

1227 C. W. Alden, Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S., improvements in pipe wrenches.-A communication

1228 M. Jefferson, Bradford, apparatus for preparing and combing wool or other fibrous substances

1220 T. Tuorpe, Manchester, improvements in the manufacture of piled fabrics

558 W. B. Leachman, hydraulic apparatus for raising and forcing water

509 J. Saxby and J. S. Farmer, apparatus for working railway points and signals

592 A. V. Newton, 68, Chancery-lane, improvements in sewing machines-A communication

594 C. W. Siemens, treating iron ores

621 G. H. Ellis, improvements in ladders

658 R. Steveus, utensils employed with apparatus user in Cooking

696 J. Neilson, manufacture of hollow cast-iron cooking utensils

736 J. Polson, application of machinery for treating grału

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