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silver, and how it is melted or cast?-ANOTHER answered. I should very much like to see it answered
FLAUTIST.
as, also I have no doubt, would many others ?-CARL
J. II. COTTHESON.

[3847.)-HANDRAILING.-Could any brother reader kindly inform me which is the best practical work on handrailing?-J. B.

[3848]-SEWING MACHINE. -Will "Practical Man" give me a little assistance? I want to make a sewing machine, and propose using a shuttle, driven in a direct manner from a cam. What I want to know, is 1. Is there any stand in the motion of the shuttle, or is it a continual motion, same as derived from a crank, and if so, what is the best form of cam? 2. Best size of shuttle, and how to make it? Are they bent out of sheet steel and brazed, or how? 3. How much is the stroke longer than the shuttle? 4. At what time in the stroke of the needle should the shuttle start to go through the loop?-JACQUARD.

[3819.]-STUFFED CANARY.-Will some brother reader inform me how to clean a stuffed canary which has got dirty by being left without a glass shade?EXCELSIOR.

[3850.]-THERMOMETER.-I have got a thermometer, which by accident got knocked down, the fall causing the mercury to separate into several columns. I have, by gently tapping it, caused some of them to unite, and by applying heat and raising the mercury to the top of the tube, others have united; but I am afraid of breaking the tube by this latter experiment. Will some one tell me how to cause them to unite, or if I shall have to send it to some competent person, how much will it cost repairing ?-THERMO. [3851.)-HARNESS.-I have got a saddle and bridle, that have got very much soiled and dirty through carelessness and neglect, will any of the readers of the ENGLISH MECHANIC be kind enough to tell me the best method of cleaning them?-EQUESTRIAN.

[3852.]-BRASS INSTRUMENTS. Would some brother reader inform me how bends of brass musical instruments are made; I have something of the sort to make in zine, but don't know very well how to set about it ?-CLUTHA.

[3353.]-THE TELESCOPE.-Is there any subscriber who will favour me with a reply to the following: -In looking at Jupiter with a 3in. refractor, I found the belts brought out more distinct than with a 3.75in., which is in the possession of a friend. The eye-piece used on both occasions was a fin. Huyghenian. My reason for asking is this; the proportion of lightgrasping power between the two instruments is as 9 is to 14 0625, therefore it (the 375in.) should show the contrast between the brighter part of Jupiter's body and its belts more apparent, and with greater distinctness due to large aperture. On testing the instruments the same evening, as to spherical abberation, we found the 375in. to have been over-corrected. The method used was the one given in Proctor's" Half Hours with the Telescope." A word to those gentlemen who are possessors of telescopes and microscopes; the eyepiece of the microscope can be used with the telescope, and is found to have a large field of view, and necessarily to have a small amplification. I have used the two eye-pieces of my microscope with the telescope; they had a field of 1° 50' and 2° 15'?-WILLIAM BAGULEY.

[3854. SCRIBBLING LONG FLEECE WOOL.Can any brother reader inform me, what kind of scribbler is best adapted for scribbling long fleece wool, without oil on the wool, as it is liable to lap round the cylinder?-EDDY.

[3855.]-PIANO FELT.-Would some kind reader inform me how piano hammer and damper felt is made, or if I could see it made in England?-TIM BOBBIN.

[3856.-J. A. LEY'S TRICYCLE.-What would a good strong, but light tricycle, made for two, on Mr. Ley's (or any other) principle suitable to go a long distance, with wheels of about 4ft. 6in. cost, speed being a great consideration. At the same time, perhaps, "G. A. L." or some other kind brother, would inform me what speed could be obtained with one haying such wheels, if worked by cranks and levers ?W. B.

[3837.]-PICTURE MOUNT.-I wish to know how to cut a picture mount, any shape, and also how to gild it, and the tools required. If one of your subscribers would kindly inform me how to do so, he will greatly oblige.-POOR JACK.

[3858.]-HOLE IN EARTHENWARE JAR,-How ca 1 I drill a hole 1in. diam. in the bottom of an earthenware jar-an ordinary large brown pickle jar?

-H. JOSEPII.

[359]-FLORENTINE BRONZE. What is the met d of bronzing some ornamental pieces of brass wor a copper colour, I think the gashitters call it Flor ntine bronze ?-H. JOSEPH. 3860.]-COPPER COIN.-Can you, or any of your

readers, inform me what the copper coin is, a sketch (hall size) of which I enclose ?-F. J.

[3561.]-SIZE OF NOZZLES.-If any of your readers can give rules or formulæ for finding size of nozzles (placed one within the other) to produce a given pressure outside of a vacuum within the outer nozzles, aud vice versa; also, any others that may be useful, they will much oblige.-CARL J. H. COTTHESON. (3862)-ELECTRIC CLOCKS.-I noticed some time since, a query from a correspondent about construction of electric clocks, which I believe has not been

[3863.-PASTILIES.-Will any reader give me a recipe for making pastilles for burning in a sick chamber?-W. R. C.

[3864.-EXTRACT OF DANDELION.-Wouid any kind reader tell me how to make extract of dandelion, same as sold by druggists ?-A POOR BLACK

SMITH.

[3865.]-LABEL MATRIX MAKING.-Could any of your readers inform me how the gun metal matrix, as underneath die of an embossing press is made for stamping up brass or paper lables. I have the steel dies by me?-W. H.

[3866.]—" LATHE AND ITS USES."-Would any reader tell an amateur the dimensions of universal cutter, Vol. V., page 202, Fig. 256, and if the cutterspindle works on steel bushes?-G. FLACKDEM. [3867.)-LATHE DIVIDING PLATE-A description of a dividing or counting index, to prevent errors in using the dividing plate, is earnestly requested.-R.

[3868.]-WATERPROOFING CLOTH.-If some of your numerous correspondents will give me directions how to make cloth waterproof, I shall esteem it a favour?-A. S. A.

[3869.]- WEIGHT OF WATER-Being a country man, and living in the country, I am obliged to recourse to a well for domestic supply, and I have been often surprised to see such a vast difference in the weight of a bucket of water at the bottom of the well, which is 90ft. deep, to what it is at the top; would some of your talented correspondents explain this, and give me a simple rule to work it out?-COUNTRYMAN.

[3870.]-SPRINGS AND AXLES FOR WAGGONS. -Would some of your numerous correspondents kindly give me a simple rule for finding the size of waggon of springs to carry various weights?-COUNTRY CARaxle bearings, to carry various weights; also the size

PENTER.

[3871.]-THROTTLE VALVE.-Would any brother reader kindly give me illustrations and particulars of fitted up myself?-GROCER a throttle valve for an engine 1 h.p.; the engine I have

[3872.]-YACHT BUILDING-WillBoat Builder" kindly fulfil his promise, and give dimensions and kind of wood for the following parts of a 9 ton yacht, to be fast, but at the same time safe? Keel, stem, and stern-post, timbers and planking. Does he approve of the deep and narrow form, depending on ballast for stability, or the broad beams and plenty of bearing; greatly assist, as I am totally ignorant of the subject?

A few sections like what were given for canoes, would

-STEERSMAN.

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engine, are used in connection with each other for driving machinery, do the two motive powers communicate their motion to the same shaft, and if so, by what arrangement is one motive power prevented from overrunning the other, when its velocity may exceed it? Any reader who will reply to this, will much oblige?-ENQUIRER. [3883.]-OXYGEN.-Will any of my brother readers kindly tell me whether they have practically tried the following, taken from a first-rate American paper, if 50, whether it succeeds: "Manganite of soda is alternately exposod to the action of steam and atmospheric air. Oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere and is then discharged by the steam; when the oxygen is expelled, the steam is shut off, and a current of air is passed through the pipe, which restores to the manganite of soda, the oxygen it had lost, and it is then in a condition to be again acted on by the steam. The manganite yields 14 per cent, of its own weight of oxygen. What is the manganite?-M. P. C. S. (3884)-CANADA.-Will "F.R.G.S." please say what he considers the best work on Ontario? M. P. C. S.

[3885.]-CANOE.-Would it be possible to make cance in three separate water-tight compartments, for the convenience of transport ?-G. B. D.

[3886.]-WATER ANALYSIS.-Will Mr. Davis, or some other correspondent, tell me how to prepare the standard solutions for testing water; also, what quan tity of any solution to use to a given quantity of water? How to estimate the quantity of organic matter by means of the permanganate of potash solution.-AQUA.

[3887.)-SEWAGE.-Can any one tell me the names of any pamphlets treating upon the utilisation of sewage?-SEWER.

[3888.]-ALARUM FOR DUTCH CLOCK.-Will any brother subscriber inform me how to make an alarum to a common Dutch clock, not having a striking part?-AMATEUR HOROLOGIST.

[3889.]-PREPARING CANVAS.-Can any reader of the ENGLISH MECHANIC give me the recipe for the composition used by artists' colourmen to coat canvas for oil painting?-ANIMAL PAINTER,

[3890.]-TO PRACTICAL OPTICIANS.-Will some fellow reader kindly answer my request in No. 260 of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, page 661, Query 2105? Surely there are plenty of practical opticians, readers of our paper, that my question would be no puzzle to? L'OUVRIER.

[3891]-SLIDE VALVE.-Could some of my brother readers inform me on this subject? I have the idea

of a new slide valve for steam engines, and I want to know what is the smallest size engine that I could experiment upon for satisfactory results to be obtained from it?-SLIDE VALVE.

chemical brother reader kindly inform me of a solution [3892]--DISSOLVING PLUMBAGO. Will any or solutions to dissolve plumbago, and oblige-A SISTER READER.

[3893. PRECIPITATING GOLD.-Will any correspondent tell me how I can precipitate gold from its solution in turpentine ?-J. M.

[3894]-IRISH RING MONEY. --I enclose a drawing of an article met with occasionally in Ireland, and known as "ring money. It is like a link of a golden chain, and may have been one. One in my possession is worth about 178. Gd., and is of pure gold. Some have been found as heavy as 1b. Can H. W. Henfrey give date?-DAUKOSEN. [3895.]-CANARY.-Can some kind friend inform me by what means I can eradicate parasites in a I have tried a hollow perch, but to no effect; for although it destroys a great many, yet they breed quite as fast in the bird. Is there not some wash that would have the desired effect?-PAKEAN.

canary.

[3596.)-LADDER PROBLEM.-A man has to paint a spout 22ft. 10in. from the ground. A ladder is fixed 24ft. from the base of the wall, and the head of the man, when standing 5ft. from the top of it, is exactly level with the spout. Find the length of the against the wall.-IGNORAMUS. ladder, and the height from the ground where it rests

paper know it; also, will any of them give me a
sketch of the Pleiades, as I could not see them in the
spot indicated in "F.R.A.S.'s" map?-ARISTOTLE
it a favour if some of your correspondents would
[3875.]-BLEACHING POWDER.-I should esteem
inform me the method of making the commercial
[3897-]-NAPOLEON. -Will any coin collector
"bleaching powder," on a large scale ?-GRATUS.
inform me whether a gold Napoleon of 1848, in the
[3876.]-TOOLS FOR TURNING PIVOTS, &c.-time of the revolution, is valuable and rare; and if so,
I shall be very much obliged if some of our friends of what value?-H. B.
will be kind enough to explain and describe the latest
modern tools for turning pivots, cylinders, &c., and
the probable cost?-WATCH JOBBER OF AN OLD
STAMP.

[3877-RE-TINNING CAST IRON HOLLOW WARE-Will any brothér reader be good enough to inform me how to re-tin cast iron pans, &c., and say what ingredients are used ?-ONE IN A FIX. [3878.]-DAILY TEN O'CLOCK TIME SIGNAL. -Will any reader who understands the working of the telegraph system kindly explain how the daily 10 o'clock timne sigual, which is sent through all telegraph offices, is given? Are all the wires at this time in connection with the clock at Greenwich, or is the signal left to the tender mercies of telegraph elerks? Does the movement of the needle take place when the Greenwich clock is at the stroke of ten !

INVESTIGATOR.

[3879.]-GINGER BEER.-Would some one oblige me by giving a recipe for making ginger beer and gingerade?-A. B. C.

[3880]-VENEERING.-Will one of your subseribers kindly inform me how to veneer a table, &c., and the tools required ?-II. E. D.

[3881.]-DYEING AND COLOURING GRASS, LEAVES, &c.—I want to know the best way of dyeing or colouring grass, leaves, &c., so as to give them a natural appearance. Perhaps there is some chemical, by steeping them in which, would cause them to retain their colour when dry? I have tried a good many ways without success?-TAXI.

[3882.]-DOUBLE MOTIVE POWER.-When two motive powers, such as a water wheel and a steam

[3898.]-WALKING STICK AIR-GUN, &c.-Will structions for making a walking-stick air-gun ?-W. some of my brother subscribers kindly give me in

JONES.

[3899.]-TELESCOPE.-I wish to construct a telescope capable of distinctly defining the features of a man at the distance of five miles; could any one answer the following? How many lenses shall I require? The focal length of each lens, and the kind? I inean, whether convex or concave? - WALTER JONES.

[3900.]-ASPHALTE PASTEBOARD FOR ROOF ING.-The gutter of a return building in my hous being in very bad repair. I am told I must get a new one. This in zine will not last long, and in lead will cost £1 108. Now this is a heavy pull from the purse of a working man, and the thought struck me, would this new asphalte pasteboard I have lately heard of, be available for the purpose? I shall take it a great kindness if some of your readers can enlighten me on the point, and if they would also inform me how it is to be laid ou ?-A DUBLIN PRINTER.

[3901.]-SLATE CISTERN.-Can any subscriber inform me how to prevent the slate of a large cistern from splitting. It is coming off in great flakes from the overlapping sides?-SALMO SALAR.

[3902.1-RAD RHEIL.-Would any brother inform me through your columns, the mode of restoring the colour to rad rheii, of which I have a large quantity, which has completely lost its colour?-AJAX, [3903-GRADUATING BRASS CIRCLE.-Would some one be so kind as to tell me how I could best graduate a brass circle to 30' ?-SCORPIO.

(3204.] SLATER'S SPECULA.-What kind of specula are Slater's, for I see that one gentleman says that he got a 6in. for 15s. 6d.'; are they finished, or to what stage are they brought ?-SCORPIO.

[3905.]-THE ROCHELLE SALT SYSTEM.-Mr. Gray (page 163) says, that he silvered a flat by the Rochelle salt system. I tried it on some pieces of glass for experiment, but found that it did not do it the same way as Browning's at all. In the Rochelle salt system, it is silvered on the back, like a lookingglass, and so there is the double reflection, whereas, in Browning's plan, it is at the silver you look directly, and do not see the glass at all. Is the silvering on the back my fault, or that of the system?

-Scorpio.

[3906-REPAIRING INDIA-RUBBER COMBS. Is there any cement which will unite a broken black india-rubber toilet comb. The composition of which these combs are manufactured, becomes very brittle. If there is not a suitable cement known, would it bear rivetting ?-INQUIRER.

[3907.]-UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. - Will any one of your readers, who may have a calendar of the University of London for 1870, inform me what are special Latin and English subjects for the first B.A. examination in 1871.-XANTHOS.

[3908.]-OLD COPPER COIN.-Thanks to Mr. Henfrey for information. Perhaps he will be kind emough to tell me what this is, and what it is worth. Oblong, approaching to oval; obverse, female bust, head to right; inscription, AVSTINA. AVGV. Reverse nothing is clear, but there is a ridge of metal across, sloping from right to left; weight about oz.

-J. NASH.

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THE following are initials, &c., of letters to hand up to Friday morning, May 20, and unacknowledged elsewhere:Jas. Beardsley, Omicron, R. A. Proctor, Verax, Thos. W. Smith, J. K. T., G. S. and G, S. R. D., J. M. P., John Crowther. E. C., T. Selby, J. Ashton, J. Thomas, Watts Brothers, W. H. P., W. C., E. A. C., E. Bubb, F. H, M., Hermann, Ye Drole Bodger, Investigater, George Davies, E. Perry, J. W. Beaford. T. C. Holloway, A Dentist, G. Luff, Anti-Egyptian, W. Mather, G. S., H. Cotton, Economy, B. B., H. T. Savory, H. de S., d. C. Stroud, C. J. H. C., A. B., The Welsh Shepperd. Forder and Co., R. B., J. B. C., J. H., W. Cattell, Kate Douglas, Tasmania, F. H., Jonath, Pitman. Alpha, Sable, Mus., Amateur. E. Hatchin, Gimel, Constant Subscriber, J. S. W., J. H., J. Hardy, W. A., O. H. S., E. R. Shipton, Thos. O'Connor, F.R.A.S, Headstrong, W. B.. R. T. S.,, Watertight, W. W., J. W. T., S. M., J. H. M., Rev. E. B. Patience, Rob. Maguire, W. Cox, O. W., Capt. C. S.

C. LENI-See recent back numbers.

E. LETTS.-Out of print. Stamps credited as requested. CONSTELTICVENESS.-F. W. Brearer, is the Secretary of the Aeronautical Society. His address is,-Maidenstone Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

A SYMPATHISER.-The "risings in the throat" of the young lady may be symptoms of nervousness at your approach. Seriously, however, such matters can only be satisfactorily attended to by a medical man. EDW. MALBON-Letter returned. At the Patent Office. Cannot say the cost.

T. J. O'CONNOR-We think it would, but could not say certainly without seeing it. Thanks for your kind efforts in our behalf.

JAUNDICE.- See recent back numbers.

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Sixpenny Sale Column" is the only place in which
can appear queries sent by J. Blomfield, and Aqua,
GORDON DOUGLAS.-Send the information to us.
J. 3. G.-Several replies containing formula for the mann-
facture of a hard white metal appeared in a recent back
number.

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L. DE FONTAINE MOREAU.-We do not know auy more than that it is a French patent. MAURICE ASHTON.-We do not exactly make out what y wish us to do. We should think your protege's best pla e would be, if he could afford it, to become a pupil of som marine engineer.

B. HALL-The numbers can be sent for four stamps. J. W. (Crayford).-Your questions will probably be dealt with by "A Practical Man" as he goes on. See his letter this week.

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present.

J. COOPER-We should be glad to receive the information respecting carpet looms.

J. P.-The number is exceedingly scarce, but the offer of a good price through the "Sixpenny Sale Column" might procure you a copy.

A NEW SUBSCRIBER would pardon any apparent discourtesy if he knew the unreasonable requests of many corre spondents for information, in some cases many times previously given.

BENJAMIN.-Many recipes for joining broken glass, china, &c., have been given in back numbers. STILL A BRICK, and as soulless.

JAMES SHAW Congratulates the ENGLISH MECHANIC on taking up "Cotton Spinuing," as that branch of industry is one of the bulwarks of our commercial success. SLOT CUTTING.-M. R. C. S," says he has much pleasure in reporting that the tools indicated by "J. K. P." p. 112, have proved quite successful for the purpose of slot cutting, and he cordially thanks J. K. P." for his advice, and other kindness.

R. G. B.-You ask too much. The list would be a long one, and then only of service to the inquirer.

1343 J. Howard, Cromwell House, Northampton, hand signal

lam os

1341 T. J. Guy, 252, Goswell-road, apparatus for facilitating travelling on foot

1345 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, London, improvements in paddle-wheels-A communication

1345 J. Nicholson, Shoreditch and J. W. Jones, Stoke Newington, fastenings for windows, doors, &c.

1847 C. W. Harrison, Westminster-chambers, improvements in applying electricity or electro-magnetisin on board ships in order to prevent incrustation or fouling of their bottoms 1348 E. Smith, Birmingham, improvements in locking or securing nuts for screw bolts

1849 W. E. Rendle, 68, Welbeck-street. Cavendish-square, glazed structures for horticultural purposes

1350 F. Perry, Fenchurch-street, and J. I. Bengough, Hackney, improvements in the preservation of meats

1851 W. E. Newton, 63. Chancery-lane, improved machinery for pointing and finishing nails.-A communication

1852 E. P. H. Vaughan, 51, Chancery-lane, improvements in the construction of and methods of working gas engines.-A communication

1853. L. W. Weeks, New York, U.S.A., manufacture of ball floats 1854 G. W. Wigner, 1, Saint Swithin's-lane, deodorizing and purifying sewage

1355 L.O. Deschamps and S. D. Oudit, Paris, Boulevard de Strasbourg, No. 23, an improved tool for cutting net, lace, and other like fabries

1855 J. F. Rogers, Featherstone-buildings, Holborn, an im. proved fuse

1357 W. E. Newton, 63, Chancery-lane, improvements in the construction of steam valves or cocks.-A communication 1359 J. H. Johnson, 47. Lincoln's-inn-fields, an improved construction and arrangement of grate bars.-A communication. 1359 A. Campbell, Glasgow, a new dip or smear for destroying vermin in sheep

1380 J. H. Johnson, 47, Lincoln's-inn-fields, improvements in projectiles.-A communication 1861 C. Churchill, Darnley-crescent, Hackney, an improved window fastener.-A communication

1362 G. Fawens and G. Lunge, North Shields, improvements in the coatings for iron ships

1827 E. A. Inglefield. 10, Grove End-road, St. John's Wood improvements in steering tell-tales for vessels 1328 H. Johnson, 1, Essex-street, West Ham, Essex. and R.J. Lecky, 24, Stock Orchard-villas, Caledonian-road, London, locking screw bolts and nuts

1320 B. H. Chameroy, Brussels, improvements in cocks 1830 H. Aitken, Falkirk, disintegrating, or pulverising lumps or clods of soil in agriculture

1331 W. Hunt, Castleford, near Normanton, a new or im

Soap 1332 J. Jones, West Bromwich and E. R Dunn, a new alloy for the bearings or brasses of shafts, and axles of carriages 1333 B. J. Edwards, 6, The Grove, Hackney, London apparatus for photographic printing

B. H., Rochdale.-Other letters on Cotton Spiuning" proved detergent compound to be used in the manufacture of
coming before yours have had the preference.
AB INITIO. -The letter is in type, but the sketch of the
"Bookbinders' plough " got lost. "Ab Initio "
says Mr.
Beardsley has an undoubted right to think as he does, but
not to occupy our space with such absurdities.
BERNARDIN.-Boring Insects, Algebra, &c., next week.
SILVER COIN." A Beginner" may possibly find a purchaser
for his coin, qy. 3750, p. 190, by communicating with Mr.
H. W. Henfrey, Markliam House, Brighton.

W. REEVE.-We have again and again stated that we cannot recommend the goods of any particular mauufac

turer.

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A BELFAST SUBSCRIBER wants to know if the earth is round how can the Suez Canal be level? It is not level any more than the Bedford Canal is level, or the sea is level. J. M. O.-An interesting subject, but we should prefer it discussed in such a paper as the Lancet.

his

A DRUMMED-OUT CORRESPONDENT (II. H.).-We beg to inform H. H." that I. W. Wolfe, who sometimes sigus himself E. G. Wolfe, and who sometimes gives address as over Winsford, Cheshire, and at other times Townfields, near Middlewich, Chester, is the veritable correspondent who made so many mistakes in our pages as "Pax Dei," and who afterwards wrote under the nom de plume of Lynx." He copied from books so inaccurately that we were obliged at last to take no notice of his letters, a quantity of which we have by us unused at the present time. (See letters from Saul Rymen, pp. 360 and 432, and by "F.R.A.S.,"

page 279, Vol. X.) We consider it a compliment to be

abused by so characteristic a correspondent.

W. S.-We cannot insert" low-priced" advertisements.
J. H. THOMPSON.-Recipes for making blacking were given
on pp. 28 and 81, Vol. X. Consult indexes.
AUGUSTUS, who wrote under Notes and Queries, No. 218,
is inquired after under "Addresses Wanted."

A THOMAS.-"A Thinker's velocipede, p. 65, is evidently
not patented. We cannot answer the other questions.
THOMAS BASKERFIELD.-On slide valve next week.
C. H. W. BIGGS.-On mathematics next week.
J, R. S. C.-On Caterpillars next week.

J. R. W.-The correspondent ought not to have been
troubled. Ask for information through our columns.
CONVEXITY OF WATER-Next week.
WOODS FOR CABINET MAKING -See Mundy, Horley, and
Co.'s advertisement in this week's number.

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1337 F. Broughton, 3, Hanover Cottage, Regent's Park, new per forated fire bars, applicable to boilers

1338 P. R. Jackson, Salford, construction of segmental toothed Wheels

1330 A. A. Rossignol. 4, Rue de Villiers, Paris, writing music 1340 H. A. Dufrené, 10, Rue de la Fidelite, Paris, an improved water meter.-A communication

1341 T. W. Wediake, Hornchurch Ironworks, Romford, steam engines and boilers

1342 J. Crouzieres, Museum-street, Bloomsbury, an proved gas and water-tight joint

im

1831 W. Dangerfield, Chalford, improvements in walkingsticks and sticks for umbrellas

1935 W. R. Lake. Southampton-buildings, London, improvements in apparatus or machinery for making gas from liquid hydrocarbons for illuminating purposes.-A communication 1336 W. R. Lake, Southampton-bindings, London, improve ments in the process of brewing ale and other malt liquors.A communication

1363 H. Lw. 15. Essex-street, Strand, improvements in meters for measuring fluids

1381 W. Daniell and H. Lund, Holborn, an improved electromagnetic engine

1365 W. E. Gedge, 11, Wellington-street, Strand, an improved

machine applicable to agricultural work of every kind.-A com

munication

1303 J. W. Elliot, Toronto, Canada, removing snow from railroad tracks

1367 T. Perkins, Hitchin, apparatus for ploughing or culti vating land

1368 W. Young, 93, Richmond-road, Bayswater, improvements in crates, packing cases, and boxes

1389 J. Miller and J. Miller, jun., 38, Clifton-road, Peckham elastic fabrics suitable for gussets

1370 T. Coles, and W. Henderson, Castle Cary, Somerset, machinery for scutching flax and other fibres

1871 J. Heddle, Leith, preparing, clarifying, and preserving vegetable juices and other liquids

1372 A. McAlister, West India Dock-road, improvements in hammocks 1373 E. G. Peacock, 14, Union-street, Bath, improvements in apparatus for refrigerating and for heating purposes 1371 J. A. Gardner, Bristol, apparatus for signalling between passengers, guards, and drivers

1875 W. E. Newton, 65, Chancery-lane, construction of vessels, and in the means of propelling the same.-A communication 1370 J. Dodd, Oldham, improvements in machinery for spinn

ing and doubling cotton

1377 T. B. Gilbert, Gipsy-road, Norwood, improvements in fire-escapes

1378 R. Mellard, Rugeley, pressing machines applicable to pressing cheese 1379 P. Pimont, Rouen, composition for preserving the surfaces of walls, metals, wood, and other materials 1380 C. R. Simey, Sunderland, improvements in stufling boxes

1381 J. J. Hignette, 75, Rue de Turbigo, Paris, improvements in apparatus for dressing, glazing, and pearling grain 1382 H. Ormson, Stanley-bridze, Chelsea, improvements in warming and ventilating horticultural buildings

1383 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, improvements in sewing machines.-A communication

1384 F. N. Meixner, and J. Watmough, both of Manchester, improvements in boilers for domestic and other purposes. 1385 P. Jensen, 89, Chancery-lane, the writing ball, being improvements in means for writing and telegraphic purposes.-A communication

1386 J. Warne, Blackfriars-road, improvements in apparatus or vessels for cooling

1387 L. Turner, Leicester, manufacture of elastic fabrics 1388 A. Fisher, jun., Paisley, [apparatus to be used in dyeing 1389 J. B. Handyside and T. R. Yarrow, Glasgow, improve

yarns

ments in springs

1390 B. Hunt, 1. Serie-street, Lincoln's-inn, improvements in shirts.-A communication

1391 R. H. Murray, Walsall, improvements in castnug mould boards

1392 C. Wicksteed jun., Swaffham, apparatus to be employed in the filling of water carts with water

1393 G. G. De Byron, New York, improvements in apparatus for washing and rinsing

1391 G. W. Hemans, Victoria-street, Westminster, a process for the recovery, purification, and revivifycation of sulphuric acid spent and deteriorated in the refining of petroleum,.coal, and shale oils.-A communication

1305 H. A. Biertumpfei. Albany-street, and W. J. Loveday Kenningtou-road, machinery for shaping wood

1390 A. S. G. Sauer and L. Cachal, ord, Rae des Filles du Calvaire, Paris, a liquid for raising paste and dough

1397 W. Gilbey, Pantheon, Oxford-street, an improved fas tener to boxes, packing and other cases

1998 T. Fawcett, Saw Mills, Dewsbury, York, improvements in sewing machinery

1399 R. L. Hattersley, Keighley, beaming warps or supplying warp in the weaving of fabrics for which some of the warp threads require to be of a different tension to the others 140 J. H. Banks, Brook-street, Knutsford, manufacture of school furniture

101 J. H. Johnson, 47, Lincoln's-inn-fields, improvements in bearings, slides, and packings for steam engines and other machinery.-A communication

1402 A Pocock, New City Chambers. Bishopsgate-street, apparatus for enabling invalids and other persons to drink in a recumbent position

1403 J. Yates, Birmingham, improvements in taps or stop.

Cocks

1404 J. Needham, Overstone-road. Hammersmith, construction of ships and other navigable vessels

1403 A. W. C. Williams and C. M. Talcott,1, City-road improvements in lawn mowing machines 1103 D. Smith, Liverpool, improvements in furnaces 1407 T. Page, improvements in apparatas to be used in subaqueous operations

240

PATENTS SEALED.

3207 G. R. Mather, apparatus for cutting or giving form to Wood

3300 W. H. Tucker, improvements in locks

3406 J. G. Garrard, improvements in the construction of buffers adapted for railway carriages

9307 W. Niell, improvements in blast engines

3408 J. Oppenheimer, fixing and staying telegraph posts 3312 S. J. Mackie, construction and propulsion of floating vessels

3313 J. Crofts. R. Dawson, and J. King. apparatus for combing wool or other fibres

3314 T. Marshall, composition for the prevention of fouling 3321 G. B D'Adelsward, apparatus for the removal of dross out of blast furnaces

of ships' bottoms

3324 C. Faure, improvements in galvanic batteries

8320 G, Petrie, improvements in the preparation of ashes for the manufacture of manure

336 R. Clews, improvements for weaving textile fabrics 3854 D. Morgan, lubricating oil or grease

8300 M. Henry, improvements in apparatus for moving or transporting railway carriages.-A communication

3404 T. Richardson, desks or tables for schools and other similar purposes

8563 J. F. Alexander, improvements in undulating propellers for steam ships.

3634 J. Heap, improvements applicable to earth closets or commodes and urinals

8705 J. Bourne, apparatus for the production of heat, and the generation and application of motive power derived therefrom

3722 W. E. Newton, improvements in adjusting and packing the rails of railways.-A communication

3723 W. E. Newton, 66, Chancery-lane. improvements in forming the joints of the permanent way of railways.-A communication.

371 A. B. Childs, machinery for cleaning, scouring, and decorticating wheat and grain 539 J. J. Aston, improvements n machinery for propelling vessels on the water

607 G. Fowler, improvements in smelting iron ore

827 R. F. Fairlie, improvements in wheels for rail or tramway locomotive engines and carriages or vehicles 837 W. R. Lake, improvements in wheels for railway engines and carriages.-A communication

817 J. H. Johnson, improvements in locomotion.-A communication

3309 F. Delacroix, an improved metallic manometer

3319 K. Ogden, improved deodorising compound to be emploved in chambers or receptacles containing dead bodies 3334 T. E. Lundy and J. L. Dunham, new or improved means of communication between passengers in cabs, private carriages. omnibuses, and other vehicles

3340 W. Bayliss and M. Bayliss. improved means for making cast-iron earth screws for the lower parts of fence, telegraph, and other posts or supports

3348 H. Wilson, lubricating apparatus for steam engines, steam hammers, and other mechanism

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3347 G. Betti, improvements in steam hollers

3353 T. R. Hetherington, improvements in machinery for preparing, spinning, and doubling cotton

3358 W. R. Lake. improvements in machinery for distributing type-A communication

5260 S. L. Loomis, a new and improved apparatus for tightening and holding window sashes 3361 Sir J. Macneill, improvements in lucifer match and fusee boxes or cases

3382 W. E. Gedge, an improved system of hydraulic traction on railways and other roads.-A communication

3387 H. C. Lobnitz, improvements in motive power engines 3397 J. Turnbull, improvements;in connecting and disconnecting carriages and waggons

8411 T. Brown, improvements in the construction and arrangement of machinery or apparatus for drilling or boring rocks. A communication

3482 A. Barclay, improvements in condensers

filters

3470 J. F. Crease, improvements in the construction of tank 8474 J. Forbes, improvements in dessiccating malt, grain, and other similar substances

3482 H. C. Ash, improvements in the manufacture of churns 3504 T. R. Crampton, improvements in burning powdered fuel 3510 H. M. Nicholls, apparatus for cutting continuous paper into sheets 3651 W. Foulds, improvements in apparatus for heating feed water-Communicated

3005 J. Smiles, improvements in breech-loading fire-arms 1441W. Richards, improvements in breech-loading fire-arms and cartridges 101 F. Hocking, a new or improved means of securing or fastening the leaves in music, periodicals, and books

229 G. A. Buchholz, improved machinery for manufacturing semolina and flour

332 G. E. Harding, an improved device for imparting to toothed wheels and racks, and to mechanism connected therewith, a variable reciprocating motion

523 W. E. Newton, improvements in springs for carriages and other purposes-A communication

629 J. S. Johnstone, a new improved motive-power engine 754 G. Brown, improvements in velocipedes 755 W. H. Samuel, improvements in friction lights and in apparatus to be employed therewith

783 J. Watkins, improvements in dies or tools used in draw798 J. Davis and W. N. Davis, improvements in the construction of two-furrow ploughsi ing metallic tubes

903 W. B. Lake, improvements in anchors.-A communication 914 J, A. Lund, improvements in keys for watches,

OUR EXCHANGE COLUMN.

"Exchange" advertisements are inserted at the rate of threepence for the first twenty-four words, and threepence for every succeeding ten words.

Spanish FowLS' EGGS for pigeons. Agentleman has a sitting from first-class birds, which he will exchange for pair of fancy pigeons, either jacobins or tumbler s.-H. CANNING, Harpenden, Herts.

BUTTERFLIES, moths, eggs, or breech-loading double barrel gun, for anything useful, good bicycle preferred.-JAMES GERRARD, Builder. Lyndhurst.

Eighty SCIENTIFIC AND MUSICAL ARTICLES for exchange; for list and particulars enclose stamped and directed envelope to JABEZ FRANCIS, Rochford, Essex.

About 15 cwt. BLACK WAGGON GREASE in casks about 3 cwt. each. for first-class bicycle (36in.) or offers.-B. G., 28,,Castle-place, Belfast.

Exchange for a bicycle or tricycle, a six chambered new BREECH-LOADING REVOLVER, and 100 cartridges, value £3.-C. M., the Nursery, Lewisham-road, S. E.

A fine old VIOLIN AND BOw, and a 4 keyed ivory mounted boxwood flute, value 30s., for set of 36in, and 30in. bicycle ironwork, spring not wanted.-SAMUEL ASHMAN, Wine-street, Frome, Somerset.

A good BICYCLE wanted, a first class concertina, cornet, flageolet, self Alling portable air swimming belt for a good one; all the articles in first-class condition, worth any one's while to see them.-G. COLLINS, 6, Park-grove, Battersea-park, Battersea.

100 numbers of ENGLISH MECHANIC, and compound microscope for bound music for organ or harmonium or these and other articles for Cassell's Popular Educator." (last reissue).-J. HARWOOD, 33, Newark-street, Leicester.

A powerful STAMPING or PUNCHING PRESS, to be exchanged for anything useful of the same value.-W. SWEET, 15, Canterbury-road, Kilburn.

BLACK, TRAINED, RETRIEVER DOG, and kennels, books, skates and a number of other articles for books or scientific articles.-T. COWAN, Beckenham, Kent.

A first-class 36in. BICYCLE, for one 38in. or 40in.-
H. WIDMAN, 131, Queen's-road, Bayswater, W., London.

A SALOON PISTOL and Brougham Telescope, nearly
new, for a model steam engine 1. cylinder, 2in. stroke, and
boiler.-WM. FREEMAN, Sepham, Seven Oaks.

Blackie and Son's "POPULAR ENCYCLOPEDIA." 13 Vols.. royal 8vo., over 5500 pages, engravings, cost £7; for sewing machine or printing press.-X., Whitminster, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.

BOXWOOD HARMONIUM, one stop, good condition, worth £558., violoncello and bow, worth £2. for a good lock stitch sewing machine for domestic use.-B. H., 2, Day-street, Walsall.

VIOLIN AND CASE, value £2, bicycle springs, value 108., a lot of type, leads, rules. reglets, side sticks, &c., 358.E. HUGGINS, 5, Lowmore-buildings.

A burnished coffee "ROB ROY" LAMP, with tin cuisine complete, only been used 5 times. for English silver coins, or 10s. 6d.-H.. R. GARBUTT, West Mount, Uttoxeterroad, Derby.

Last 4 Vols. of ENGLISH MECHANIC, well bound, first volume of British and Foreign Mechowe, unbound, offers requested.-WILLIAM JONES, 36, Limekiln-street, Dover.

A good CORNET for carpenter's plough and irons, and sash fillister, in good condition.-C. WIDMAN, 131, Queensroad, Bayswater.

SHEET MUSIC, marked price £20, for useful articles or books. Jahr's homeopathic works wanted.-J. NASH, High-street, Wincanton.

ENGRAVING £1 18., chessmen 10s. 6d., and piccolo 7s. 6d.. for old or foreign coins, or stamps, send list.-J. NASH, High-street, Wincanton.

WANTED, the "MANCHESTER DIRECTORY.' second-hand, for 1864.-JOHN YOUNG, Asley Arleedon, Whitehaven.

WANTED, a 15 h. ENGINE, second-hand, good condition, state lowest price.-A. B., Post-office, Jersey.

WANTED, a strong BICYCLE, not to exceed £2.-O. F.. 28, Kensington-gardens-square.

WANTED, back vols. of ENGLISH MECHANIC, to Vol. 10, working model locomotive engine, send prices, sketch of engine to JAMES YOULE, Juu., Maryborough, Dingwall. WANTED, a GALVANIC BATTERY AND COIL for medical use for some useful articles.- WILLIAM ANYON, . Waterloo-road, Manchester.

TO BE DISPOSED OF.

For Sale, BICYCLES, very good Swiss make, £3 48.C. HOLSTE, 14, Southampton-street, Strand.

to

A Fairbairn PRINTING PRESS AND TYPE, cost £4, may be had for £2.-H. GARLAND, Abbey-house, Sherborne. A BICYCLE, iron wheels, price £1 58., open offers.-GEORGE JACKSON, Broughton-in-Furness. PREPARED WOOD for fret cutting samples, free per post.-BOOTH BROTHERS, 63, Upper-street, Dublin. CIRCULAR SAW, bench-wood frame, 3ft 6in. saw, a bargain.-PAYNE AND SONS, Thrapstone. HORIZONTAL ENGINE, 4in. stroke, 2in. diameters, strongly made, price £4 108.-ARTHUR Hinde, Bilston. Excellent TRICYCLE for sale, price £5, open to offers.-C. F. ATKINSON, 13, Hanover-street, Leeds.

Lathe. To be sold cheap, a good LALHE, with steel bedding and tools.-G. Moss, near the Pond, Clapton. PRINTING PRESS, useful assortment of type, every Gravesend.

A MODEL STEAM ENGINE, flywheel 8in. diameter,
with circular saw, and a good single gun for a lock stitch
sewing machine, or either for a slide rest 4in lathe, or offers.-requisite, prints 4 by 6, 1.-TAYLOR, 10, Queen-street-
C. JOHNSTON, 48, Vauxhall-road, Gloucester.

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160 numbers ENGLISH MECHANIC, 5 Vols. "Cassell's
Popular Educator." well! bound, lady's Geneva watch, forting screws complete, a good second-hand instrument, 78. 64.,
musical on scientific instrument.-J. P., 3, Cornwall-terrace,
Brixton.

A first-class DISTIN CORNET, nearly new, in case complete for good tenor or ballad horn, or B flat Euphonium.W. WOODHOUSE, near the Market-place, Ambleside.

W. O. Nicholson, Brigg, has two COPPER KETTLEDRUMS, 20in. and 22in in diameter, also a keyed bugle, and several other brass instruments which he would like to exchange for screw cutting or other tools, or open to offers.

A capital SILVER GENEVA WATCH, AND ALBERT, cash £5 48., nearly new, a niccolo good. for a bicycle 36in. front wheel, must be good.-W. R. P. O., Brinkworth, Chippenham, Wilts.

BOURNE'S "CATECHISM OF THE STEAM ENGINE,d

Greenwood's "Turner's and Fitter's Handbook." for a goo
12ft. front rod and reel.-WILLIAM GRANGE, Pately-bridge,

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270 BIRDS' EGGS, containing many choice sorts, arranged in compartments in 2 cases, open to offers.-E. MARCH, Wincanton, Somerset.

A superior BREECH-LOADING GUN, with case and apparatus complete, cost £35, for walnut piano of equal value. -MUSIC, Ripon-lodge, Grove-park, Camberwell.

Six lady's FANCY SKIRTS, a velocipede, also forgings, wheels and springs, for another, a revolver a double gun, in exchange for a good single perambulator, garden roller, croquet set, side of bacon, hams, cheese, grocery, soap. or other useful household requisites.-W. WALTON, 63, Ryelane, Peckham.

An HORIZONTAL ENGINE and Boiler, fin. bore, 1in. strok e, in working order, value £2 10s., for a good English concertina, or other instrument of equal value.-T. W., 4. Warner-road, Camberwell, S. E.

SIX CHAMBERED REVOLVER, flasks and moulds, all the parts of anlair cane, nearly finished, for a slide rest, 3in, to din. high.-8. STANNALE, Haughton-le-Skerne, Darlington. A 36in. BICYCLE, cost £8 108., by a good maker, been very little used, for one 40in.-W. MILLER, Westerham,

Kent.

A capital BEAM ENGINE, in first-rate going order,
2in hore, and 4in. stroke, and vertical copper boiler with brass
steam and water laps, whistle and safety valve, iron furnace,
will burn coal, &c., will be given for a gold, or a first-rate
silver lever plate watch or small lathe with slide rest.-W. J.
MOTT, High-street, Colchester.

One Wheeler of Preston Improved Detached SILVER
LEVER WATCH, in one of his altazon levers, for treatises of
the steam engine.-C. E. W., 7, High-street, St. Thomas's,
Oxford.

POPULAR EDUCATOR, 6 Vols., Organ Accordion,
electrotype apparatus, and 1 Vol. " Natural History," for good
bicycle.-F. S., Post Office, Guildford.

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WANTED, Miller's second-hand MACHINE
BRUSHES. Send price.-J. C. S., 13, Linton-street, London, N.
WANTED, CANARIES for breeding. - CHARLES
WELLS, at Mr. Dymott's, 25, Richmond-terrace, Spring-grove,
South Lambeth, London."

WANTED, a good MAHOGANY WHOLE PLATE
CAMERA, no lens.-W. H. C., Phillimore-gardens, Kensington.
WANTED, Muspratt's and Plattner's treatise on
"THE BLOWPIPE."-NOAH COWARD, East Caradon Mine, near
Liskeard.

Photography, second-hand 10ft. by 12ft. DOUBLE
LENS by Ross. Dallymever, Gruh, or other good maker.-
CANTO, Cargo Fleet Station, Middlesboro-on-Tees.
WANTED, a second-hand BOILER, either vertical
or egg end about 2 or 3 h.p., state lowest price.-J. PICKARD,
Stops, Burnley.

Six GLASS CELLS bichromate battery 78. 6d electric bell 58.-ALFRED CROFTS, 10, Military-road, Dover. 2 CELL MANGANESE BATTERY 63., an upright vertical galvanometer 14s.-ALFRED CROFTS, 10, Military-road, Dover.

A HORIZONTAL SLIDE VALVE ENGINE, bore, finished bright, and breech-loading revolver with 21 cartridges 36s, both new, London sale only.-JOSEPH G. SAMES, 56, Snows-flelds, Bermondsey.

Well trained BLACK RETRIEVER DOG £3, value ten guineas, or for exchange.-T. W, COWAN, Beckenham, Kent. eft, by plates, Schiels patent fan, 5in. centre lathe, planed CC FINGER ORGAN, 4 stops, steam boiler, 6ft. by metal bed.-G. DARLINGTON, Chesterton, near Newcastle.

A small HORIZONTAL MODEL CYLINDER, fitted with piston covers, slide case complete.-H. FENTON, High-street Colchester.

ELECTRIC BELL GALVANOMETER and battery complete, nearly new. price 128, 6d.-G. ROGERS, 27, Williamstreet, Kennington-road, S.E.

10lb. PICA TYPE, leads, rules, quoins, rieglets, side sticks, &c., 30s.-E. HUGGINS, Lowinore-buildings, Woodhouse, Leeds.

For Sale, two bright HAMMERS, and a planishing anvil, warranted good, open to offers.-G. T., 31, High-street Weymouth

J. C. Shewan offers INSTRUCTION to novice speculators, in mechanical and chemical pursuits; any of his inventions can be supplied to order through him.

For Sale, a BEEHOUSE, with about twelve hives, including Neighbour's bar, observingand cottager's, for price, &c.-H. BARCLAY, Churchill-house, Handsworth, Birming

ham.

For Sale, a SLIDE REST, suitable for a 6fin. centre lathe, slides 11in., not used many times, price £2 168.-E. KING, 36, North-street, Leeds.

ENGLISH MECHANIC, Vols. 1, 2. 3, 4, bound, or iur parts or numbers.-WILLIAM CRAIG, Bookseller, N.B. DRILLING MACHINE, hand, fix to bench, drill in. to 1in., 3 changeable speeds, strong and powerful.-J. POPPLEWELL, Woodbridge-road, Ipswich.

Beautiful finished VERTICAL ENGINE 24in. stroke, in. diameter, and copper boiler complete, with are box and

tubes, price £3.-WILLIAM KNIGHT Dunstable, Herts.

Markyate-street, near

CRICKET, no club compete without the new patent wicket stands varnished , galvanised 68. per pair. Encased telegraph coils Containing 100ft. wire. free for 13 stamps, 6 pounds assorted new type 6s.-JOHN CAMPBELL, 01, Upper Bean-street, Liverpool.

Breech-loading six shot REVOLVER, best quality, 308.-MR. ELLIS, 21, Cockspur-street, Pall Mall.

Silver quarter hour REPEATING WATCH, perfect, £3 108.-MR. ELLIS, 21, Cockspur-street, Pall Mall. SILVER PEDOMETER, perfectly accurate, £2 108.MR. ELLIS, 21, Cockspur-street, Pall Mall.

Safe first-class SHIFTING COMPARTMENTS, for four persons, £5, patent locks.-MB. ELLIS, 22. Cockspur-street, Pall Mall.

Real CHINESE GONG, large size, mellow tone, £4 108.-MR. ELLIS, 21, Cockspur-street, Pall Mall. Breech-loading DOUBLE GUN, central fire, first-class maker, £8 108.-MR. ELLIS, 21, Cockspur-street, Pall Mall. MUSICAL Box, large size, brilliant tone, quiteperfect. eight tunes £4 108.-Mr. ELLIS, 21, Cockspur-street, Pall Mall. For Sale, BICYCLE, good cheap, 35in., 25s.-A. WILKINSON, 15, Marlboro-road, Dalston, E.

BOOK LABELS, Dr. Ussher's corrected copy, Charles Forrest, jun., Lofthouse near Wakefield, will send labels with name and address done en coloured French note, post free for nine stamps.

post free for

Book LABELS.-Two hundred thirty stamps.-C FORREST. jun., Lofthouse. For Sale, a first-class BICYCLE, as good as new, front wheel 33in., price £4.-W. C. MILLARD, Crewkerne.

A good second-hand BATTERY OR MAGNETO ELECTRIC MACHINE wanted.-E. W. J., 2, Royal-park, Clifton,

Bristol.

HORIZONTAL SLIDE ENGINE with boiler and fittings complete, quite new, price £1.-HENRY E. LOCKE, Buckingham-road, Aylesbury.

A horizontal 2in. stroke VALVE ENGINE and boiler, 258.-J. KINGHAM, Jun., Buckingham-street, Aylesbury.

FOLIO BIBLE with commentary in 2 vols., morocco bands. fullgilt, steel engravings, new, by Virtue, cost 158.4. G. PERRING, Saffron, Walden.

Splendid 39in, BICYCLE, quite new, cost £16, will be sold cheap. R. BELL, Gateacre-brow, Woolton, near Liverpool.

Work on IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURE, 4 128, parts.-H. B., 53, North-bridge, Sunderland.

The English Mechanic

AND

MIRROR OF SCIENCE AND

A

FRIDAY, JUNE 3, 1870.

compare with the illuminated part, the notion The book concludes with a bold, but reverent, advanced that our Suu, viewed from one of the attempt to meet the religious difficulties which it fixed Stars, would appear a "variable,' having is assumed will be felt by many to whom the idea a period of ten and a half years," seems a little of other inhabitants of the universe than our own fanciful; although we are scarcely prepared race, may prove a stumbling block. How ably ART.actually to deny that it may be so. As a matter and eloquently this has been done, and how, by of course, the spectroscope plays an important the aid of arguments pervaded by a tone of the part in the chapter under discussion, and Kirch- most fervent piety such difficulties are, one by one hoff's magnificent discovery is put forward met and disposed of, the reader must go to the with all that prominence to which its vast work itself to learn. He must be curiously conimportance entitles it. Its leading features have stituted if he do not rise from its perusal a wiser been too recently discussed by a writer in these and a better man. pages to render any more explicit reference to it necessary. Mr. Proctor successfully, as we think, Corona has a terrestrial origin; but we confess combats the notion of Mr. Lockyer that the Solar our inability to find any proof of the implied identity of that Corona and the Zodiacal light which his pages contain.

OTHER WORLDS THAN OURS.* VAILING himself of the results of the most recent researches into the physical condition of the visible Universe, Mr. Proctor has in the volume whose title heads this notice, reopened a discussion carried on within the memory of a considerable proportion of our readers, between the late Dr. Whewell and Sir David

Brewster, as to the inhabitability of the various bodies which people space.

His justification for having done so is well set forth in his introductory chapter; in which, after referring to the great strides which knowledge has made since the appearance of the "Plurality of Worlds," and "More Worlds than One," he proceeds to say—

“We stand in a position much more favourable for the formation of just views than that from which Whewell and Brewster surveyed the planetary and stellar systems. Never, since men first explored the celestial depths, has a series of more startling discoveries rewarded the labours of astronomers and physicists than during the past few years. Unhoped-for revelations have been made on every side. Analogies the most interesting have brought the distant orbs of heaven into close relationship with our own earth, or with the central luminary of the planetary scheme. And a lesson has been taught us which bears even more significantly on our views respecting the existence of other worlds; we have learned to recognise within the solar system, and within the wondrous galaxy of which our sun is a constituent orb, a variety of structure and a complexity of detail, of which but a few years ago astronomers had formed but the most inadequate conceptions. My object, then, in the pages which follow, is not solely to establish the thesis that there are other worlds than ours, but to present in a new, and, I hope, interesting light, the marvellous discoveries which have rewarded recent scientific researches."

It was only to have been expected, from the scientific antecedents of Mr. Proctor, that the task which he thus imposes on himself would be ably performed; and this expectation, we may say at once, every reader of his thoughtful, suggestive, and very interesting book, will find most fully realised, as he peruses it. It is divided into thirteen chapters, in addition to the introduction. 1. What the Earth teaches Us. 2. What We Learn from the Sun. 3. The Inferior Planets. 4. Mars, the Miniature of Our Earth, 5. Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System. 6. Saturn, the Ringed World. 7. Uranus and Neptune the Arctic Planets. 8. The Moon and Other Satellites. 9. Meteors and Comets; their Office in the Solar System. 10. Other Suns than Ours. 11. Minor Stars, and of the Distribution of Stars in Space, 12. The Nebula, Are They External Galaxies? and, 13. Supervision and Control.

In the first chapter our author derives a striking and cogent argument from the extraordinary varieties of external conditions under which organised life exists on our own globe: drawing his illustrations from the imperishable stone record contained in the stratified layers of the earth's crust; from the accounts of our most philosophical travellers; and notably from the marvellous discoveries of Dr. Carpenter, made during his recent dredging expeditions, of the illimitable profusion of animal existence at depths in the ocean so vast that the mere aqueous pressure crushes the instruments by which we seek to investigate it.

He then proceeds to examine the physical structure of our great centre of light and heat-the Sun, and traces the curious connection which subsists between the period of Sun spots, and that of certain terrestrial magnetic disturbances. Considering the very small portion of the Sun's disc which is at any time obscured by spots, as

"Other Worlds than Ours. The Purality of Worlds

studied under the Light of Recent Scientific Researches. By RICHARD A. PROCTOR, B.A., F.RA.S. London: Longmans, Greta, and Co., 1870.

In the chapter on the Inferior Planets, Tyndall's remarkable discovery as to the part played by aqueous vapour in our atmosphere in regulating our supply of Solar heat, is made the foundation of an attempt to show how the surfaces of Mercury and Venus are, by no means, ex necessitate, author seems to be in a curious state of indeburned up. With reference to Venus though, our cision; as while on p. 79, he seems to lean to the idea that she may be inhabited b. a race of beings as highly organised as ourselves, p. 215, he appears to imply that all probability is in favour of such an inclination of her axis as would render her practically unfit to be the abode of any thing resembling human life Incidentally, the curious question as to the existence of a satellite to this planet is discussed; a moot point which has arisen within the last few weeks in our own columns.

on

In Chapter IV. Mars is dealt with. And here Mr. Proctor's task is a relatively easy one, as his intimate knowledge of Martial detail, enables him to show conclusively how singularly striking is the resemblance between this planet and the

one on which we live.

The two following chapters, those on Jupiter and Saturn, develop the very curious theory that instead of being habitable, these two huge globes are themselves Suns; or act as such to their Satellites; and that it is these Satellites in which we are to look for Worlds. The same idea is propounded with regard to Uranus and Neptune, the Moons of which we are invited to conceive as the abode of creatures who derive their light and heat from those planets. With regard to the two chapters more especially referred to, we may observe that they contain one assertion, or, perhaps, rather hypothesis, so startling, tha: we must demur to it at once. It is no other than that the changes of figure which observers have imagined they have detected in Jupiter and Saturn (and notably in the latter), have their origin in an actual alteration in the planets' outline caused by some stupendous convulsion! Of the nature and character of the force which should cause a change of such mighty magnitude as to be easily visible some seven hundred and eighty millions of miles off, it would be idle to speculate.

In "The Moon and Other Satellites," the probability of these attendants being themselves worlds is discussed.

The Ninth Chapter-that on Meteors and Comets-is one of singular interest, and is treated in a way worthy of its writer. He combats Laplace's theory as to the relative age of the planets, and denies that they have been ejected by the Sun in order, beginning with the exterior ones; which would of course then be the Older. He looks to the aggregation of meteoric and cometic systems for the formation of the various Globes which circulate about the Sun.

"Other Suns than Ours," is the title of Chapter X., which, dealing with the constitution of the Fixed Stars, fully sustains the interest of its predecessor.

In Chapter XI., on Minor Stars, and of the distribution of Stars or space, the author treats of a subject which he has made peculiarly his own, and shows, as it appears to us conclusively, upon how very erroneous a principle the appearance presented by the Stellar Vault has hitherto been interpreted. We would commend the very instructive woodcut on p. 254, to all who may be disposed to cling to the existing explanation of the structure of the galaxy, and of our visible sidereal

system.

chapter; and here again we meet with much The Nebulæ form the subject of the twelfth that is new and suggestive.

Thirteen illustrations adorn this volume; some of them of very great beauty. Among these we of Jupiter, Saturn and Mars, and the view of the may particularly specify the chromo-lithographs Nebula 17 Messier, which faces p. 292. We had marked several passages for extract; but (even, were we not prevented by the exigencies of our limited space) we feel that to pick out small portions from a close and connected sequence of argument would be to render an injustice to the author, and to give no adequate idea of one of the most interesting scientific works which have for a long time issued from the press. And so we pass it on to the reader.

WHAT STRIPES THE SUNBEAM. BY A FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY.

(Concluded from page 218.)

ROM the spectra of the fixed stars, Mr. Hug

gins naturally turned to those of the nebula. The first of these anomalous bodies which he examined was the one known as 37 Hersch. IV., Draconis (Vol. X., p. 6). This, as many of our readers are aware, appears in the telescope as a small bluish disc of light. We may conceive Mr. Huggins's astonishment when, on getting this image on to the slit of his spectroscope, and regarding it with that instrument, not a vestige of a continuous spectrum was to be seen! At first all that he could detect was one bright line : further observation, however, revealed a second at some little distance, and finally he could just perceive a third of extreme faintness. It is scarcely needful, then, for us at this stage to inform the student that this was the spectrum of some incandescent gas or gases. As a matter of fact, a direct comparison of these lines with those of certain terrestrial elements showed that the brightest line was caused by nitrogen; the exceedingly faint one by hydrogen, and that the third was very near, though not absolutely coincident with, one line of barium. We refrain giving an illustration of this spectrum, inasmuch as no engraving could adequately reproduce its extremely dim and ghostly appearance; in point of fact, had it not been that it consisted of three lines of light upon a black ground it would have hardly been perceptible even in Mr. Huggins's large refractor. Our great English philosopher was not long in following up this very remarkable discovery by others in the same field. The nebula Struve 6, Tauri Poniatorii, presented the same three bright lines as the object just described; as did 73 Hersch. IV., Cygni, but the last-named object showed also a faint continuous spectrum. This was conclusively traced to an eleventh magnitude star in the middle of the nebula 1 51 Hersch. IV. Sagittarii, 1 Hersch. IV. Aquarii, (Vol. X., p. 65), and 18 Hersch. IV. Andromeda, presented the same spectrum too, but with the addition in the last case of a fourth very faint and more refrangible line. The ring nebula, 57 Messier Lyra (Vol. X., p. 65), and the Dumb-bell Nebula' 27 Messier Vulpeculæ, showed merely the nitrogen line. Mr. Huggins also examined several well known clusters, more or less resolvable, and found, as might have been expected, that they one and all gave continuous spectra. Now it may here be asked, Do all the nebulæ give this same three-line gaseous spectrum? Mr. Huggins who examined some seventy of their bodies, shall answer for himself. "Of these seventy nebula,' he says, "about one-third belong to the class of gaseous bodies: the light of the remaining nebulæ and clusters becomes spread out by the prism into a spectrum which is apparently continuous." The great nebula, 31 Messier in Andromeda (Vol. X., p. 65), presents a very remarkable spectrum; in fact, a kind of hybrid one. is seemingly continuous, and yet all the red, and the brighter parts are striped or mottled in an some of the orange end of it is absent from it, and odd and unequal manner.

It

Every one who has begun the survey of the
heavens with a telescope is familiar with that
most striking object, 42 Messier, the g at
nebula surrounding the multiple star @Orionis (Vol.
X., p. 495). Now for many years previously to Mr.
Huggins's investigations there had been a growing
disposition to believe that all nebula without ex-
ception consisted merely of clusters of stars at
such an infinitely remote distance as to render
their component stars individually invisible, and
to cause them to present their well known ap-
pearance; but that increase in the aperture of our
telescopes was all that was needful to resolve
them into their constituent glittering atoms. It
is true that the grand mass of which we are now
speaking had resisted the power of Herschel's
40ft. reflector, and that his son Sir John Her-
schel, and, after him, the Earl of Rosse with his
reflector of 3ft. in aperture, and Lassell, with a
2ft. mirror, oue and all failed to resolve it; but
yet there was a general disposition to believe that
increased optical power would turn this mys-
terious cloud into the minute stars of which it ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN BODY mer case there has been present a most important

fain express a hope that our descriptions may casualties only because we are ignorant of their
have been found intelligible by those for whom casualty. When a blow on the head or an inflam-
they were more especially written. We com- mation of the membranes of the brain has produced
menced by speaking of the difficulty of giving a derangement of mind, we need not look further
popular explanation of the subject we proposed to for a cause the actual harm done to structure is
discuss; and now, as we approach the end of our sufficient to account for disorder of function in
labours, that difficulty appears more formidable the best-constituted and best-developed brain.
even than it did then. We have, however, used But it is in only in a small proportion of cases of
the very plainest language that we could com- insanity that we can discover such a direct physical
mand, and have never scrupled to repeat our-occasion of disease. In a great many cases-in
selves, whenever such repetition would conduce to more than half, certainly, and perhaps in five out
the elucidation of the point under discussion, or of six-there is something in the nervous organisa-
tend to render the understanding of it by the tion of the person, some native peculiarity, which,
student easier. So, then, conscious as we are of however we name it, predisposes him to an out-
the shortcomings of this essay, let us hope that it break of insanity. When two persons undergo a
may not have been wholly without use in teaching similar moral shock, or a similar prolonged
those who have so far followed us, what Stripes anxiety, and one of them goes mad in consequence,
the Sunbeam.
while the other goes to sleep and goes to work
THE END.
and recovers his equanimity, it is plain that all
the co-operating conditions have not been the
same, that the entire cause has been different.
What then has been the difference? In the for-

was imagined to be composed. The truth of the poet's aphorism that "the wish is father to the thought," is a matter of common experience with us all, and it is therefore not surprising that when Lord Rosse acquired his gigantic 6ft. mirror, he should have persuaded himself that he could see some faint indications of resolvability in this nebula; nor that Bond in America, and Secchi at Rome should each have done the same. But now Mr. Huggins appears upon the scene, and applies his crucial test to determine the vexed point. Let us listen to what he says: "The light from the brightest part of the nebula near the trapezium was resolved by the prisms into three bright lines, in all respects similar to those in the gaseous nebula... The whole of this great nebula, as far as lies within the power of my instrument, emits light which is identical in its character; the light from one part differs from the light of another in intensity alone." There is something most particularly striking and impressive in the first view of the spectrum of a nebula, and we can never forget our own of the strange object under discussion. In the darkness and quiet of our observatory, the death-like stillness only broken by the measured tick of the sidereal clock, the sight of the dim bands of light emanating from this mysterious body, impressed us with a feeling something akin to awe.

From Nebula, the transition is not wholly unnatural to comets, and we need therefore feel no surprise that Mr. Huggins availed himself of the earliest opportunity to examine the spectrum of one of those strange wanderers. Passing over his results as obtained from two insignificant comets which appeared in 1866 and 1867, we will proceed to notice the remarkable conclusion which he was enabled to announce with reference to what is known as Comet 2 of 1868, which was first discovered by Dr. Winnecke on the 13th of June in that year. Nine nights afterwards Mr. Huggins directed his instrument to it with the curious result of which we are now about to speak. Instead of presenting a spectrum of narrow lines, the comet's light was resolved into three broad bright bands, as shown in Fig. 10. It would be foreign to our purpose, even had we space to do so, to copy Mr. Huggins's minutely-detailed account of the shading, &c, of these bands. It must suffice to say that the spectrum differed wholly from that of the gaseous nebula of which we have been speaking above, and that, suspecting its analogy to that of carbon, he compared it directly with the spectrum of that substance obtained by passing the electric spark through a current of olefiant gas. The carbon spectrum which he thus got is shown in Fig. 9, and its identity with that of the comet will be seen on inspection. It is very necessary to state, though, that although Winnecke's comet undoubtedly consisted mainly of carbon in some form, yet that it by no means follows that others have the same chemical composition. In fact Brorsen's comet, a small periodical one, which also appeared in 1868, gave three lines which do not correspond with those of any known terrestrial substance.

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AND MIND.*

(Continued from page 222.)

GENTLEMEN,

LECTURE II.

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of our

a general survey of the physiology of our mental functions, showing how indissolubly they are bound up with the bodily functions, and how barren must of necessity be a study of mind apart from body. I pointed out that the higher mental operations were functions of the supreme nerve centres; but that, though of a higher and more complex nature than the functions of the lower nerve centres, they obey the same physiological laws of evolution, and could be best approached through a knowledge of them. I now propose to show that the phenomena of the derangement of mind bear out fully this view of its nature; that we have not to deal with disease of a metaphysical entity, which the method of inductive inquiry cannot reach, nor the resources of the medical art touch, but with disease of the nervous system, disclosing itself by physical and mental symptoms. I say advisedly physical and mental, because in most, if not all, cases of insanity, at one period or other of their course, there are, in addition to the prominent mental features, symptoms of disordered nutrition and secretion, of disordered sensibility, or of disordered motility. Neither in health nor in disease is the mind imprisoned in one corner of the body; and when a person is lunatic, he is, as Dr. Bucknill has remarked, lunatic to his fingers' ends.

Mental disorders are neither more nor less than nervous diseases in which mental symptoms predominate, and their entire separation from other nervous diseases has been a sad hindrance to progress. When a blow on the head has paralysed sensibility and movement, in consequence of the disease in the brain which it has initiated, the patient is sent to the hospital; but when a blow on the head has caused mental derangement, in consequence of the disease of brain which it has initiated, the patient is sent to an asylum. In like manner, one man who has unluckily swallowed the eggs of a tænia, and has got a cysticercus in the brain, may go to the hospital; another who has been similarly unlucky goes to an asylum. Syphilitic disease of the brain or its arteries lands one person in an asylum with mental symptoms predominant; another in an hopital with sensory and motor disorder predominant. The same cause produces different symptoms, according to the part of the brain which it particularly affects. No doubt it is right that mental derangements should have, as they often require, the special appliances of an asylum, but it is certainly not right that the separation which is necessary for treatment should reach to their pathology and to the method of its study. So long as this is the case, we shall labour in vain to get exact scientific ideas concerning their causation, their pathology, and their treatment.

element which was happily wanting in the latter --there has been a certain hereditary neurosis, an unknown and variable quantity in the equation.

Perhaps of all the erroneous notions concerning minded, there metaphysics false engendered or abetted, there is none more false than that which tacitly assumes or explicitly declares that men are born with equal original mental capacity, opportunities and education determining the differences of subsequent development. The opinion is as cruel as it is false. What man can by taking thought add one cubic either to his mental or to his bodily stature? Multitude of human beings come into the world weighted with a destiny against which they have neither the will nor the power to contend; they are the step-children of Nature, and groan under the worst of all tyrannies-the tyranny of a bad organisation. Men differ, indeed, in the fundamental characters of their minds as they do in the features of their countenances, or in the habits of their bodies; and between those who are born with the potentiality of a full and complete mental development, under favourable circumstances, and those who are born with an innate incapacity of mental development, under any circumstances, their exists every gradation. What teaching could ever raise the congenital idiot to the common level of human intelligence? What teaching could ever keep the inspired mind of the man of genius at that level?

The congenital idiot is deprived of his human birthright, for he is born with such a defect of brain that he cannot display any, or can only display very feeble and imperfect, mental functions. From no fault of his own is he thus afflicted, seeing that he must be held innocent of all offence but the offence of his share of original sin; but it is nowise so clear that it is not from some fault of his parents. It is all too true that, in many cases, there has observably been a neglect or disregard of the laws which govern the progress of human development through the ages. Idiocy is, indeed, a manufactured article; and although we are not always able to tell how it is manufactured, still its important causes are known, and are within control. Many cases are distinctly traceable to parental intemperance and excess. Out of 300 idiots in Massachusetts, Dr. Howe found as many as 145 to be the offspring of intemperate parents; and there are numerous scattered observations which prove that chronic alcoholism in the parent may directly occasion idiocy in the child. I think, too, that there is no reasonable question of the ill-effects of marriages of consanguinity: that their tendency is to produce degeneracy of the race, and idiocy as the extremest form of such degeneracy. I do not say that all the children of such marriages may not sometimes be healthy, and some of them quite healthy at other times; but the general and ultimate result of breeding in and in is to produce barrenness and sterility, children of a low degree of viability, and of imperfect mental and physical development

Clearing, then, the question as completely as possible from the haze which metaphysics has deaf-mutism, and actual imbecility or idiocy. cast around it, let us ask-How comes idiocy, or Again, insanity in the parent may issue in idiocy insanity? What is the scientific meaning of them? in the offspring, which is, so to speak, the natural We may take it to be beyond question that they term of mental degeneracy when it proceeds unare not accidents; that they come to pass, as every checked through generations. It may be affirmed other event in nature does, by natural law. They with no little confidence, that if the experiment of are mysterious visitations only because we un ler-intermarrying insane persons for two or three stand not the laws of their production-appear generations were tried, the result would be sterile idiocy and extinction of the family. Certain unfavourable conditions of life tend unquestionably to produce degeneracy of the individual; the morbid predisposition so generated is then

Two lectures delivered at the Royal College of
Physicians in 1870. By HENRY MAUDSLEY, M.D.,
versity College, London,
F.R.C.P.. Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in Uni-

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