well indeed without any shade of colour appearing. The planet Jupiter, would, I think, appear nearly the same size as in the 4in. Gregorian, but then the defining power and brightness of Gregorians as compared with refractors is stated by Dawes as 8: 5, that is the proportion of aperture, both telescopes being alike in brightness. As a light test, I am able with 75 to pick up the 7 mag. companion to Antares; Warner with the finest instruments could only do so with 23in. distant 3. I am also able to see two of Saturn's moons, and the ring very fine. When Venus was an evening star, I could observe her with the 150 power without the slightest trace of colour, and to those who know the difficult object she is in the telescope, that is a testimonial of the performance of the glass. The Messrs. Solomon supply the 3in. glass separate by itself, price £2 28., and any power eyepiece 148. For the information of all your readers, I have found by trial during the last few weeks, that the sun had so many spots on his disc that green and red glass combined made the best shade, much better than either above. To those who have not got the " Nautical Almanace," to see the sidereal time time at noon, I may tell them that they can get it by applying the equation of time to the Sun's. (R.A., the reverse of that directed in the almanac pages. [2236.]-DIRTY CEILING.-All common plaster is pervious to air, which, in passing through it, is, as it were, filtered from the dust which floats in it. Where most air passes most dust is left, and so those portions of a ceiling where the passage of air is not impeded by joists, &c., collect most dust and are most discoloured. -J. B. (2237.)-SALERATUS.-"A carbonate of potass, containing a greater quantity of carbonic acid than pearl used in cookery."—"Ogilvie, Imper. Dict." ash; H. B. M. [2239.]-PROTRACTOR-The fault lies in the protractor, and not in R. W. R." A protractor, properly constructed, should have a mark, either on the upper or the lower edge of the cross-piece; which, of course, depends on the construction of the instrument. On his instrument, the mark should be on the lower edge of the cross-piece; also the mark for 10, and that for 1800, should be in the same straight line with the centre mark, otherwise the protractor is not properly divided Any mathematical instrument maker will put a centre mark on it for him.-THOMAS J. O'CONNOR. [2248]-SPEED OF AIR AND STEAM-To calculate the velocity of air or steam rushing into a vacuum, we must first find the height of a column of air or steam corresponding to the given pressure. Then from the rule for falling bodies we must obtain the speed due to that height, which will be the theoretical velocity of the gas on vapour. When the steam issues from an orifice into the open air, we must deduct the pressure of the atmosphere from that of the steam, and then find the height of a column of steam corresponding to the resulting pressure, and proceed as before For instance, the velocity of steam at 15lb. pressure rushing into a vacuum, would be same as that of steam of 30lb. pressure rushing into the atmosphere.MACHINATOR. 1 16 [2302]-POLISHING SCOTC H PEBBLES.-Lapidary mills, &c., on a small scale, for amateurs, may be had in and about Clerkenwell, eit her new or secondhand. Advertise in the ENGLISH MECHANIC, or consult Vols. VIII, IX., and X., for directions how to make the tools.-ENGRAVER. you have formed a strong tube at least in. thick, [2309.]-ETCHING ON GLASS has been so fre quently described in the ENGLISH MECHANIC that I should not like to occupy valuable space with it; besides, it is an unhealthy business. Draw your design as you would on metal, and give the plate to a professed dipper, who will use the hydrofluoric acid instead of the fluor spar. But after all, the effects are not to be compared to those produced by the diamond poiut, or the engraving lathe.-ENGRAVER. [2267]-WORK ON ELECTRICITY.-I would recommend the work on electricity published by Messrs. W. and R. Chambers, Paternoster-row, price, I think, about 6s., as a very good and comprehensive work on electricity, both theoretical and practical.-T. S. CONISBEE. [2267]-ELECTRICAL BOOKS.-"S. T. P." might get Dyer's "Induction Coil," price 18., or Noad's "Inductorium." 38., I think, on that special subject. For general details in electricity. "The Student's Text Book," though a rather slip-slop compilation, is a useful book at 12s. 6d. ; but for simplicity and scientific accuracy there is no work superior in a small way to Ferguson's Electricity," at 38. Cd., but it does not go fully into any branch.-SIGMA. [2268-POLES OF MAGNETS.-"H.'s" question arises from a common misapprehension. The poles are not the points of strongest action merely, but the points at which are united the actions of the half magnet as a whole, and from which the relations of the force to distance are to be considered; they bear thus a sort of analogy to the centre of gravity of a body; which is not necessarily the heaviest part: form and arrangement influence the position, as also does the presence of another magnet. The points of maximum attraction are at the extremities, because each section of the magpet has its own power, and transmits it to that beyond; but the action on a body separated the extremity, but from the pole, which explains the from it will vary according to its distance, not from by no means quite clear law of the square of the distance. Thus, at lin., the force may be very much greater than one-fourth that at in.. and if the pole were lin. within the magnet, the body would have to be removed to 3in. to reduce the force to one-fourth that at in. distance.-SIGMA. CURRENTS. An ordinary fine wire instrument, well [2272.) - GALVANOMETER FOR INDUCED insulated, will do, but it must be used differently from [2251.]-DISPENSING QUERY-By altering the usual, as the induced current is instantaneous only, and mixture it can be made perfectly clear, not without.-attended with a reverse current at each contact; hence only the utmost swing of the needle produced by a single make or break of contact can be used, and as the intensity and not quantity is the characteristic of these currents, to get any valuable information would require a series of resistances as well as a galvanometer. Of course, if great care be not taken in the insulation of the instruments while making, they would be apt to be destroyed by a spark of high tension.-SIGMA. [2283.]-PAINTING THEATRICAL SCENES."H. N. H." asks how to paint theatrical scenes on coarse calico with water colours. The thing is easy enough. The calico must be stretched on a frame, and coated once with clean size. When it is dry, the scene must be sketched with a soft crayon or blacklead can be obtained at any oil and colour shop. They must be mixed with warm size, and, when first put on the canvas, should appear much darker than the tint that is required. Different from painting in oil, the first coat of colour must be the final one; the size will then not peel off when the canvas is rolled up. Νο varnish is required.—HIPPArchus. GUILLAUME. (2258.]-EQUATIONS.-Mr. Williams will find a solution by "Senior Op." of the treble equation in last number. The following solutions of his other equstions are suggested: Here t - a - b + = 0 x = a, y = b (1) (2) - evidently satisfy (1), and by trial they are found to pencil. The colours to be used are all earths, and they [2262.]—RHUMKORF'S COIL.-Having provided a bobbin of paper, wood, or vulcanite, with (by preference) vulcanite ends, drill two holes in one of the ends, each about fin, diameter, and at a short distance from the centre. These should be in a line with the horizontal diameter of the bobbin tube. In the opposite end drill a small hole-say-in. diameter, at a rather greater distance from the tube than the others, but this time over the tube. Next take your primary wire and pass one of the ends through one of the first-named holes, and wind it over the tube in a close spiral quite up to the other end, continuing to wind it back again over the first layer to the end at which you first commenced, and passing the other end of the wire out through the remaining large hole first mentioned. When this primary coil is completed, give two or three coats of shellac dissolved in methy fated spirits, and allow it to dry thoroughly. Next take a strip of cartridge paper the exact width of the bobbin between the ends, and wind it on tightly until [2288.-CHARCOAL for rubbing down silver circles may be obtained at most of the good tool shops; it should be carefully tried first on an old plate; to prevent the risk of scratching good new work. - ENGRAVER. [2291]-ENGRAVING ON METAL.-The point is used for tracing the outline, the scraper for removing the rough burr made by the graver. I really do not know any rule for tempering the graver; metals vary so much in toughness and hardness that practice alone is the sure guide. -ENGRAVER. [2296.]-MONOGRAM DIE.-If a copper counterpart be necessary, take a cast and copper it by the electro process. To touch up any imperfections, a graver and a seal engraver's lathe are the tools.-EN GRAVER. [2299.]-GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY.-I can scarcely give "Lancashire Lad" the information he asks, not being sufficiently acquainted with the arrange ment of the machinery. I suspect that the threads must rub against some dry surface of wood, or other insulating substance, or, possibly, guttapercha belting is used, and works on a wooden pulley. The best suggestion I can give is to fix pointed wires near to the parts at which sparks are apt to be given off, and as close as possible, and connect them to the nearest gas and water pipes. One wire will serve to connect many points. If gutta-percha is used present leaves the pulleys. Will the queriet, if he tries this, a comb of points thus to it at the part at which it say if it succeeds?-SIGMA. [2312]-HISTORY OF IRELAND.-" History of Ireland, from the Earliest Times to its Last Chief," by Thomas Moore, 4 vols, 8vo, 24s., is contained in Lard [2318.] ETHERIAL SOLUTION OF GOLD. — B. S. Burden could get this prepared by any chemist, as druggists are usually called; or prepare it by dissolving chloride of gold in ether. The chloride he would obtain of any photographic apparatus dealer, or make by dissolving gold in aqua regia, or hydrochloric and nitric acids, evaporating to perfect dryness and redissolving in water, and again evaporating till all the water is driven off.-SIGMA. [2323.]-WATER POWER.-If "G. P." can dam up the stream of 200 cubic feet per minute, so as to obtain Sft. clear fall, the power obtained will be 3 h.p.; and deducting one-third for friction and loss, there will remain a useful power of 2 h.p.-C. S. [2333]- BRILLANTINE. - Glycerine, 1oz.: oil of almonds, 2oz.; oil of jasamin, 1oz.; mix, and shake well.-W. C. [2348]-ELECTROTYPE.-If "E. R. H.'s" objects are sufficiently large he would get a better result by using hollow moulds and depositing within them, but this might be very troublesome, as the moulds might have to be made in several parts in order to remove them from the model: moderately small objects may be thus copied by careful arrangement of pieces of copper within the mould, but of course not in contact with it.-SIGMA. [2352.]-OVALS.-The best directions I ever met with for describing ovoid figures are contained in a work by D. R. Hay, "On Symmetrical Beauty," Svo., Blackwood and Co., 68, to whose writings I acknowledge my great indebtedness. Illustrated directions for drawing ovals have been given repeatedly in the ENGLISH MECHANIC. Why does not every subscriber purchase the indexes to back volumes ?-ENGRAVER. [2356.-GOLD.-" Rudis" may use either of the following processes to recover his gold :-First mix about 1oz. of mercury (comnion quicksilver) with the mixture, and well shake for some time; allow it to settle, remove the sand and drive off the mercury by heat in a crucible; the gold will be left behind. Or be may add a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, and allow the whole to stand; he will then have a boil the whole till the gold has entirely disappeared, solution of chloride of gold, which can be poured off, leaving the sand as a sediment. By mixing the solution with water and mixing with a solution of sulphate of iron, the gold will be recovered in the metallic state as an impalpable power, which, from its neness, will appear as a fine chocolate brown. The latter way, although very troublesome, will yield the gold chemically pure.-T. S. CONISBEE. [2361.]-SOFT SOAP MAKING.-In 1441 "Thackeley Lad" gives a recipe: 10lb. of potash in warm water over night, in the morning boil it, adding 61b. of grease, then 15 gallons of warm water. I used the best tallow and have failed in soap making, so if information it will be thankfully received.-A CON"Thackeley Lad" or any other reader will give more STANT READER. [2362.]-METALLURGY OF COPPER,-Mr.Joseph interested me much. Is there in London any metalRoskell's articles on the metallurgy of copper assist at the operations he has so well described ?— lurgic establishment where I should be admitted to E. V. D. S. [2363.]-SILVERING CLOCK DIALS. - I know there have been many recipes given for silvering brass, some I have tried, but ineffectually. Surely some of our London or Birmingham readers could give me a cheap and simple recipe that I should succeed with. It is waste of time, money, and patience to keep trying recipes and fail.-POOR CLOCKJOBBER. [Has it ever occurred to "l'oor Clockjobber that possibly the fault might not be in the recipe, but in the way he applied it ?-ED. E. M.] [2364.]-TIME. In the article on "Time," by "F.R.A.S.," No. 260. p. 618, Vol. X., he says if we bisect the interval S S' thus measured on our meridian line at E, we shall only have to wait until the shadow of the top of our rod G just touches this point E of bisection to ascertain the days of the two Equinoxes, because, to cast a shadow of this precise length, the sun must be on the equator. It is not so, for the shadow of the rod G at the days of the Equinoxes does not cover half of the above-measured meridian line. "F.R.A.S." explain this ?-W. F. SWALLOW. [2365.]-GREASE.-Will "Patience and Perseverance" be kind enough to explain more fully what is meant by caustic or milk lime, and how made, and what quantity he would use of one to the other, as I hard enough? I find the recipe on p. 589, Vol. X, have tried many ways, but failed to make the grease Feb. 25.-A LONG LOOKER. Will 32 [2366]-COPPER BOILER. -I purpose having a 3 small boiler made out of sheet copper-in. thick, it has to be 2ft. long and 1ft. diameter. Will some of my brother readers kindly inform me as to what pressure it will be safe to work it, and what power it will drive? -CAUTION. [2367]-ANILINE COLOURS FADING.-I wish to colour the windows in my stock room to prevent goods which are made from cotton and woollen yarns dyed with aniline colours, fading. Can any brother reader say from practical experience which is the best colour for the purpose? It must be rather transparent, allowing a moderate amount of light to pass through.-W. H. F. (2368.]-CUTTING AND POLISHING STONES.If you or any of your numerous readers could give a description of the process from first to last, I think it would be greatly beneficial to many of our lapidist friends-it would be to me, at least.-LAPIDIST. [2369.]-COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS.-Will some. one give me some information respecting the College of Preceptors?-when was it established? what are It objects? and how can anyone become a member?. S. KENT. [2370.]— UNSOLVED PROBLEMS. Would the author of "Unsolved Problems" kindly assist me in the following?-If the piston rod of a steam engine, say 1-horse power, was suitably connected to the rim of the fly-wheel, what saving of power would result? Would it increase the power of the engine? I bave invented the means of doing so; have made a rough model in woed of a horizontal engine about 4in. to 1ft., and it works very smoothly by pressure of the hand on piston rod; it appears to me to be equal to a crank of half the diameter of wheel of a stationary engine.-J. BANNELL. [2371]-HEATING OF JOURNALS.-I am very much annoyed with a bell (or double) crank and other journals heating, although lubricated with the best sperm oil. Is there any thing which I can apply to keep them cold, or cool them whilst running, with out having to stop the engines to do so?-RELWOT. [2373.]-STENCILLING on GLASS-I shall feel much obliged by instructions as to the best method to be pursued for stencilling large numbers of sheets of glass about 18in. by 8in., with explanation of the best kind of utensils, &c.; also the address of a maker who supplies the necessary apparatus and tools for the above process, and who supplies the stone and metal wheels used for putting patterns or lines on glass. Does any correspondent know the process used in Germany for the manufacture of paper table napkins, toilet covers, and cloths? It is not an ordinary paper mill, as the material is so treated that it can be rolled out either by itself or on to linen, and is, when dry, quite tough. Any information I shall be glad of.S. D. T., 6, Mildmay Park, N. [2374.1-BREWING.-Where can I get a good treatise ou brewing ?-NEW SUBSCRIBER. [2375.]-LIFTING SACKS.-I shall feel greatly obliged to any of your readers or correspondents who will give me a practical idea for enabling sacks of corn to be lifted from the ground to a height of 3ft or 4ft. by one man's labour. In the course of the year we have to move from our barn floor into a cart or waggon some seven or eight hundred sacks, and I wish to do this with two men only-one to lift the sacks, and one in the cart. Our present mode is to back the cart to the barn door, and then for the men to lift the sack by main force into the cart to the third man. But I imagine some simple mechanical contrivance would enable one man to do this. At first I thought of fixing a pulley to the beam above the barn door, and running a rope through by which to hoist the sacks, but as the sacks weigh 25 lb., and a man about 170lb., it would obviously require a system of pulleys to effect the required lift. It has also occurred to me that an inclined plane from the barn floor to the cart might be made effectual, but as I am not mechanic enough to carry this out, I think it better to state my difficulty, and trust to the ingenuity of your correspondents to offer a solution. Economy, both of labour and material, is indispensably necessary.-RUSTICUS. [2376.]-GEOMETRY. Represent three planes, each perpendicular to the other two, when two of them are inclined at 50° to 70° to the paper. Show the inclination of the third plane.-A TEACHER. (2377)-GOVERNORS.-Which governor for controlling engines may be relied on as the most sensitive? -CLAUDE. [2384.]-WORK ON ELECTRICITY.-Will someone of your readers (perhaps "Sigma ") be so good as to recommend me a good modern work on electricity giving price) describing the theory of the induction coil? If not in English, a work in German or French would suit.-S. T. P. -I. H. [2385.1-HARMONIUM TONGUE-RIVETS.-Can inform me how to make a shower bath at a trifling [2389.]-VARNISHING GILT MOULDINGS.-I [2390.]-INDUCTION COIL.-Will some brother reader of our valuable paper, kindly tell me the best scientific contributors oblige by giving the process for SAI PAS. [2293.]-NICOTINE.-I should be glad if someone could inform me if there is any non-poisonous liquor that will absorb nicotine.-MAUES. [2394.]-WINDMILL.-Would Mr. H. Algar be kind enough to explain the plan (described on p 560, Vol. X.) he has for regulating the mill in accordance with the power of the wind, and if the sails be wood or sheet iron, and what length the arms would require to be to have power to drive a thrashing machine?[2395.]-CANARY CAGE.-Can any correspondent inform me how to give the wire of a cage a silvery appearance?-AVIARY. C. C. J. I then tried one three-pint cell of the manganese bat- -- [2404.] TELESCOPE QUERIES. Would Mr. Blacklock kindly say if he can use a power of 500 or 600-which his 6in. speculum ought to bear under favourable circumstances-without screw motion in azimuth? Mr. Peters would also oblige very much by a description of his fine screw motion in azimuth. I am thinking about setting up a reflector, and like Peters-chiefly through his stand having screw the plans of both the above gentlemen, especially Mr. motions in each direction. Have any of your readers compered or tested Mr. Purkiss's specula against Mr. With's? The prices of the former are so gloriously low compared with the latter, that I hardly dare hope for results so good as those obtained from the WithBrowning specula.-C. S. [2405.] MANGANESE BATTERY. TO MR. STONE.-I duly appreciate the valuable service Mr. Stone has rendered to your readers in bringing the manganese battery so comprehensively before them. I was to describe a cell which acted so perfectly. I use am sorry he should feel it necessary to deprecate the information I have given, but my object in doing 80 uncovered copper wire (No. 17 gauge) insulated at the supports through a piece of india-rubber piping, and the thickness of the wire is, I am told, rather a disadvantage. I have, since Mr. Stone's last communication, fitted up a quart cell according to the dimensions he there gives, but I exceeded his estimate of 23. 8d. for a quart cell, as I had to buy binding screw and platinum foil. This sized cell works my bell very well, but the ring is not quite so powerful. I intend to use the cells alternately-a week each. Will Mr. Stoue kindly say whether they will gain much in power by this interval of rest? I should also feel obliged if Mr. Stone would state how the binding screws and platinum can be dispensed with, as they form no inconsiderable item in fitting up three or four cells.E. H. B. [2406.]-MANGANESE BATTERIES.-I am about to construct some manganese batteries, but before commencing, would like to know what surface of zine should be exposed to the carbon, so as to obtain the greatest power? Of course the more zinc the longer it will last but is there any method of getting at the proper proportion that should be exposed of each. I also thought of constructing a single fluid battery of carbon and zinc, to be charged with a saturated solution of salt and water. Has such a battery been tried, if so, what are its merits? Will " Sigma" kindly answer the above ?-E. C. MURRAY. form me of a book showing how to obtain different [2407.]-COLOURS.-Could any fellow reader inshades of colours from chemical dyes-as fustic, prussiate, potash, &c.?-MORDANT. [2408.]-METRONOME-Would some reader give iilustrations and description of a clock metronome ?METRONOME. [2409.] MENDING TORTOISESHELL. Will ornaments ?-A. S. C. someone explain the process of mending tortoiseshell [2410.]-PEDAL PIPES.-I am building a chamber organ (6 stops), the stopped diapason is the only one I tenor C. As I intend having a separate pedal organ, am carrying through, the others only extending to would any of your readers inform me what scale of pipes they would advise for the pedals-whether a bourdon or a 4ft. stopped (large scale), or a principal? Perhaps "An Adept" would kindly answer my query. The organ is to be more particularly for fugue playing, to contain the following steps:-Open diapason, 42 notes; stopped diapason, 54; dulclang, 42; principal, 42; twelfth, 42; fifteenth, 42.-GEO. M. LITTLE. (2396.]-CHAMBER MUSIC.-As we cut the leaves ments.-OPHELIA AND ALMA. thread round, as they, obviously, do not contribute to [2401.]-BREAKING WEIGHT OF OAK BEAM. [2380]-FOUCAULT'S MERCURIAL CONTACT BREAKER FOR RHUMKORF COILS. Will someone describe the above, and also state whether or not it possesses any advantages over the vibrating contact breaker?-R. S. [2402.]-ELECTRIC BELL AND BATTERIES.- any kind [2411.]-GRINDING LENSES.-Will reader inform me where I can buy the gauges and counter-gauges used in grinding the lenses of microscope objective ?-HIPPARCHUS. his mangauese battery, its construction and arrangements, in our next number, for a fellow-subscriber?ELECTRO. [2413.] - -DOMESTIC TELEGRAPH.-Will some practical reader answer query 2099, p. 661, of the last volume ?-J. O. two numbers whose difference is 2, and product multi[2414.]-ALGEBRAIC EQUATION.-What are those plied by their sum is 12? Please work out at length. -PATER. [2415]-SARSAPARILLA-Could any reader inform me how I could make a decoction of sarsaparilla? I want to make it so that it shall be strong enough so as not to use more than one or two tablespoonfuls in a wineglass of water.-SARSAPARILLA. [2416] ADHESIVE MATERIAL.-Would any reader inform me what is the best adhesive material for affixing ordinary paper labels on brown paper parcels, how it is made, what it is made of?-BETA. [2417.]-FERNS.-Will any reader inform me how to construct a fern case, medium size, and the best species of ferns to stock it with? 1 do not want costly ones. A few hints on their cultivation would be very welcome.-IGNORANT. [2418.] OXFORD AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION.-Can any reader inform me what class of implements will contest for the prizes at the Agricultural Society's meeting at Oxford?-GEO. HOLDON. [2419.)-GALVANIC BATTERY.-Is it necessary to amalgamate zinc wire for a salt-water battery? If so, which is the best way to put the mercury on?→ VOLTAIC. [420]-SPRING BOW-Can I weaken the spring of a spring-bow without making it thinner? It cannot be mode longer, boing in one piece.—VOLTAIC. [2421.]-MEDICAL WORKS. - Can any brother reader inform me of the publishers' names and addresses of the following books:-" Culpepper's Translation of the London Dispensatory;" Culpepper's "Ephemeris," 1651; and Galen's "Art of Physic" (herbal works); or where they can be obtained?-GEORGE GREGORY. [2422.]-MORTISING.-Can any fellow-subscriber inform me how to make a machine for mortising small stocks of wheels ?-SUBSCRIBER. [2423.-AQUARIUM EXPERIENCE.-Will water, in passing through about 6ft. of gutta-percha tubing from a reservoir to an aquarium, be impregnated with anything at all injurious to the health of the fish or other inhabitants thereof? Where can I procure, in a small quantity, cement (what name?) suitable for sticking artificial rock-work together, and capable of withstanding the action of the water?-CHAS. AUBREY. [2424.]-MICROSCOPICAL.-What are the advantages offered by the Quekett Club to persons so situated as to time and circumstances as to render attendance at their meetings impossible? Where is "Cox's gelatine" to be procured? Will isinglass answer the purpose (preserving microscopic objects) equally well?-J. CHERRY. [2425.]-TO F.R.A.S.-Will you kindly supplement your interesting articles on "Time" by saying what is the right way of calculating Greenwich mean time from local sidereal time (and vice versa) at a place not on the meridian of Greenwich-for example, in Smin. 7sec. West long.? In the "Nautical Almanac" the "explanation" on p. ii. says that if the place be not on G meridian, the side real time must be corrected by the addition of 9 8565sec. for each hour of long., if to the west," that is to say by the addition of 1:33sec. in the supposed long. of 8min. 7sec., but the result seems not correct.-NOT A F.R.A.S. USEFUL AND SCIENTIFIC NOTES. THE GULF STREAM. - Professor Maury has recently delivered a lecture in New York on the Gulf Stream, which shows that he does not share the scepticism which has arisen concerning it. He declares that it is in volume nearly equal to the great equatorial current itself, and 1000 times larger than the Mississippi river; that it moves across the Atlantic on the tract of a great circle of the earth, and in obedience to its diurnal rotations; that it unites with the waters of the Mississipi beyond the Bahamas. With touching enthusiasm he compared the Gulf Stream to the Milky Way, because its warmer water was sought by myriads of phosphorescent insects, which make it sparkle and glow like a sea of fire. THE PANNIER RAILWAY SYSTEM.-A new arrangement for railways will shortly come before the public under the title of the Pannier system. A single row of piles carries afcontinuous girder on, which the train runs, the carriages hanging down on each side to within a short distance of the ground. The carriages are so arranged that inequality of weight on one side to the extent of a ton will not affect the action. The small quantity of land required, cheapness of construction, and speed are advantages claimed for it. Mr. Samuel, C.E., has taken the invention in hand, and we shall doubtless soon hear more of it. THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY has commenced its session for the delivery of popular scientific lectures. Some of last year's courses, were of the deepest interest. Mr. Huggins has already given one of the present course of lectures "On Recent Solar and Stellar Discoveries." Amongst others it is an[2426.]-UNANSWERED QUERY.-PIG IRON.-nounced that Dr. R. M'Donnell will give a lecture "On Phosphorescence and Fluorescence; Could some reader of your valuable and widely-circulated journal tell me the reason why pig iron that has Hull, "On the Coal-fields of Great Britain; Dr. to atmospheric influences, almost invariably works been stocked some six, nine, or twelve months' exposed better in every respect in the forges, and its products in the mills are more satisfactory than iron that is newly made at the blast furnaces? - AN IRON WORKER. [2427.]-VARNISHING CASTINGS. Will any reader kindly inform me of some method of varnishing (black) small castings to make them perfectly smooth, so that dust and small fibres will not adhere to them? -W. H. B. [2428. HORSEHAIR AND FEATHERS.-Could any reader inform me how horsehair is cured and curled ?-also how feather are steamed and purified? Any information will be kindly received.-AN OLD [2429.]-PROTECTING WOOD AND IRON FROM STEAM-Will you permit me to ask some of your correspondents how to protect the surface of cast or wrought iron so as to withstand the heat of steam, and not be affected by grease or moisture? A substance similar to that used for lining saucepans, &c., would answer well if it can be readily applied to large SUB. surfaces?-THOMAS BAXTER. [2430.]-TO MR. GEORGE BATES.-I should be much obliged to Mr. George Bates, agent for Hopkinson's valve, if he would give me the rule by which the calculation is made as regards loading the valves, one valve being smaller than the other, and one being without a lever and likewise the float; what weight it would take to lift the small valve at a pressure of, say, 25lb. to the square inch? I should like to correspond a little more with Mr. Bates on the mechanical improvement he sees in his daily travels (through the medium of the MECHANIC), which will benefit ine and others also to insert his address. His last information corresponded exactly with my views on the compound safety valve.-A. F., Leamside. [2431.]-WEDGWOOD PLAQUES.-Where can I procure the above, of small medallion size for enlaying, and about what would be the cost ?-F. S. [2432.]-STONE CARVING ON SCULPTURE.Would someone of experience tell me a little about the tools and mode of procedure, and working? I can work at wood carving.-F. S. [2433.]-KEYLESS WATCH BUTTONS. — Will some reader tell me how the gold is put on the iron or steel in the buttons of key less watches?-J. HOLT. [2434.]-MEASURING LABOURER'S WORK.— Will any brother reader inform me how to measure land, &c.-such as is required upon a farm-as I wish to be able to measure the work done by the labourer? -A YOUNG FARMER. [2435.]-PROJECTION.-I will be obliged if Mr Quilosa or any other subscriber will give an explauation of the following problem :-A cube of lin. edge is to be represented by its plan and elevation when the planes of two faces are inclined at 50° and 70° to H. P.-T. CORNFORTH. [2436.]-TO "F.R.A.S."-I am much obliged to our learned friend "F.R.A.S." for his courteous reply, but regret that my letter was not fully understood. I stated that I proposed grindin an object glass of 18ft. Sin. focal, and that the glass I intended using would require the crown lens to be 6ft. 10in. focal length to correct the chromatic aberration. I know for certain this will do it, so that the focal lengths are settled. But what I wish to know is, what would be the best curves to correct the spherical aberation, the outer curve of the crown, and the inner curve, also the outer and inner curve of the flint lens? I know that our learned friend could do this in a few lines. I should like to grind them according to his formula, if he will favour me with one.-NEPTUNE. THE Imperial Academy of Science, Agriculture and Art, of Lille, offers two prizes of a thousand francs each; one for the best work on some branch of experimental physics, the other for the best work on the use of the thermometer in medicine. Professor during the Cruise of the Porcupine;" Dr. Humphrey Wyville Thomson, "On the Deep-sea Soundings Minchin, "On Some interesting Phenomena of Sound; and Dr. J. Emerson Reynolds, "On Ozone, its Nature, Properties, and Uses." He has no doubt of his potash is a hundred times more valuable to plants than soda. It is true that small quantities of soda have been found in plants, but generally under circumstances that seem to point to its accidental rather than essential presence. Direct experiments have shown that salt is injurious to tobacco and to the sugar beet. An examination of the plants growing near salt springs and salt marshes shows that the vegetation is of a limited and peculiar character, All of these observations point to the conclusion that the direct use of salt, as an artificial fertiliser, is only applicable to such plants as grow on the sea shore, er near salt springs, and not at all to the usual grass and cereals of our farms. The whole system of manuring farms is based upon the principle to restore to the soil the constituents that are removed by the crops. As the crops carry away no soda, it follows that none is necessary to their growth, There is another objection to the use of common salt, and that is the chlorine contained in it. This element is decidedly injurious, as has been shown by the experiments of Wolf and others. Public opinion in Germany has set so strongly against the use of salt, that in the famous mines of Stassfurt, where vast quantities of artificial fertilisers are manufactured, the exclusion of chloride of sodium, or common salt, is now considered necessary, and the value of a manure is made to depend upon its percentage of potash. SPURIOUS TEA.-The discovery of spurious tea, by Dr. Letheby, is a very serious matter, looking at the enormous quantity already brought over to this country, and the still larger supplies, said to be 7,000,000lb., which are reported to be on the way. This really nothing but the re-dried leaves of the exhausted tea, which is described as "Fine Moning Congou," is tea, the peculiar piquancy of which is increased by the fact that, in Shanghai, the pigs and dogs freely promenade amongst the rotting heaps in the streets. "The leaves are for the most part quite rotten from the putrefactive decomposition, and do not contain more than a trace of the active principle of tea. The liquid." The value of this precious article is from odour of them is very offensive; and, when infused in boiling water, they produce a nauseous, unwholesome tion it has already been sold for from 54d. to 74d. per 11d. to 21d. per lb., though for purposes of adultera lb. We regret to learn that the prosecution of the guilty parties has been to a great extent rendered abortive, by the action necessarily taken by the Custom If nothing else, however, results at all events for a time-and in this particular guise. from the discovery, it will put an end to the fraud House authorities. DIAMONDS.-Professor Tyndall has just succeeded rays of the electric light. in igniting a diamond in oxygen by the concentrated ability to ignite it by the purely invisible rays from the same source. It is interesting to know that a new locality for diamonds is reported by Herr Gustav FARADAY ON OPTICAL GLASS.-In 1829, Rose, of Berlin, which may be considered the first in Faraday gavethe Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society Europe, if the western slope of the Ural is placed out on the Manufacture of Glass for Optical purposes. This of the question. The stone referred to was found in most laborious investigation did not end in the desired the grauite quarries of Count Schonborn in Bohemia, improvement in telescopes; but the glass thus manuand has been unquestionably identified as a diamond, factured became of the utmost importance in his diaboth by the combustion of a splinter into pure car-magnetic and magneto-optical researches. He says, bonic acid, and by its physical and mineralogical pro- "When the philosopher desires to apply glass in the perties. Its weight is 57 milligrammes; it is cubical construction of perfect instruments, and especially the in shape, and is of light yellow colour, and is probably achromatic telescope, its manufacture is found liable not the only one to be discovered. Prof. Wobler, of to imperfections so important and so difficult to avoid, Gottingen, has also discovered minute diamonds in a that science is frequently stopped in her progress by piece of platinum from Oregon. them a fact fully proved by the circumstance that Mr. Dolland, one of our first opticians, has not been able to obtain a disc of flint glass 4in. in diameter, fit for a telescope, within the last five years; or a led to the appointment by Sir H. Davy, of the Royal similar disc, of 5in., within the last ten years. This Society Committee, and the Government removed the Excise restriction and undertook to bear all the expenses, so long as the investigation offered a reasonable hope of success. The experiments were begun at the Falcon Glass Works, three miles from the Royal Institution, and continued there in 1825, 1826, and to September 1827, when a room was build at the Institution. At first the inquiry was pursued principally as related to flint and ground glass; but in September 1828 it was directed exclusively to the preparation and perfection of peculiar heavy and fusible glasses, from which time, continued progress has been made. 'The paper than proceeds with an exact description of this heavy optical glass: "its great use being to give efficient instructions to the few who may desire to manufacture optical glass." In 1830, the experiments for the Improvement of Glass for Optical Purposes on glass making were stopped. In 1831, the Committee reported to the Royal Society Council that the telescope made with Mr. Faraday's glass has been examined by Captain Kater and Mr. Pond. It bears as great a power as can reasonably be expected, and is very achromatic. The Committee therefore recommend that Mr. Faraday be requested to make a perfect piece of glass of the largest size that his presentapparatus will admit, and also to teach some person to manufacture the glass for general sale." Faraday declined to continue the investigation at the time; and in 1845 he says: "1[consider our results as negative, except as regards any good that may have resulted from my heavy glass in the hands of Amici (who applied it to microscopes), and in my late experiments on light."-" Life of Faraday," by Bence Jones, Vol. I. SUGAR FROM BEET-ROOT.-Now let us see (keeping as clear as possible from technical terms) what happens to the beet-root when it is brought to the factory. The usual plan of operation is to wash the roots well, so as to free them from clay and dirt, and then to place them within the clutches of circular saws making over 1000 revolutions a minute, by which they are torn to pieces and reduced to pulp. This latter it then packed in linen bags, and subjected to the action of an hydraulic press, by which the juice is all squeezed out, and the pulp becomes a cake This not only forms the beet-bread so valuable for feeding purposes, but, if not required for that purpose, can also be used for maklug brandy and vinegar; or, what is still more remarkable-paper, it being found by paper manufacturers to be superior to rag pulp. So that whatever may be the defects in the beet proces, incapability of utilisation is not one of them.Food Journal. doxes, and none more so than in the results of manuSOLID BEER-The age produces some queer parafacturing science. In former days it was the custom to buy bread and even beef by the yard; but we believe that it is only in the present day that we can get our beer by the pound. By a very simple process, introduced by Mr. Mertens, the wort, after being made in the mash-tub of malt and hops in the usual manner, is sucked up by a pipe into a large vacuum (exhausted by an air-pump) and then persistently worked round and round, while the moisture is evaporated. The wort emerges from its tribulations with a pasty consistence, and is allowed to fall from a considerable height into air-tight boxes, in which it reposes, like hard-bake. It soon gets so exceedingly tough that it has to be broken up with a chisel and mallet, and in that condition is easily sent abroad, or malt liquor. We have had the wort subjected to to any part of the world, for people to brew their own analysis, the results of which, in 100 parts, show that 20-664; lupulin (the active principle of hops), 200; there is almost absolute purity:-Gum, 64 219; sugar, albumenous matter, 0-600; mineral matter, 1:500; moisture, 11-017.-Food Journal. Whether common salt is of any value to plants, is THE USE OF SALT IN AGRICULTURE. still a mooted question, and one that finds advocates on both sides. The luxuriant growth of marsh meadow favourable, and farmers attempt to imitate this state grass is taken as a proof that salt water must be of things by putting salt on the grass without reflect ing that all other conditions are omitted in the experinent. They are generally astonished to find that the grass is killed, instead of being promo ted in its growth, It is a remarkable fact that this same salt marsh grass, on analysis, is fou to contain very little soda, but to have its full complement of potash. This would seem to indicate that it had grown in spite of the salt, rather than in consequence of it. According to some recent researches, made in France, bably remember the challenge boldly given to the HAMPDEN'S CHALLENGE.-Our readers proden and in which he offered to stake £500 against any lying astronomers" some weeks since by Mr Hampastronomer's proof of the "convexity of a river, canal, or lake." Mr. L. A. Scott, of St. Neots, Hants, has kiudly forwarded an account of the proof which was undertaken by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace, who engaged to demonstrate that the middle point of the surface of six miles of still water would be found about 5ft more or less, above an imaginary straight line drawn between the surface points of the water at the end of that dispiece of water called the Old Bedford river, a large tance. The experiment has been made on a suitable fen drain in the north of Cambridgeshire, and the result is, as a matter of course, that Mr. Hampden's £50 is about to change hands. We trust his loss may render him less pragmatical, and a little more inclined labours of astronomers. to give due credit to the results of the disluterested ARMOUR PLATE TESTING.-A new method of testing thick armour for Her Majesty's ships has APRIL 8, 1870.] been introduced during the past week at Portsmouth CANDLE STAMP.-It is marvellous, writes the Scientific Review, to observe what trifling articles may form the subject of a useful invention; the stamping of candles, for example, would appear to be a very unimportant matter, yet Mr. Schleidner, of Paris, has designed a special machine for the purpose. The candles are placed on an inclined plane, from which they successively slide into the notches of two simiJar wheels or rings, which, at each revolution of the driving pulley, bring a candle under the stamp. This stamp. suitably engraved, is heated to an unvarying temperature, by steam or otherwise, so that on pressIng lightly upon the candle it melts the fatty matter, leaving the candle stamped with a very clean impression, ontained without shock or stain. The candle then leaves the notches, falls upon another inclined plane, and passes thence into a box. It is reported, on the authority of the late Major- M. HESLING states, in the Journal de Pharmacie et de THE exports of railway iron from the United King- M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards shows that at the time of the deposition of the tertiary beds of Bourbonnais its Fauna represented that now existing in Africa. M. Hurtault has patented a process for rendering petroleum inexplosive by the addition of a certain proportion of amyl alcohol. A process for the manufacture of artificial butter has been patented in France. M. Oudemons has succeeded in making an alloy of zinc and iron. The new metal, which contains 40 per cent, of iron, is remarkable for its whiteness and tenacity. DOMESTIC RECIPES. (From the Food Journal.) THE VOCALIST'S SOUP.-Take three ounces of sago, and, POTTED PIGEONS.-Stew the gizzards and livers of the VEAL SOUP.-Boil the real with two-thirds of a cup of NEW METHOD OF EXTRACTING GELATINE, &c.-It is announced that a mode of obtaining gelatine from all animal substances capable of yielding glue has been discovered. The oils and grease are separated from the gelatine by means of benzine, coal-oil, or other hydrocarbons. In some cases it is found advantageous to treat the material with lime, before the hydrocarbons are employed; but these are exceptional. After the substances treated have lain for a considerable time in benzine, or other agent employed, the latty matters are dissolved, and the pure gelatine is found at the bottom of the vessel; they are, therefore, easily THE PRESERVATION OF MILK.-The following recipe separated in order to be treated in the usual manner. appeared in Cosmos-"To every litre (= 1 pints, 5 oz.) of The hydrocarbons are recovered by evaporation, by unskimmed milk, previously poured into a well-annealed means of steam and condensation, and both the gela-ginss bottle, add 40 centigrammes (about 6 grains) of bicarine and the fatty matters are afterwards purified by bonate of soda. Place the bottle (which must be well corked) he ordinary processes, containing the milk for about four hours in a water-bath, heated to 900 (194° Fabr.). On being taken out, the bottle is varnished over with tar; and in that state the milk contained in it will keep sound and sweet for several weeks." THE WATER TYPE.-Mr. Wanklyn has recently published an important paper that will probably give rise to much controversy. It does not admit of brief abstraction. The author desies the analogy between the acids and metallic salts; that the acids are built on the water type he is indeed not prepared to deny, but be maintains that the acids and the metallic salts are built on totally different types. The alkalies, instead of being waters, and iike the acids in structure, are like metallic salts. Thus caustic soda is Na H! POTATOES A LA MAITRE D'HOTEL.- Peel the potatoes, when boiled, and, after trimming them into the shape of large corks, cut them into slices in thick; then place them in a stewpan, with sliced green onions and minced parsley, pepper, salt, and butter. Moisten them with stock, and let them be well tossed, until the parsley is cooked. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. ANOTHER TESTIMONY. SIR,-I have great pleasure in adding my testimony to that of the other subscribers, as to our MECHANIC being a first class advertising medium; in fact, I have found it so good that I have been obliged to very much increase my facilities for the execution of orders. I may also say, I am much appear outside, and the general improvement of the paper.pleased with the new arrangement for advertisements to F. PERKS, Wolverhampton. RECEIVED.-J. G., S. & R., S. S. & Co., James Hunt, W. H.N. WILFRED.-Your query, like too many which reach us, is very HYPO.-We never pass any correspondent unnoticed. J. D. M.-Could only say after perusal. PESKEY CUSS.-Replies dealing with such a malady uppeared some time back. Why adopt such a signature? H.G. HOULT.-Communications on mesmerism reached us in such numbers that a general acknowledgment only was made of their receipt. E. G. WILLINGLY.-Send us the addresses. Our simile was W. J. B.-You write anonymously, and, therefore, to no pur- A pose. different districts. pages. our columns are open to you. If you want to push it com- METRONOME-Second query inserted. Reply 2091 will T BANNELL.-First query inserted. A search at the Patent It may be briefly stated that the accuracy of the mode of representation proposed by this distinguished chemist entirely depends on the question, is there, as a matter of fact, a fundamental analogy, or fundamental want of analogy, between hydrogen and the The copper is then to be booked on a pot hanger, and the J. W. BEDFORD.-The correction did appear in this column.! metals? In Mr. Wanklyn's opinion, in favour of which he gives strong reasons, there is a fundamental dissimilarity between hydrogen and the metals. DETECTION OF ARSENIC IN FUSCHINE.Dr. Riecker finds that the pigment Fuschine contains arsenious acid, the amount in some samples Leing 2:07 per cent.; he therefore recommends that there should be legal prohibition to the employment of this pigment as a colouring for sweetmeats. CONVERSION OF CRYSTALLINE SULPHUR INTO THE AMORPHOUS MODIFICATIONM. Lallemand finds that the direct action of sunlight converts crystalline sulphur into sulphur insoluble in ulphide of carbon. By placing a solution of sulphur in sunlight concentrated by a lens, the author states that the sulphur is rendered insoluble and deposited in the amorphous form. CHIPS. M. SOMMER propounds a new theory of sleep: his idea is that sleep is simply a result of the deoxygenation of the system, and he believes that sleepiness comes on as soon as the oxygen stored in the blood is exhausted. HARE A LA ST. HUBERT.-Persons who object to "high" Truss it neatly," HOW TO COOK TOUGH POULTRY.-Madame Miau is, what Cosmos" asserts that it has recently been demon-tough old bird palatable? strated by reference to authentic documents that Guernsey and Jersey have sunk more than fifteen yards during the last five centuries. On Saturday the 26th ult., Mr. Green, the celebrated aeronaut, died suddenly at his residence, Tuffuel. L'ark, in the 84th year of his age. DR. HOOKER has been elected an honorary member of the French Acclimatisation Society, on account of lis exertions in regard to the Cinchona plant. THERE are in America and Europe more than 250 manufactories of rubber articles, employing some 500 operatives ench, and consuming more than 20,000,000lb. I gum per year. THE ENGLISH MECHANIC LIFE-BOAT Subscriptions to be forwarded to the EDITOR, at 31, Tavis- 33 164 13 4 A BROTHER can only have his query inserted as an advertise- CANUTE.-You give good reason for using "Terset Deuroy," A FRIEND TO IMPROVEMENTS.-There is no person or society to give a reward for such an invention; but if it be as you say, any capitalist would co-operate with you, or if you gave the invention to the nation, the Government might give some kind of reward. Sir Wm. Armstrong, for instance, was rewarded vastly and made a baronet in the bargain, when he offered his invention to the Government, but the invention was worthless, nevertheless. But Sir William was an adroit and persevering diplomatist. His gun has cost the country at least £3,000,000, and we shall never get in return 3,000,000 farthings. ARGUS. The suggestion, if made, would not, in all probability, be adopted. SCRUTATOR.The matter in dispute between you and Minnehaha," would hardly justify the insertion of more letters on it. WM. TURNER.-Questions publicly asked, must be publicly answered. EQUATION.-No. 2258. Several answers have been received. We give preference in such matters to the shortest. HERALDRY.-W. H. H. says:-"If Lincolniensis' has not yet purchased a work upon heraldry, and if, further, money is any particular object to him, I shall be happy to send him free gratis" an old, but, I believe, perfectly reliable book, containing, besides the treatise, the arms of the nobility of England, Scotland, and Ireland.' If he would like to have it, and will send his address to me at 12, Chapel-street, Bedford-row, W.C., I will despatch it by next book-post." THE SIXPENNY SALE COLUMN is the only place in which can appear queries forwarded by E. Spencer (second query), "Vulcanite," J. Benson, "W. G. H.," "Tyne," "Metal Head," "Tackle Maker." JOHN C. SCOTT.-Not received. W. R. BLAND. We intend to give chess problems, but yours 865 J. Sawyer. Alma-street. New North-road, London, N., and J. Brindley, Sunnyside-house, Chingford, improvements in furnaces 866 S. Bateman, Asnieres, apparatus for measuring card filleting whilst making 867 G. A. Buchholz, Regent's-park, machinery for manufacturing semolina 868 E. Cambridge, Bristol, improvements applicable to steam boilers or generators 869 T Claridge, Bilston, and J. Jeavons, Sheffield, armour plates 870 W. R. Lake, improvements in turbine water-wheels-A communication 871 L. Watson and J. Hall, Craven-street, Strand, registering goods raised or lowered in breweries, and other buildings 872 W R. Lake, preparation of ammoniated sulphuric acid-A communication 873 A. Baumann. Heilbronn, steam engines 874 T. Gibb, and C. Gelstharp, Jarrow-on-Tyne, smelting copper and other metals. 875 T. Gibb and C. Geltsharp, Jarrow-on-Tyne; extracting copper from ores 876 T. J. Smith, of Robertson, Brooman, and Co., 166, Fleet- 878 E. T. Truman, Old Burlington-street, improvements in treat- 880 J. Cross, Bristol, propelling vessels 881 J. Townsend. Glasgow, obtaining and applying iron and 882. B. IIunt, 1, Serle-street, Lincoln's-inn, valves.-A communi- 884 C. Jean, Paris, weighing cart 885 W. R. Lake, improvements in valves.—A communication 887 A. Angell, Rio de Janeiro, heating and delivering metal bars, 888 W. H. Grassam, Spalding, improvements in horseshoes 890 J. C. and G. Watson, Leeds, machinery for making dip candles 892 A. Dickinson. Hartshill. Stoke-upon-Trent, W. W. De la Rne, Bunhill-row, bezique markers LOTTERIES-GREAT PRIZES, &c.-J. T. Keighley, of 20, J. W. RUSSELL-We are afraid you are hard to please. Such FREDERICK SMITHE-Agreed. E. KERNAN.-With MSS., making four packets in all. B. JOHNSON." Hungary" is thus made on a large scale. 10 M. VAN B.-Probably rutile (native oxide of titanium, B. L.-Vanadium was discovered by Sefström in 1830, in a THE INVENTOR. IN obedience to the suggestions of a number of readers, we have decided on appropriating a portion of our space to a condensed list of patents as nearly as possible up to the date of our issue. APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS PATENT DURING THE 840 J. Milne, St. Andrew's, fire grates E 842 W. H. Clemesha, and T. Roberts, filters 843 W. Gallimore, Leek, machinery for drying thread in the hank 844 D. Joy, Saltburn, increasing efficiency of steam generators 845 W. R. Lake, counteracting pressure on slide valve engines,A communication 846 8. S. Turner, Westborough, Massachusetts, machines for sewing straw 847 J. H. Johnson, 47, Lincoln's-inn-fields, improvements in locomotion-A communication 848 D. Gray, Wishaw, wheel tyres 849 T. J. Smith, of Robertson, Brooman, and Co., 166, Flootstreet, treatment of ores.-A communication 850 C. J. Eyre, Westbourne-grove, apparatus for producing motive power 851 J. and J. Bradbury, Denton, machinery for felting hat bodies 853 J. B. Colbran, and W. Pollard, Holloway, trap for vermin or animal 854 C. Farrow and R. B, Jackson, Great Tower-street, iron wine bins 855 M. Chapman, Charterhouse-buildings, Goswell-road, improved album 856 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, bars, plates, and sheets of steel.-A communication 857 J. Moore, Dublin, metal bushes for bang holes of casks 858 J. C Cushion, Penrose-street, Walworth, improvements in mill bills or chisels 859 J. H. Miles, Birmingham, velocipedes 860 S. Mawson, Bradford, nitrous oxide gas (or other gas that may be inhaled) indicating the quantity at each and every inhalation 861 T. P. Hawksley, New Bond-street, clinical thermometers 862 J. Gilchrist, Glasgow, ratchet drill, brace, and grab combined 863 H. R. Fanshawe, 14, Finsbury-place, and W. H. Smith, 12, St. Ann's-gardens, Haverstock-hill, treatment of hides and skins in tanning 864 R. H. Kay, and A, T. Richardson, Mobberley, improvements in manufacture of crape. 893 J. C. Morgan, H. Macaulay, and F. W. Waide, Rotherham, 894 W. Dobson, Stockton-on-Tees, apparatus for cooling liquids 896 J H. Johnson, extracting moisture from peat, clay, and other 807 A. M. Clark, 53. Chancery-lane, rotary printing machines 899 R. Smith, Manchester, doubling and winding yarns and 900 J. Hopkinson, Lower Town, near Keighley, and R. Newton, Engineer, spinning and twisting fibrous substances 901 J. Sampson, and R. R. Minton, Liverpool, improved varnish 902 W. Gray, and T. Biggin, Sheffield, metal bushes for casks or 905 A. Nicole, Soho-square, improvements in lever escapements 908. J. S. Davies, and W. E, Yates, Manchester, looms. PATENTS BEING PROCEEDED WITH 3297 G. R. Mather, giving form to wood 3307 W. Niell, Lancaster, Engineer, blast engines 8328 H. A. Hammond, improved chimney cowl 3334 T. E. Lundy, and J. L. Dunham, improved means of commu- 3340 W. and M. Bayliss, cast-iron earth screws 3943 W. J. and F. W. Edmondson, engraving cylinders used in printing 3346 H. Wilson. lubricating apparatus 3347 B. Giuseppe, boilers 3353 T. R Hetherington, machinery for preparing, spinning and doubling cotton 3354 D. Morgan, lubricating oil or grease 3355 T. F Lynch, bottles for holding poisons 3358 W. R. Lake, distributing type 3360 S. L. Loomis, apparatus for tightening and holding window sashes 3364 R. Wilson, hydraulic presses 8367 J. Bourne, improvements in gauges 3373 J. Thomlinson, cements 3376 H. A. Bonneville steam-boller supply cock 3377 H. A. Bonneville, Improvements in electro-metallurgy 3380 J. E. Croce-S pinelli, propelling and steering vessels 339 W E. Gedge, improved system of hydraulic traction 3570 W. E. Gedge, velocipedes 3645 A. M. Clark, manufacture of superphosphate of lime 219 F. Kohn, extracting juices from plants 553 H. Bessemer, lessening or preventing sea-sickness 569 J. Saxby and J. S. Farmer, locking or securing railway points and signals 594 C. W. Siemens, treating iron ores 658 E. Stevens, apparatus used in cooking 696 J. Neilson, hollow cast-iron cooking utensils 725 H. A. Bonneville, machines for setting types 775 G. Holdsworth, preparing designs on ruled design paper for manufacturing purposes 780 J. T. Walker, horseshoes 782 W. R. Lake, forming trenches or ditches 819 G. W. Fox, treatment of medicinal oils, to render the same palatable All pen ons having an interest in opposing any one of such application are at liberty to leave particulars in writing of their objections to such application at the office of the Commissioners before the 9h of April, 1870. PATENTS SEALED. 2612 J. Porteous and H. Gibson, manufacture of tobacco 2810 T. R. and T. W. Harding, leather driving bands 2816 W. Whiteley, apparatus for roving and spinning fibrous substances 2823 H. Y. D. Scott, improvements in kilns 2835 H. Hughes, reducing metal rods, bars, or tubes 2937 J. Anderson, improvements in treating maize 2839 H. Woolf, hat brims 2846 J. Dewe, construction of locks and indicating number of times lock has been opened 2849 F. S. Barff, utilising vapours arising from furnaces 2872 F. Grau, improvements in lamp sockets 2880 C. Montagu, improvement in umbrellas 2932 A. Brooman, liquid meters 2938 B. Baugh and B. Walters, ornamenting bricks 2964 W. Bennett and J. Carrall, improvements in kitchen ranges 3040 A. V. Newton, a sacking for bedsteads 3131 W. E. Newton, improvements in drawing frames 2856 A. J. Eli and H. Sawahn, apparatus for registering distances travelled by vehicles 2864 C. A. Maugin, silvering looking-glassos 2889 T. W. Bunning, and W. Cochrane, apparatna used in getting minerals 2949 A. Welch, cattle trucks 2257 W. R. Lake, permanent way of railways 2973 J. Smith, timing ships' logs 3005 W. R. Lake, improvements in sewing machines 3095 J. H. Johnson, adhesive compound for stamps 3211 A. M. Clark, boring tools 3383 H. F. Shaw, cutters for mowing machines 3497 J. Smith and T. Eastwood, working and reversing valves of engines 3544 J. S. Robertson, improvements in horse-shoes for frosty weather 3680 F. Ellershawsen, and T. Wehle, apparatus for utilising the force of the waves 22 C. Wyndham, apparatus connected with bicycles 64 B. Brown, improvement in machinery for spinning fibrous substances 901 J. Werndl, fire arms 911 D. Foster and R. Cooke, casting of Bessemer steel hoops for the tyres of railway wheels 859 G. Davies, rotary digging machines 861 J. Johnson, textile materials 863 A. Wyley, breech-loading fire-arms, and bayonets 874 E. O. Greening, iron and continuous fencing 886 G. E. Donisthorpe, getting coal and other minerals 907 W. Crighton, preparation of fibrous materials 922 E. H. Aydon and E. Field, smelting iron and other ores 927 W. Easterbrook, railway points and signals 939 W. Bywater, drawing, spinning, twisting, and laying of hemp, fax, &c 1034 W. P. Butchart, treating and softening jute, hemp, flax, and other fibrous substances 917 G. A. Buchholz, manufacturing semolina 918 J. Howard and E. T. Bousfield, machinery for cutting and spreading grasses 1004 J. H. Barker, improvements in milling machines 891 E. W. Shirt, plane irons PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £100 HAS 770 G. Davies, improvements in wrappers or papers for needles |