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the internal diameter.

the coefficent of ultimate tensile resistance per square inch of the material (boiler plate). t the thickness of plate.

7 = length of boiler.

without pain or winking; but the instant the southward pole was applied, no matter with how much delicacy, there was a sharp sensation and an involuntary slight closing of the eyelid. The effect was faint, but plain. This experiment was

tially remedy these serious defects, it is found requisite to employ two or more apparatuses of the expensive construction in question, one at least of which is usually kept sharp; but although they are kept in repair at considerable cost, and rup-involve much trouble, the results of their work-repeated on the eye of another person, the same dxing are anything but satisfactory."

The internal pressure of steam tending to ture the boiler is, according to our symbols 1x p (I), and the force keeping the same from Mr. Seck, of Frankfort-on-the-Maine, who has bursting may be expressed 2 tl T(II.). Now devoted himself to the subject for many years, at the moment of rupture I becomes equal to II. has come to the conclusion that no thoroughly Or satisfactory result can be attained by direct opera= 2 2 7 Τ tion of the machinery against the beard, germ, and wrinkled hull of the grain, but that the desired end can be completely effected by working the grains against one another by means of centrifugal force.

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t =

d p 2 T

(III), which gives the thickness of the boiler plates when rupture is about to take place under the steam pressure, p.

II. To find the state of equilibrium between boiler transversely and pressure, the intercal pressure on a perpendicular section to the axis,

t =

4

That is

π

Upon this principle is based the system of which the following is a brief description. The machine (plan and perspective view of which we give) consists of a vertical casing having a number of rings or annular shelves around its interior, and containing a rotating drum provided with -p (3) and force counterbalancing the same vanes which take into the spaces between the rings or shelves. Part of the outer casing is conmay again be written πt (t + d) T (6) and when structed of sheet iron, having perforations through rupture is about to take place 3 must equal 4-which the currents of air escape into the dust or bran chamber, carrying with them all dust, dirt, bran, &c. By the rotation of the drum the grains are carried round upon the shelves at a velocity of 3000ft. per minute, thus rubbing against each other most effectually. The outlets from one shelf to another are so arranged as to keep the grain under treatment during the required period of from 3 to 4 minutes. The velocity above-mentioned has been determined by ample tests, and adjusted to completely remove all injurious parts, without in any way damaging or heating the grain. As regards wear and tear Mr. Seebohm-Ultzen states that by the working of the grains against one another as described, combined with the peculiar construction of the apparatus, all undue stress upon the various parts of the machine is entirely avoided, in proof of which fact he mentions that a number of machines have been constantly at work for the last five years, without requiring any material repair.

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Thus we see that in cylindrical boilers the strain in line of the axis is always necessarily much less than the circumferential bursting strain; hence the lengthway of the rolled plates should always, as is usual in practice, be placed round the boiler, and not the lengthway of it.

It is obvious that in a boiler having all its plates of the same thickness, if formula III. be applied, we have already worked according to the formula 5, or we have made our vessel sufficiently strong to resist the steam-pressure to which the boiler is to be subjected.

From formula III. we may deduce: To find the bursting pressure of a boiler when the thickness of plates, and diameter of the same are given,

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ration of the flour from the bran. The means used

day, with similar results. After this I made numerous experiments with magnets of different forms and powers (though not at any time with very large ones) applied to various parts of the body, and thought I observed a definite set of symptoms arise after every application in the same manner to a given part, provided sufficient time had elapsed between the applications for the organ to resume its ordinary state. Finally, I became convinced of the genuineness of the phenomena, that they were not to be attributed to the imagination, and that they were as regular in their occurrence and quite as persistent as those following the adminstration of any medical substance. But to produce this conviction in others, and especially to give assurance to the broad statement that magnetism has power to affect the functions of living beings, it was very desirable to get some demonstrative evidence that might be apparent to any person, whether sensitive or not, and to a number of persons at the same time, and that should not depend entirely on testimony; in other words, it was necessary to establish the fact by the same kind of evidence that establishes any scientific fact.

After recording the results of some experiment on vegetables and animals, he made others on human beings, with the following results:

1.-Mr. J. R., a gentleman of rather delicate organization, had neuralgia in the upper part of one side of his face. I applied the northwards (-) pole of a small bar magnet, not quite capable of lifting half an ounce with one pole, for a few seconds, over the painful place. In about ten minutes he said the pain was increased and more localised. I then applied the southward (+) pole in the same way, and in a few minutes he said the pain had nearly ceased. This gentleman expected to be relieved by the first application.

2. Mr. M. a strong, unimaginative man, had facial neuralgia of malarial origin. I applied the

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The advantages derived from the use of the machine are said to be:-1. The production of pole of the same small magnet last described a larger quantity of actual flour. 2. The pro- over the seat of pain for about one minute. duction of superior qualities of flour, throughout five minutes he complained of the pain being all the numbers. 3. The operations of winnowI then made an application of the + ing and cleaning being both performed in the pole, and in less than a minute the pain almost patent apparatus more perfectly thin by any subsided. After about an hour there was a recurother, the separate machines, which have hithertorence of pain for a short time, but much lessened been requisite, are almost entitely dispensed with. in intensity. This person, also, was led to expect 4. The flour made from grain cleaned or hulled relief by the first form of application. (I have in the patent apparatus makes a very superior repeated the above experiments on myself, with description of bread or biscuit. 5. Any grain similar results. which may be affected by smut, damp, the mite, &c., will, after being cleaned or hulled in the 3.-Mrs. S., a lady of remarkable sensitiveness, patent apparatus, become equal in colour and but great self-control, was suffering from excrutaste to the best marketable grain. 6. Not even ciating neuralgia of the nerves passing out of the a single grain can escape from the machine with-left side of the pelvis. The day before I had inout being thoroughly cleaned or hulled. 7. Ten jected subcutaneously, near the painful place, per cent. of wheat, in consequence of any co-one-fourth of a grain of sulphate of morphia hesive impurities having previously been removed, can be ground in the same time, thus materially increasing the capability of the respective mills.

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se pude, ove sto dy as guetised steel rod. 4 in.
long by one-third of an inch diameter. The
effect was surprising. The pain shifted its posi-
but was not relieved.
tion, became more diffused and higher up,
A kind of stupor in-
death-like pallor overspread her countenance,
tervened, her respiration was oppressed, a
her features became contacted, her eyes sunken
and half-closed, the best acted feebly, and the
surface of the body was cool and covered by
clammy perspiration. The depressing effect
much resembled the action of morphia on the
previous day, but was even greater. All these
symptoms were manifested within a few minutes
After waiting about fifteen minutes I applied the
other pole-the + one-for the same length of
time to a spot a little below the hip joint, and in

facture of four has hitherto been the sepa-DR. JOHN VANSANT has communicated to the American "Journal of Psychological have more or less failed to accomplish their object. Medicine," the result of some experiments made The grain has beea submitted to wire brushes, by him with the magnet on vegetables and sharp surfaces of stone, corrugated sheet iron, animals. He says,-My attention was first par&c., the latter being the more generally used, and ticularly directed to the subject of this communirevolving cylinders or "robbers" being employed cation in the winter of 1866, when I observed "So long," says Mr. F. Seebohm-Ultzen, the. that a small, magnetized steel rod, the ends of licensee for the united kingdom, in a pamphlet on which were finely pointed, if brought carefully in the improved apparatus we are about to describe, contact with an exquisitely-sensitive blister, that "as the surfaces above-mentioned remain sharp, had been accidently produced on one of whenever the grain comes in contact with them fingers by pinching it, gave rise, when the southit is injured by having its hull cut open. A close ward pole was applied, to a momentary sharp inspection of wheat treated in the manner sensation, and seemed to cause the blister to be referred to will amply bear out this statement. more painful after the magnet was removed. Such injuries to the grain occasion the premature When the northward pole was used in the same breaking up of the bran in the process of grind-way, no sensation could be felt at the moment of ing, and cause it to be largely ground up into contact, and after removal the original pain reflour. But as the hulls of the grains contain a markably subsided. Struck by this phenomenon, a short time new symptoms were manifested. considerable quantity of silicate, the sharpened and yet almost doubting my own sensations, I The pain was apparantly increased and more surfaces are rapidly blunted by the constant proceeded to inquire if it were possible to recog- localised, the extremities remained cool, but the rubbing, until at last little or no effect is pro- nize a difference between the two ends of the perspiration was checked, the breathing was duced upon the grain by its rassage through the magnet by means of some organ peculiarly sen- deeper, the eyes closed naturally, and all the machine. Hence it follows that machines based sitive in its normal condition. On trial, I found signs of depression began to vanish. upon this mode of operation have the effect of that the conjunctival membrane of the eye would In the above instances of disease, the real seriously damaging the grain, until they ultimately indicate by the feeling which pole it was touched action of the magnetic force on the economy is become utterly useless, while nevertheless absorb-with. I could lay with care the sharpened north-not, probably, any greater or more speedy than ing considerable motive power. In order to par-ward end of the magnetic rod on that membrane in health; but when the equilibrium of the vita

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orces has already been disturbed, there would seem to be less resistance offered than when the perfect balance exists.

Nevertheless, a careful inspection of the groups of symptoms in the subjoined table, which are those capable of being produced by magnetism when applied to the body in health, will show that there is hardly a function of any organ that is not more or less affected, though the action appears to be observable chiefly by its effects on the ganglionic nervous system, and, through that, on the various organs.

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.* (Continued from page 321.)

179

and 180. Portable cramp drills. In 179 the feed screw is opposite the drill, and in 180 the drill spindle passes through the centre of the feed-screw.

181. Bowery's joiner's clamp, plan and transverse section, Oblong bed has, at one end, two wedge-formed cheeks, adjacent sides of which lie at an angle to each other, and are dovetailed inward from upper edge to receive two wedges for clamping the piece or pieces of wood to be planed.

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
|larly attached to frame. In opening the door,
pins are brought together, and weight is
raised. Weight closes door by depressing the
joint of the toggle toward a straight line,
and so widening the space between the pins.

186. Folding library ladder. It is shown open,

partly open, and closed; the rounds are pivoted
to the side pieces, which are fitted together to
form a round pole when closed, the rounds shut-
ting up inside.

187. Self-adjusting step-ladder for wharves at
which there are rise and fall of tide. The steps
are pivoted at one edge into wooden bars forming
spring-pieces, and their other edge is supported by
rods suspended from bars forming handrails. The
steps remain horizontal whatever position the
ladder assumes.

188. Feed-motion of Woodworth's planing
smooth supporting roller, and a

machine, a
toothed top roller.

189. Lifting-jack operated by an eccentric. pawl, and ratchet. The upper pawl is a

stop.

FRICTION IN STEAM CYLINDERS.
BY MR. P. JENSEN.

(Continued from page 294.) HAVING thus briefly glanced at the question effecting it, and having shown that steam lubricaof economy of fuel and the best means of tion is an indispensable condition, it remains to be seen that steam engines not built on economic priuciples are benefited by it. There is now scarcely an ordinary engine using tolerably dry steam and cutting off at about of the stroke but what has some method of lubricating the steam in the cylinder. The ordinary means of lubrication consists of a grease cock on the cylinder, whereby the contents of a cup filled with oil or tallow are occasionally emptied into the steam. The effect of leaving a piston dry for a long time and then injecting a quantity of tallow has often been noticed. The engine instantly

190. Device for converting oscillating into rotary motion. The semicircular piece A is at- takes a start, and materially increases both in tached to a lever which works on a fulcrum a speed and power. This goes to prove that lubri and it has attached to it the ends of two bands cation of the steam is good for something. It 182. Adjustable stand for mirrors, etc., by the shaft of the fly-wheel B. B and C is open, best way of lubricating. Shafting is generally lubriC and D, which run round two pulleys, loose on therefore only remains to be seen which is the which a glass or other article can be raised or and band D crossed. The pulleys have attached lowered, turned to the right or left, and varied in to them pawls, which engage with two ratchet-cated by self-acting means, such as the slow capilits inclination. The stem is fitted into a socket wheels fast on the fly-wheel shaft. One pawl acts lary action of a wick, or by the needle lubricator. of pillar, and secured by a set screw, and the on its ratchet-wheel when the piece A turns one No one would prefer to empty the contents of the glass is hinged to the stem, and a set screw is ap-way, and the other when the said piece turns the oil cup into the bearing at once, and yet that is plied to the hinge to tighten it. The same thing other way, and thus a continuous rotary motion of precisely what is done in the case of the grease is used for photographic camera stands. cock on the cylinder, with this difference, that the latter probably detracts far more from the economy of fuel than the former.

183. Represents the principal elements of machinery for dressing cloth and warps, consisting of two rollers, from one to the other of which the yarn or cloth is wound, and an interposed cylinder having its periphery either smooth-faced or armed with brushes, teasels, or other contrivances, according to the nature of the work to be done. These elements are used in machines for sizing warps, gig-mills for dressing woollen goods, and in most machines for finishing woven fabrics.

the shaft is obtained.

191. Reciprocating into rotary motion. The weighted racks A A1 are pivoted to the end of a piston-rod, and pins at the end of the said racks work in fixed guide-grooves bb in such manner that one rack operates upon the cog-wheel in ascending and the other in descending, and so continuous rotary motion is produced. The elbow lever C and spring d are for carrying the pin of the right-hand rack over the upper angle in its guide-groove b.

192. Gig-saw, the lower end connected with a 184. Helicograph, or instrument for describ-crank which works it, and the upper end connecing helices. The small wheel, by revolving about ted with a spring which keeps it strained without the fixed central point, describes a volute or a gate. spiral by moving along the screw-threaded axle either way, and transmits the same to drawing paper on which transfer paper is laid with coloured side downward.

(To be continued.)

So many kinds of steel are now manufactured that 185. Contrivance employed in Russia for an exact and permanent nomenclature for them is shutting doors. One pin is fitted to and turns in needed. Dr. Wedding, of Berlin, has endeavoured to supply the want. He classes all kinds under two socket attached to door, and the other is simi-heads, "Raw Steel" and "Fine Steel." Of the former be distinguishes five varieties; while fine steel has a *Extracted from a compilation by Mr. H. T. BROWN, to its mode of preparation, or after its inventor,

Editor of the "American Artisan."

much larger number, each of which is named according

The subject of steam lubrication has of late years acquired some prominence, and locomotives are now generally fitted with self-acting means for continuously greasing the steam before it enters the valves. The principle also makes headway with stationary and marine engines. Those who have considered the subject argue that if they can save about 40 per cent. of the tallow that the common grease cock consumes. and at the same time have the additional, and possibly far more important, advantage of diminished friction of wear and tear, why should they not do it? Fifty per cent. of fuel can be saved if engines are properly constructed and a good price paid for them, but to save about 2 per cent. in friction, which means fuel, besides from 30 to 50 per cent. of tallow or oil used for piston and slide valve lubrication, is a far easier matter, and involves an outlay of a mere trifle. We have ingenious governors and heavy fly wheels, and counterweights for the crank and connecting rods

to equalise the speed of the engine. Let us not | through the regulating cock. It acts on the
lose sight of a point which may appear trifling, same displacement principle as most of the others
but which in reality has something to do with in common use. A jam valve with screwed stem
the steady and even working of the engine as serves as blow off. Should the place where it is
experience has shown. It would be both super- fixed be too hot, so as not to condense sufficiently
fluous and tedious to enumerate all the lubricators fast, a globe is attached to the steam supply pipe,
proposed or used for greasing the moving parts which will afford the requisite condensing sur-
in the steam cylinder, the more so as all these face. This ingenious and simple remedy is not
appliances are now advantageously superseded by mentioned in Mr. Wilson's patent, and will, no
lubricators acting on the principle of continuously doubt, answer for other lubricators constructed
greasing the steam before it enters the slide on similar principles when placed in a very hot
valves.
position. One fault attached to the instrument
made with a water guage, is this, that the latter
does not at all times indicate the true level. The
bottom of the guage is connected to the lower
part of the lubricator, but the top is in connection
with the steam space above the two lower tallow
levels, and any variation in the quantity of tallow
and water contained, which, of course, when the
instrument works, are continually changing, are
not indicated, because the water locks the tallow
in the glass, it is only by blowing the glass out
and wasting the tallow that the true state of this
instrument can be ascertained, as, while the glass
shows full tallow, there may be little or none
left. This is not an oversight of the inventor's,
but is inherent in the construction, because, of
the three different tallow levels, the guage only
shows when working at the upper one, the one
having the smallest condensing surface. In these
lubricators a quantity of tallow can be let in at
once-namely, all the tallow contained above the
centre of the regulating cock, but the instrument
then wants refilling again up to its ordinary
tallow level.

One of the first lubricators (Fig. 1) of this class is that invented by Mr. Ramsbottom, the locomotive superintendent at Crewe. The principle on which it acts is the following:-A swan-neck pipe, being in communication with the steam in the steam pipe, causes a steady flow of steam into a sphere which is filled with tallow to the hop of the inner pipe. The steam continually condensing, especially when a current of air is starp against it at high speed, causes it to fall to the bottom as water, because it is heavier than tallow, in the proportion of 5 to 4. A certain amount of tallow is thus continually displaced and forced to overflow into the steam pipe, where it mixes with steam entering the steam cylinders; the steam is thus continually greased. There are no means of regulating this action, but this is not found so very requisite for locomotives. The case is, however, different when we come to apply this lubricator to stationary or marine engines. (Fig. 2.) For such purposes it is necessary to lead the steam to the lubricator through a long pipe in the engine room, that pipe then supplying the necessary condensing surface. or, better still, to place the lubricator in a cool place outside the engine room. The apparatus, however, does not seem very well adapted for engine room purposes, though it answers for

locomotives.

Clements's lubricator is of simple construction.
A pipe from the engine steam pipe conveys steam
up through the lubricator, entering from the
bottom and discharging over the tallow level,
also provided with a cock for regulating the
supply of steam to the apparatus, which acts on
Another inside
the displacement principle.
vertical pipe, which must reach to and determine
the tallow level, carries the tallow away to the
engine steam pipe or slide jacket. This pipe is
also provided with means for regulating. The
steam is supposed to pass through the tallow and
carry it along with it. A gauge glass is provided
in the larger sizes. A blow-off cock is provided
for discharging the condensed water or foul
tallow. These lubricators seem to give satisfac-
tion, and are simple enough; the fitting them on
is more troublesome, as they require two steam
connections.

population undergoes many hardships, which necessarily detract from the seeming high rate of wages. It may not be generally known that by far the largest portion of the goldfields is in the hands of companies, who are able to extract a larger percentage of gold by means of machinery, &c., than individuals can by their own unaided efforts. It is not the large nuggets that pay, but the regular per centage of gold per ton of earth or quartz. I should advise no one to go to Australia with the intention of proceeding direct to the mining districts.

THE MINERAL STATISTICS FOR 1869. "The mineral statistics of the colony for 1869 are just issued from the Government Printing Office, and, as compared with 1868, there is a decrease in the export of gold in 1869 of 316,659 oz., and, as compared with 1867, a decrease of 92,848oz. This falling off is accounted for on the supposition that all the gold exported is not duly recorded, as it was during the period it paid export duty. The approximate yield in 1869 yields for 1867 and 1869, drawn from the same was 1,544,757oz. ; and the figures denoting the sources, scarcely justify the suppositious case put by the Secretary of Mines. During the last quarter of the year, the number of miners ember in the same period of last year. Their average ployed was 63,787, or less by 871 than the num£104 188. 8d. in 1868; but it is pointed out that earnings for the year were £79 7s. 8d., against the former year was an exceptional one, over 3,00,000oz, of gold having been exported in that year in excess of the year following. 31st of December last, was £2,108,660, or a detotal value of machinery and mining plant on the larat shows the greatest amount of depreciation crease of £41,763 as compared with 1868. Balunder this head, and Castlemaine and Ararat follow. Sandhurst, Beechworth, Gipp's Land, and Maryborough have gained what Ballarat has lost, each showing an advance on the previous year. Held as claims under the bye-laws of the several mining boards, there were at the end of the year nearly 85,000 acres, of which over 20,000 are lying idle under legal protection from encroachment. Under gold mining leases on the same date were held 44,844 acres, or nearly 30,000

The

The next lubricator is Roscoe's, which acts by condensation of the steam and the consequent displacement of the tallow. It consists of a small hollow vessel with a steam connection on one side, tallow inlet at top, and waste cock at bottom. The opening is surmounted by a metal cup with open top, having a lid for filling the tallow. A bridge across the same, with a screwed hole in it, takes the screwed spindle of a jam valve, which fits a seat in the partition between the lubricator itself and the filling cup. A tube is fixed to the end of the screwed spindle, and reaches to within about 2in. of the bottom of the lubricator. The inventor also claims a peculiar function for the central pipe, for he says that when the engine is running down an incline with the steam shut off, the heat causes the air in the tube to be rarefied, and thus obtain a certain pressure which again forces the tallow into the steam pipe, and thence into the engine. The action of this pipe does not seem very clear. The more natural course seems to be that the whole of the lubricator when steam is shut off, and while running at any speed at all, should get comparatively cold, and the tallow have a decided tendency to stop where it was. However that may fashioned grease cup. be, these lubricators are extensively used on the Midland Railway, and on several others, as well as on many stationary and marine engines, and the author believes, gives satisfaction. The means of regulation, it will be observed, consists in controlling the amount of steam entering by A FEW REMARKS ON VICTORIA.-(Continued.) sion, where it was £1 16s. per week; the highest,

the screwed jam valve opposite the steam pipe

on the apparatns. That the inner pipe, as claimed by the inventor, should prevent the

A very ingenious lubricator was patented last year by Mr. Schauwecker. It is fixed on the cylinder, and consists of a cup with an outer jacket to keep it warm. A central pipe enters from the bottom and reaches nearly to the top. Near the bottom this pipe is in communication with a capillary pipe or passage too small for the oil to force itself through except when at the latter part of the stroke; the pressure gets lower in the cylinder than in the top of the grease cup, at that moment a small quantity of grease is injected. A filling cup is provided, as in the old

(To be continued.)

EMIGRATION.

MINING.
BY "F.R.G.S."

acres more than in 1868, which the report states, is evidently from the desire of the miners to obtain some secure hold of the auriferous lands before investing their capital and labour in exploring them. The number of men covenanted to be employed on leased mining lands was 12,647; actually employed, 6889. There is an increase in the goldfields revenue mainly in the item of rents of auriferous lands. The estimated value of claims for the seven great mining divisions on the 31st December, 1869, was £8,539,241, or £330,263 less than in 1868. Taking Ballarat as the largest alluvial field, the value of claims is given at £2,111,569, and Landhurst, as the greatest quartz district, at £2,299,305. Trial quartz crushings, to arrive at an approximate average of the total gold yield from this source, give an average of 10dwt. 9.73grs. per ton. The total cost of timber for mining purposes is given at £563,233, nearly half of which was taken by Ballarat. There were 423 registered companies, representing 1,974,260 shares, and the nominal capital £5,235,229. The lowest wage rate paid to miners was in the Castlemaine divi

water at the bottom of the apparatus fromAVING thus hurriedly scanned the agricul Creek, £200; Berlin, £100; Whipstick, £25; and

1

last year.

readers

freezing in the coldest climates, when the engine
tural interest of the colony, I now pass to
is at work, seems claiming too much for the very the next portion of my subject. For the pur-
small quantity of air contained in it, which is pose of giving information, I have extracted
compressed to a volume of the size of a thimble, from a Melbourne paper the following epitomised
if there at all can have no influence on the account of the Government mining report for
quantity of water continually entering. The
capacity for heat is much larger in water than in
I should, perhaps, warn
air, pound for pound, aud the quantity of air against glowing accounts of the gold fields.
contained in the inner tube of a No. 3 lubricator Much misery has been caused by a fostered idea
containing about a pint of tallow is only about that one needs but go to the gold fields and forests;
cubic inch, and with 5 atmosphere pressure only with a very little trouble he finds a nugget and is
rich man. There have been a few such "finds,"
but the per centage of these lucky individuals,
is not more than one in 20,000; or, in other
words, it is 20,000 to 1, that any particular man
chances to find a rich prize. The best plan to
ensure success, is to get permanent employment
under a company, say at an average wage of £2
5s., and save all you can, purchasing arable or
pasturable land with such savings. The mining

1

of a cubic inch, weighing part of a pound.

400

The Wilson lubricator has three different tallow levels, each with corresponding ports or holes in the cock and its shell, thus giving three sizes of condensing surface, a means of regulation perhaps sufficient for some cases, but in practice, something cloister is generally required, and that must be attained by throttling the steam inlet

a

£3, was paid in many localities. Rewards are recommended to the full extent for goldfields' discoveries-Godfrey's Creek, £200; Fiddler's Spring Creek, £300. The report states that it is proposed to exteud the examinations now held for mining surveyors to mining managers and mining engineers. No silver ore has been raised during the year, but some of the St. Arnaud and Wood's Point gold was mixed with silver. During the year 200 tons of black sand were exported, together with 14cwt. of tin. The copper mines were not worked during the year, but 10cwt. of the ore were exported; 709 tons sulphide of antimony were raised, of which 417 tons were antimony. Of lignite, 230 tons were raised, but exported. There were also exported 39 tons of no coal. Of flags and slates there were 68 tons, and 21,000 yards of flagging and coreing raised during the year."

N.B. To navvies and other able-bodied, intending emigrants, a field of employment is just now opened in Victoria, in which good wages may be obtained. I read that tenders for the construction of the first four sections of the north

346

eastern railway have been accepted at the rate of £5320 per mile. As the work will be commenced immediately, there will be a demand for labour, far in excess of what is at present available in the colony; and should Sir J. M'Cullock succeed with his plan of making thirty miles of railway every year, this demand will be pretty fairly maintained. This should be made a note of by intending emigrants, and the recently published regulations relating to emigrants are just now come into force, having been delayed for some time by the troubled state of the political atmosphere.

Addenda I.-Since writing the commencement of these remarks, I have received statistics relating to the agricultural portion. I find that about 17,000 tons of bread-stuff, wheat, flour, &c., have been exported from the southern portion of Australia since the last harvest.

ASTRONOMICAL NOTES FOR JULY.

BY A FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. THE Right Ascension of the Sun at Greenwich Mean Noon on the 1st of July is 6h. 40m. 50-48s. and his North declination 239 7 22-7. He is consequently in Gemini, to the S.W. of a line joining the stars and in that constellation, and about midway between them (vide map, Vol. X, p. 494). He souths on the 1st 3m. 29 62s. after mean noon, which is, therefore, the equation of time to be added to that indicated by a sundial or other meridian instrument. The equation is increasing all this month, and amounts on the 31st to 6m. 7-478. The sun rises in Lordon on the 1st at Sh. 48m., a.m., and setsat Sm. 18s. p.m., and on the last day of the month at 4h. 24m. a.m. and 7b. 47m. p.m. respectively. Up to the 20th of July

he will never descend 18° below the horizon, even at mid

night, so that prior to that date we shall have no real night. He will be in Apogee at 12h. 56m. on the 1st. His period of activity still continuing, his disc will present an interesting spectacle to the telescopic observer.

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.

[We do not hold ourselves responsible for the opinions

of our correspondents. The EDITOR respectfully
requests that all communications should be drawn
up as briefly as possible.]

All communications should be addressed to the
EDITOR of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, 31, Tavistock-
street, Covent Garden, W.C.

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its strings to utter sounds of greatly varying timbre, it was provided with hammers to a to enable the performer in the language of d period, to "play piano and forte at pleasure," Als the former instance. I did not know this Goth axil after he had perpetrated his wickedness, that like by J. Newton's little dog, perhaps we may charitably copclude he little knew the extent of the evil he had done, but when I learned from the sinner's own confession the extent of his iniquity, I am sorry to say there was enough of the Old Adam left in me to cause me (involuntarily) to become at once savagely angry and sorrowful. Since then, I have often thought what s

All eheques and Post Office Orders to be made pay valuable addition to the collection of ancient musical able to J. PASSMORE EDWARDS.

I would have every one write what he knows, and as much as he knows, but no more; and that not in this only, but in all other subjects: For such a person may have some particular knowledge and experience of the nature of such a person or such a fountain, that, as to other things, knows no more than what everybody does, and yet to keep a clutter with this little pittance of his, will undertake to write the whole body of physicks: a vice from whence great inconveniences derive their original. -Montaigne's Essays.

PERSONAL.

SIR-It would be the merest affectation and hypocrisy on my part to pretend that I do not feel extremely flattered by the suggestion made by your correspondent Mr. Wright (on p. 336) to present me with a testimonial; but, at the same time, you are most entirely correct in your surmise that I should at once and without the smallest hesitation, respectfully decline the offer."

I am, as you most pertinently point out, only one of many; and it should be borne in mind that, as a sedulous reader of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, I receive -at the very least-quite as much instruction from its perusal as I can possibly impart by any number of communications of my own. To select me, then, as the recipient of a testimonial would be to cast a slight upon other correspondents, all quite as well entitled to it as (and many much better than) myself; and, moreover, as such selection could not be made of the mere abstraction, F.R.A.S." it would involve the revelation of my identity-a revelation which, on no consideration whatever, could I consent to have made.

Under these circumstances, I am sure that your very kind correspondent will see the impossibility of The Moon will enter her first quarter at past 4 o'clock in my acquiescence in a suggestion of which, though, I the morning of the 6th; be full (and eclipsed) at 10h. 35m. 18s. may legitimately feel proud; but, at the same time, he on the night of the 12th; enter her last quarter at 17 minutes may accept my assurance of the sincerity of my grapast 2 on the afternoon of the 28, and be new at 11h. 15m. a.m. titude, and further of the fact that his appreciation, and that of others, of my very humble efforts to The details of the eclipse (to which we have parentheti-instruct my brother readers, forms the very best and most acceptable testimonial that I could possibly recally referred above) for Greenwich are as follows:ceive.

on the 28th.

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H. M.

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11 240 12.23.8 ... 13 224

The Moon will be in conjunction with Saturn at 54 minutes after midnight on the 10th, with Jupiter at 3h. 52m. on the

A FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY.

instruments in the South Kensington Museum this perhaps unique harpsichord would have been, and lest similar wrong-doing to its destruction should be repeated, I hereby most earnestly appeal to all my fellow readers of the ENGLISH MECHANIC to interpose themselves, and urge all their friends to interpose also, when they hear that any similar sacrifice is about to be perpetrated, and thus "save the Innocents from such an out-Heroding of Herod, so that we ourselves, and our successors, may derive from them that instruction and enjoyment they are capable of affording to us and them, and although myself compelled, by a regard to truth, to plead guilty to the charge of bad taste, in feeling some admiration for that antiquated instrument the harpsichord (of whose capabilities the modern generation of pianoforte players are as completely ignorant as most of them are of the capabilities of the organ and harmonium) I make this appeal, not only in behalf of this one of my many old favourites, but also in behalf of the whole generation of ye aneyent fiddles, flutes, oboes, clarionets, English flutes, &e, &c., not forgetting ye dulcimer, ye " clavichordis," ye "payer of clavichordis," ye "manichord," ye "payer of virginals," ye payer of regals," and all the other multitudinous solo and orchestral wind and "strynged" instruments ofye olden tyme," so interesting for their antiquity, and so remarkable' for their variety, also take this opportunity of appealing to the good feeling of those who possess any instruments which would add to the wealth of our national collection to follow the liberal example of Messrs. Broadwood and Messrs. Kirkman, by presenting them to the nation; or at least the not less liberal example of Mr. Carl Engel, who has lent sixty instruments from his collection to the museum, including the only example of "ye clavichordis," which is in it. Happy should I be, if Lord Lytton, or the Rev. Mr. Spurlong, or the present possessor of the virginal sold at the sale of the effects of Lord Spencer Chichester, in 1805), or Dr. Rimbault, could be induced to lend the virginals now in their possession, or that the owner of Queen Anne's spinet, said to be one of the most powerful ever made by Hayward, which was in the possession of Mr. Hawes, of the in trust, under Queen Anne's testamentary direction, Adelphi-terrace, in 1860, who, I believe, yet holds it for the use of the singing boys of the Chapel Royal -probably they don't learn on it now in these harmonium and pianoforte days, and also therefore well spare it the present possessors of Plenius's lyrachord, and Merlin's private harpsichord (if the destructive Goths have spared them), may be induced to do likewise.

can

I am happy to say, that it seems very probable that the reckless destruction of works of art of this kind. is not likely to go on at its former rate; since many have been collected and deposited at South Kensing ton, some of which have been purchased at very liberal prices. That class of persons who recognise no value excepting money value, are beginning to learn that there is a market for such things, and that they fetch a deal more unbroken than their mere materials are worth. The wildest of destructives becomes remark

afternoon of the 21th, with Venus at 3h. 39m. on the afternoon of the 25th, and with Mars at 7h. 47m. in the evening of the same day. She will be in conjunction with Uranus at 1h. 27m. on the 27th, and with Mercury at 2h. 21m. on the 28th. It is pretty obvious that the majority of these conjunctions will be rendered invisible by the brilliancy of day- which the peculiarities of their construction and their ably conservative of his chattles when he finds they

35 at the same hour on the 2nd, and so on.

light. The age of the Moon is 2-5 days at noon on the ist, in the morning of the 15th, Libration will bring a portion of About 3 o'clock her S.W. limb into view, and at 5 o'clock in the afternoon of the 27th a part of her S.E. limb will come into sight from be occulted during the present month. At 38 minutes after Five fixed stars and the planet Saturn will

the same cause.

raidnight on July 10th BAC 5954 will disappear at the Moon's
dark limb, and reappear at her bright limb at 13h. 44m.
Prior to this reappearance Saturn will be occulted. He will
disappear at the dark limb at 13h. 16m. and reappear at the
bright limb at 14h. 12m. On the 17th, 30 Piscium will dis-
appear at the bright limb at 10h. 56m, and reappear at the
dark limb at 11h. 59m. On the same night, 33 Piscium will
disappear at the bright limb 55 minutes after midnight, and
reappear at the dark limb at 14h. 9m. At 2h. 50m. in the early
morning of the 19th the moon's bright limb will go so near to
to 20 Četi that, although it will not occult it at Green-
wich, it may from other stations. Finally, on the 30th, the
dark limb of the New Moon will occult Leonis at 8h. 56m.
in the evening, but she will have set ere its reappearance
takes place.
Mercury now is wretchedly situated for observation. He
is a morning star up to the 28th, when he is in superior con-
junction with the Sun, and of course invisible. Up to this
date he is getting smaller and smaller every day. He is
travelling through Gemini and Cancer. Venus is also a
morning star, southing on the 1st at 18 minutes past 9 in
is now gibbous, and not a very interesting telescopic object.

the morning, and on the 31st at 48 minutes past 9 a.m. She
She passes from Taurus into Gemini. Mars is in the same
region of the Heavens, and scarcely, in any legitimate sense,
observable. He too moves out of Taurus into Gemini this
month. Jupiter also, in this immediate neighbourhood, is of
course a morning star too. He souths at 10h. 6m. a.m. on
the 1st, and at Sh. 35m. a.m. on the 31st. Although both
Mars and he are unfavourably situated, yet they may be seen
just before sunrise. Jupiter continues in Taurus. Saturn is
as favourably situated for the investigation of his most re-
markable features as he will be for some time to come;
southing on the 1st at 10h. 55m. 30s. and on the 31st at
8h. 50m. 18s. He is on the confines of Scorpio and Ophiu-
chus on the night of the 18th. We have spoken above of
his occultation. We propose very shortly to give a detailed
description of this marvellous object in these columus.
Uranus is quite close to the Sun and utterly invisible. Nep-
tune is a morning star. He continues in Pisces.

A watch should be kept for shooting stars between the 26th and 27th of July; as there seems to be a periodic return of numbers of these bodies at an epoch between the dates referred to.

have what political economists term, "value in exis their name derived from broken, the past tense of change," so perhaps those Mosaical brokers-query break?-example, breaker, v. a., one who breaks; broker, one who has broken-who somehow manage furniture) to offer them for sale to us collectors, "vel to get hold of a good many musical autiquities, may be induced (instead of breaking them up to mend old vorth our monish."

AN EARNEST APPEAL TO THE READERS OF
THE ENGLISH MECHANIC AND ALL OTHERS
WHO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO SAVE
VALUABLE THINGS FROM DESTRUCTION,
-ANCIENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AT
SOUTH KENSINGTON AND ELSEWHERE.
SIR,-It seems probable that among the so-called
lumber stored away in unkempt places, say in old
chateaux on the Continent, and in ancient country
mansions in Great Britain, there must be a consider
able number of musical instruments, which are at once
interesting from their antiquity and that insight
capabilities for the rendering of musical performance
of olden times. I have advisedly written a considera-
alfords us of the character of the instrumental music
ble number, rather than a great number, for no doubt
the great majority have perished by age, and yet more
inexperienced that it would be difficult to find a
have been wilfully destroyed. It may seem to the
modern Goth who would wilfully destroy works
of human art so interesting as musical instru-
ments (excepting in the instance of organs, which the Those who have not yet seen the collection at
Puritans in Cromwell's time, probably believed with South Kensington would do well to do so. It com-
perfect honesty, greatly endangered their etarnal prises some remarkably fine specimens of that class
salvation; they therefore logically flattened and of instruments whose strings are packed by plectra
destroyed their pipes to save their souls), but we ought moved by finger-keys. At the head of these stands
to allow for the exigences of commercial life, and the spinet by Amabal Die Rossi, of Milan, A.D.
consider the value of store room. As an example, 1557, for which the very liberal price of £1200 was
I may relate, that my old friend, Joseph Kirkman, given; a sum well worth the consideration of Moses
Esq., who is anything but a Goth, when he succeeded with hair on, and his fellow brokers. This instrument
to the old business, found nearly forty harpsichords is a remarkable example, of the very ornate style of
in store, some of which had been warehoused for decoration of its time, and is inlaid with no fewer
more than thirty years, which at the then custom-
than 1928 precious stones. Besides this, there are
ary charge of one guinea per annum. amounted to many other examples of virginals, spinets, harpsi-
more guineas than they were commercially worth in chords, &c., which, however historically interesting,
shillings, so, although he shares with the writer the are by no means fair specimens of what they once
reproach of being old-fashioned enough to admire
were as instruments of music, or are capable of being
the instrument, he literally could not afford room made, if restored to their original condition, which
for them any longer, and being quite hopeless of re- is in most cases a work of no great difficulty; not to
covering the warehouse charges, he directed; most of mention the great improvement most of them are
them to be destroyed. Considering that among them obviously capable of undergoing, for since the time
were some of the finest and most modern specimens the of their construction, the harpsichord and its con-
firm ever constructed (I believe one bore the date of geners have had their tones greatly increased in
1808, and had a compass of six octaves, from C CC to power, and made capable of rendering sounds whose
C), I can only wish that it had been my good fortune to
timbres vary to an extent which probably none of
have become acquainted with my old friend a year these specimens ever possessed what Dr. Johuson
earlier; I would certainly have performed the would have termed the "potentiality" of doing.
Christian duty of "saving some from the fire;"
indeed, when he came to know me, he much re-
gretted the sacrifice, and said it would have afforded
him great pleasure to have given as many of them
as would have been accepted, to myself, and any
of my friends who-as he was pleased to say-possessed
sufficient good taste to appreciate instruments which
his father and grandfather had obtained European
reputations for the construction of. At a yet later
period they are synonymous, a modern Goth (alias a
pianoforte maker of my acquaintance) perpetrated a
yet less excusable act of Vandalism by the destruc-
tion of a most ornate and expensively-constructed
harpsichord, which had three ranks of mother of
pearl and tortoisehell keys. In addition to its
numerous rows of jacks, whose various plectra caused

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By way of showing what may be done by one by no means clever person, who makes use of his opportunities-i.e., has a habit of improving the occasion "-the writer will now relate his own experience. When young, "a long time ago," he had the, perhaps questionable, advantage of being rather familiar with the harpsichord, and at a later period he had the good or evil fortune to become the possessor of a remarkably fine specimen, whose condition was so perfect that its steel strings were almost as bright as when they left the maker's shop, and scarcely any of its quills were broken, which is a very rare thing indeed. This instrument is an elegant Spanish mahogany Kirkman, A.D., 1790, with a beautifully-made mahogany Venetian swell. The writer's common failing, of "not knowing when to leave well alone,'**

but usual desiring to "make well better than well," caused him to be discontented with the instrument's want of power, which, by the way, far surpassed that of any Rucker harpsichord I have yet had the pleasure of hearing. But this characteristic, I believe, was not at all uncommon in harpsichords made by "Abraham et Josephus Kirkman," especially those of their later production, and one dated 1790 is quite a juvenile, although I have been told they did not entirely cease to make harpsichords until nearly twenty years after.

Being, as I before stated, that unhappy individual, a dissatistied man, I put my harpsichord through a course of experimental improvement. The first thing I did, was to put on some few thicker strings-In those days I fervently believed that the loudness of the sound depended almost wholly on the thickness of the strings, and although experience has modified that opinion to some extent, there is yet a large element of truth in it. My old friend, J. Kirkman, Esq, told me beforehand, that I should get no more tone out of thick strings than from the original thin ones, ie., about No. 4 steel, but being of the order of St. Thomas the Doubter, 1 listened and believed not. Glad I am that I was incredulous, for on trying the thick strings, i.e., about No. 7 or 9 steel wire, on middle C, I found the tone, although but little louder, was much improved in quality. Being now, however crotchetty, not quite devoid of common sense, I inferred that to lift a thick string far enough to cause it to utter a load sound, would require a stronger plectrum than a thin string needed. I therefore borrowed one of the jacks from a low bass note, whose stiff raven's quill put the No. 8 wire into as strong vibrations as the weak crow's quill in the jack belonging to middle C had induced in the original No. 4 or 5 steel wire, but I need hardly add, all the former improvement in the quality of the sound disappeared. The dissatisfied man, wanting not only louder, but also more agreeable sounds, was by no means quite satisfied with this one experiment, so he went through a course of experiments with plectra, made of a great variety of substances, at the remembrance of which course of experiments he shudders as he writes this. Ultimately, my patience and perseverance-which according to the late Sir Isaac Coffin, are the only things required to do any thing short of a miracle-were rewarded, and I was enabled to produce sounds from my pet instrument varying in timbre from those which the strings uttered when plucked by quills, to those which are produced when the strings of a piano are pulled by the soft top of the finger.-N. B. not those produced by the finger nail.

Finding that considerably thicker strings than the original ones were required to produce tones of quality and power good enough for the dissatisfied man to put up with-N.B. it is not bis nature to be satisfied by the tone of any musical instrument whatever, unless Jenny Lind's voice when at its very best, be classed as one, it became needful to strengthen the case or frame, for it would not have endured the additional tension of the thicker strings. It could hardly interest my fellow-readers to describe in detail, how this and other needful improvements were effected, but I may just add that this instrument was rendered at least as powerful (I ought rather to say, considerably more powerful) than any grand piano of the period, 1833, and when its tone was let out" by opening its beautifully-constructed Spanish mahogany Venetian swell, the proper use of which required some judgment and practice, the instrument was capable of effects in the concert room which harpsichordists, who have heard nothing superior to the ordinary quilled instrument would hardly believe possible with an instrument termed a harpsichord..-N.B. It was tried by one who had played on that formerly

in the orchestra of Covent Garden Theatre.

Being, in the matter of taking proper care of "ancyent musical instruments, one of the most rigid of conservatives, I kept this harpsichord in my possession until recently, and then gave it to one able to appreciate its quality. It is now the property of your very practical correspondent," W. T." and is, in all essentials, as perfect as when it was used by "ye conductor" at "certayoge consorts of ancyent mvsick," to keep the sometimes rather disorderly fiddlers in order. Were the present owner's time less occupied professionally, I should be tempted to urge him to follow the liberal example of Mr. Carl Engel, and loan it to South Kensington Museum. When there, both he and I might justly be proud of it as an example of what the despised, because ill-understood, harpsichord, is capable of doing. Perhaps then, that portion of the musical public who desire to become acquainted with the toccate of Andrea Gabrielli, also the compositions of Frescobaldi, Scarlatti, old Bach, and Handel, might have the privilege of hearing its present possessor's rendering of their works by the employment of an instrument as far surpassing any harpsichord possessed by those composers as a Broadwood patent iron concert grand surpasses Fulke Grevelle's humble Italian pianoforte-the first grand piano seen in England, but by no means the first" Hammer Harpsichord" constructed on the Continent.

THE HARMONIOUS BLACKSMITH

HOW THE NATIONAL GALLERY AND BRITISH MUSEUM MIGHT BE LIGHTED WITHOUT RISK OF THEIR DESTRUCTION BY FIRE. SIR, The Chancellor of the Exchequer, in the recent debate on the proposed opening of the above institutions during the evening, most truly said that the pictures in the former, and many of the specimens in the latter, could not be replaced if destroyed and so long as the lighting of those buildings depends on the combustion of coal gas or other fuel, it seems that the risk is too great to be encountered, although, if the precaution were taken to burn the gas in a perfectly close glass (chamber excepting that it must be provided with the means of admitting air and carrying off the products of combustion) that risk would be greatly diminished, and the injurious action on books and pictures which results from the use of gas for illumluation might be entirely avoided; also each burner, thus enclosed, would become a very efficient ventilator if air were admitted from the room which is illuminated. That those undulations which are visu

ally perceptible to us as light may be induced, unaccompanied by those slower undulations we perceive as heat, is proved by that fait accompli, the electric light at Dungeness. If this can be maintained with sufficient steadiness for the purposes of a beacon, surely it may also be maintained steadily enough to enable us to see pictures and other works of art far better than we can see them by gaslight, which (however it may improve the effect of raw colouring by the Claude Lorraine tone it imparts) has the bad consequence of altering the harmonious colouring of good pictures. The electric light can never be guilty of arson, and if properly diffused by passing through a ground glass screen before falling on a picture, is the nearest approximatlon to the light of day we can employ to illuminate it. The only valid objection to its use that I know of is, that it is, like most good things, rather costly.

THE HARMONIOUS BLACKSMITH.

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"T. A." AND HIS "OBTUSENESS" (?). SIR,-I owe "T. A." a thousand apologies for using a term he does not understand. He wrote as familiarly about twilight as about light, and I quite forgot that he might be quite as ignorant about the former as he has been at such pains to prove himself about I trust he will forgive my inadvertence. the latter. He will find the words "crepuscular curve in all They are used respectable treatises on meteorology. to describe the apparent curve forming the boundary of that part of the heavens which is illuminated during Kämtz calls it "the figure formed by the twilight. earth's shadow projected on the higher regions of the atmosphere." I am really very sorry to have led "T. A." to exhibit what he calls his "obtuseness" (I should have used another word); but it is his own fault. When will men learn the folly of talking familiarly about subjects with which they are wholly unacquainted? RICHARD A. PROCTOR.

ERRATA.

SIR, There are two noteworthy errata in my paper about comets and meteors. First, the sentence, "I propose only to pass by legitimate reasoning from the known and unknown," should have run "from the known to the unknown." Secondly, the words italiomitted:-"The fact, then, that year after year, as cised in the following sentence have been accidentally the earth returns to the same part of her orbit, she

either always, or commonly, encounters many meteors, shows that there must be a system travelling round the sun, and intersecting the earth's orbit in that particular region."

RICHARD A. PROCTOR.

CALLAND'S BATTERY.

SIR, In reply to Mr. Tydeman, p. 328, I am not acquainted with this cell under this name, but I believe it to be what is called the Gravity Battery. It is not unlike the Minotto without the sand, and I did not remark on it because it is totally useless for any ordinary purpose It must not be subjected to the slightest vibration, and must be constantly worked at an average rate, or it will speedily prove itself a nuisance. It depends solely on the different weight of the liquids for keeping them apart, and no liquids consisting of solutions of different salts in water can be kept from mixing by diffusion.

Tamanu oil, Ati of Tahiti, Alexandrine laurel, Penna cottay.

Poon seed oil, E.I.; Njamplo ng and Bientanggoor, Java (Calophyllum inophyllum), abundant in different islands of Oceania; 44 per cent.; used for lighting in India; good for making. soap Red Puna, Goa (Callophylum spurium).

Nagkasur, E.I., Nagarari, Java (messua ferrea).
Cocum butter (Garcinia purpurea), India.
Gamboge butter (G. pictoria).

Madool oil (G. Echinocarpa).

24.-OLACINEÆ.

Coula nut, not kola (Coula edulis), Western Africa 53 per cent.; eatable oil.

Elozy zegué (Ximenia Africana), Gabon; 70 per cent.; for soapmaking. Ximenia Americana is existing in Queensland.

Umpeque, Angola (Ximenia sp.)

Soump, Senegal; Hingus, Hingoota, India (Balanites Egyptiaca).

22.-ORANGE Order, or AURENTIACEÆ. Feronia elephantum, India.

26.-GAMBOGe Order, or GUTTIFERÆ. Butter and tallow tree of Sierra Leone (Pentades ma butyracea).

27.-MELIA ORDER, OR MELIACE. Crab oil of Guiana (Carapa Guianensis), used in the colony for burning; also excellent for the hair and Wood excellent, and for soapmaking; 70 per cent. bark good for tanning. Carapa nuts are so common in the district of Cachipour, says the Catalogue of the Products of the French Colonies at the Paris Exhibition, that at the maturity of the fruit the soil is covered with them a foot high to an extent of several kilo

metres.

Touloneouna oil, tallikoonah oil, Western Africa (Carapa tonlonconna); 33 per cent.

Margosa, India; Kohomba, Ceylon (Melia azedarachta), for soap; 50 per cent.

28. SOAPWORT ORDER, OR SAPINDACE. West Indian soap nut (Sapindus saponaria), northern part of South America.

East India soap nut (Sapindus emarginatus). 29. RHIZOвOLACEÆ.

Piquía oil, Brazil (Caryocar Braziliensis). Sawarri nut oil, Guiana (Caryocar comentosum); €Xcellent eatable oil.

30.-SPURGE Order, or EUPHORBIACEÆ.

Kukui oil, from the Bankoul nuts, Belgaum walnut, candle nut, Lumbang, of Phillipines; Dissee Akrot, E.I.; Africa, E. I., Pacific Ocean (Neurites triloba); also from A. molucensis and A. gabonensis. 60 per cent.

Castor oil (Ricinus div.), E. I., Africa, Brazils, Egypt, &c. Carappato in the Portuguese colonies. Medicine, soap making.

Oleo de mamono do mato, Brazil (Mala fistuligera), Owabe, Guiana (Omphalia diandra); 65 per cent., excellent for lubricating machinery.

Brazil; manduby-guacu, do. (Curcas purgans), India, Physic nut oil, purgueira oil, pinhoes de purga, Western Africa, the Antilles, &c.; for burning and medicine. Principal centre the Cabo Verde Islands, which export 100,000 hectolitres of seed yearly. Croton tiglium, E.I., Nappalum, Telegoo; mediMubango, Angola (Croton sp.)

Oleo de Siringa, Brazils (Siphonia elastica); good for making hard soaps and printing ink. The Siphonia elastica is one of the India-rubber plants. Addaleyunnay, India (Tatropha glauca). Kalapa oll, Rottlera butter, E.I. (Rotllera tinetoria).

cine. The only way to do so practically is to use a form like that described as the Meidinger, but without a porous cell, and with the copper consisting of a plate at the bottom, and the zine of a perforated disc suspended above. Then, by a careful adjustment of the size of the tube from the reservoir to the work, the sulphate of copper would flow out only just as fast as it is required for consumption. The statement of cost quoted only applies to first cost, I suppose, and is, besides, utterly improbable.

VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS. (Continued from page 3 31.)

SIR,-To resume:

SIGMA.

20.-STERCULIA ORDER, OR STERCULIACEÆ. Kapok koil.-Silk cotton of the Antilles; SuffedSemul Bengal, Guiana, Cuba (Eriodendron anfractuosum).

Western

Africa

Oddjengé nuts, Stearine nuts, (Heritiera sp.) The fruits of atoeng-makan (Heritiera sp.) are cooked by the Malays with their fish, and are probably also oil-yielding.

Telemboo of Ceylon, Jungle Badam, E.I.; Peenarymarum, Tamoul; Djankang, Java (Stercalia fætida). Bitter oil, Cabo Verde Islands (Sterculia sp.)

21.-CHOCOLAte Order, or BytTNERIACEÆ. Cocoa-making butter (Theobroma cacao), 50 per cent. Medicine and for soap making.

22.-MALAY CAMPHOR ORDER, OR
DIPTEROCARPEÆ.

Chinese vegetabie tallow (Stilingia sibefera), for candle making, &c.

31.-CASHEW NUT ORDER, OR ANACARDIACE.E. Cashew nut oil (Anacardium occidentale), East and West India.

Lentisk oil (Pistacia Lentiscus), Italy; lghting and culinary use.

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Wild almond (Terminalia catappa), East India, West India, Mauritius, &c.

$5.-ROSE ORDER, OR ROSACEA. Plum oil (Prunus domestica), used in Wurtemburg for Almond oil (Amigdalus communis), South of Europe; medicine and perfumery.

Lophyra alata, Senegal, 44 per cent. Tree 80ft. high, burning.

hard wood.

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Icaco (Chrysobalanus ¡caco), Antilles and West Africa. 36.-MONKEY POT ORDER, OR LECYTHIDEE. Castanheiro oil, Brazil nut oil (Bertholletia excelsa) Sweet oil, excellent for lighting. The Brazil nut forms a great article of exportation from Para to the differrent European and North American markets. Oil could be furnished to all the industries of the world. Sapucaya oil, from the seeds of the monkeypoti (Lecythis ollaria), &c. Brazil, Guiana, &c.

37. PEAFLOWER ORDER, OR LEGUMINOSEÆ. Ground nut oil, Mandobi of Brazils, Katjang taunah of the Javanese; cultivated in all tropical countries. the U. S. 30 to 40 per cent. Nuts called peanuts and pinots in Pulas, Dak, E .; bastard teak, Jamaica; pulosso

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