trade in sponges, turtles, fish and oysters. The coral fisheries are also productive. Valuable phosphate deposits were discovered at Dunnellon in 1889 in large quantities; it is also found in other sections, and is being rapidly developed. Jacksonville has some manufactures and a large fruit and grain trade. Key West and Tampa are famous for their fine cigars.

COMMERCE is mostly domestic, though Key West, Pensacola, and Fernandina have a considerable West India and Mexican trade in lumber, fish and naval stores, phosphates and sponges. Other ports of entry are Appalachicola, St. Augustine, St. Johns, St. Marys, St. Marks, and Tampa. In the calendar year, 1896, the imports of merchandise were valued at $2,169,119; exports, $9,411,537.

TRANSPORTATION.-The principal railroads of the state are the Florida Central and Peninsular, Jacksonville, Tampa, and Key West; Florida Midland; and Plant System, with their various divisions and branches; total mileage reported, 1895, 2,962. Vestibuled trains now run from New York to Jacksonville in thirty hours. Lines of steam

ships ply regularly between the ports of this state and the northern and Gulf coast cities and Havana. There are also twelve hundred miles of river navigation on twenty streams within the state, with regular steamer routes on the principal ones.

BANKS.-There are seventeen National banks with a capital stock of $1,485,000; circulation, $358,605; deposits, $3,899,506; and twenty state banks, capital stock, $565,000; deposits, $1,238, 156.

RELIGION AND EDUCATION.-The leading denominations are the Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Episcopal. The state spends annually over $600,000 for its schools, and their efficiency is constantly increasing. The whole number enrolled is 96,775; average daily attendance, 64,138. There are State Normal schools at De Funiak Springs and Tallahassee, and private normal schools at Jasper, Orange Park, and White Springs. The State Agricultural College is at Lake City. Other colleges are John B. Stetson University at De Land; Rollins, Winter Park; Florida Conference, Leesburg; St. Leo military college, St. Leo; and the seminary west of the Suwanee river, Tallahassee. Schools for colored students are at Jacksonville, Live Oak, Ocala, Orange Park, and Tallahassee. The oldest newspaper in the state is the Floridian, established in Tallahassee in 1825. There are now (1896) 139 publications in the state, including several in the Spanish language.

GOVERNMENT, ETC.-The capital is Tallahassee. Suffrage is granted to every male person of twenty-one years who is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have declared his intention to become such, and has lived in Florida one year and in the co. six months. Since 1880 there has been an educational qualification for voters. The registration of voters is required. New ballot laws based on the Australian system were adopted in the city of Jacksonville in 1893. The legal rate of interest is eight per cent., but ten is allowed by contract. Judgments outlaw in twenty years, notes in five, and open accounts in two years. Extreme cruelty, habitual intemperance, or wilful neglect for one year, are the principal causes for divorce. Previous residence required, two years. The governor holds office for four years, and has a salary of $3,500; other state officers are appointed by the governor and senate. The legislature meets on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in April. There are thirty-two senators, chosen for four years; and sixty-eight assemblymen, for two years; legislative sessions are biennial, and limited to sixty days; members have $360 a year. There is a supreme court of a chiefjustice and two associates, with salary of $3000 each; also circuit, criminal, and co. courts, and justices of the peace. Seven circuit court judges are appointed for six years, and each holds annually two court sessions; co. court judges hold for four years. All judges are appointed by the governor and senate. Florida has two representatives in congress. The electoral votes have been cast as follows: 1848, Taylor and Fillmore, 3; 1852, Pierce and King; 1856, Buchanan and Breckenridge; 1860, Breckenridge and Lane; 1864, no vote; 1868, Grant and Colfax; 1872, Grant and Wilson; 1876, Hayes and Wheeler; 1880, Hancock and English; 1884, Cleveland and Hendricks; 1888, Cleveland and Thurman; 1892, Cleveland and Stevenson; 1896, Bryan and Sewall.

The authorized militia consists of 1,474 officers and men; actual strength (1897), 986; total available for military duty, 60,000; appropriation for 1896-7, $26,213.

FINANCES.-According to the eleventh United States Census, the state debt was $1,031,913; county debt, $334,658; municipal debt, $810,048; total combined debt, less the sinking fund, $2,176,619; debt, per capita, $5.56. In 1895 the bonded state debt was $1,232,500, of which $724,800 in bonds were held in state funds, and the assessed valuation of real, personal, railroad, and telegraph property, was $104,144,605.

POPULATION.-In 1830, 34,730; 1840, 54,477; 1860, 140,424-61,745 slave; 1880, 269,493-126,690 colored; 1890, 391,422. There are 45 cos.; for pop., 1890, see census tables, Vol. XV. The largest cities, 1890, were Jacksonville, Key West, Pensacola, St. Augustine, Gainesville, Fernandina, Tallahassee. See Fairbanks's History of Florida; Mrs. Stowe's Palmetto Leaves (Boston, 1873); Barbour's Florida (N. Y., 1884).

FLORIDA, GULF OF, the name given to the channel between Florida and the Bahamas, traversed by the Gulf Stream (q.v.). From Florida Reefs on the south to Settlement Point, the most northern of the Bahamas in the channel, is 200 miles long; greatest breadth at the southern extremity, 150 miles; at the northern extremity, 65 miles.

FLORIDA BLANCA, Don José MONINO, Count of, prime-minister under Charles III. of Spain, was born in 1728, in Murcia, where his father was a notary. Having studied

at Salamanca, he gained soon after such distinction that he was appointed Spanish ambassador to Clement XIV. of Rome. In that office, he displayed great ability, especially in the abolition of the order of Jesuits and the election of Pius VI. Grimaldi, Spanish minister of foreign affairs, on being dismissed was asked by the king to nominate a successor, and accordingly proposed Moñino. Charles followed his advice, created Monino count of Florida Blanca, and intrusted to him, besides, the department of matters of justice and mercy, as well as the superintendence of posts, highways, and public magazines. F. used this extensive authority in introducing post-coaches and good post-roads, in improving the capital, and attending to other important departments of general police, as likewise in actively promoting the arts and sciences. His effort to confirm the good understanding between Spain and Portugal by a double marriage, which would have secured the Portuguese throne to a Spanish prince, was unsuccessful. His military undertakings also, the attack upon Algiers in 1777, and the siege of Gibraltar in 1782, issued unfortunately. Before the king's death in Oct., 1788, F. presented a defense of his administration, with a request for leave to resign. The defense was accepted, but the request refused. However, under Charles IV., in 1792, F.'s enemies obtained his disgrace. Imprisoned at first in the citadel of Pampeluna, he was afterwards released, and banished to his estates. He appeared again at the meeting of the Cortes in 1808, but died Nov. 20th of the same year.

FLORIDEÆ. See CERAMIACEÆ.

FLORIDIA, a t. of Sicily, in the province of Syracuse, 7 m. w.n.w. from the city of Syracuse. It stands in a wide plain, amidst vineyards, olive-groves, and corn-fields. The houses are mostly low and small. Pop. about 10,000.

FLORID STYLE, in music, an epithet applied by modern musicians to any movement, or passage, composed in a brilliant, fanciful, rich, and embellished style.

FLORIN was the name of a gold coin first struck in Florence (q.v.) in the 13th century. It was the size of a ducat, and had on one side a lily, and on the other the head of John the Baptist. Some derive the name from the city, and others from the flower. These coins were soon imitated all over Europe. It was out of them that the German gold guldens of the middle ages and the modern guldens arose. These last are still marked by the letters Fl. The gulden or florin is the unit of account in Austria, and has a value of about 40c. Till 1875, a F. or gulden of $0.35 was the unit in the South German States. The Dutch florin or guilder is worth $0.40. The English 28. piece called florin is worth $0.50.

FLORINʼIANS, a Gnostic sect, of the 2d c., so called from a Roman priest, Florinus, who, with his fellow-presbyter, Blastus, introduced doctrines resembling those of Valentinus, into Rome in the pontificate of Eleutherius (176), and was excluded from communion by that pontiff. See GNOSTICS; VALENTINIANS.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS are those kinds of flowers which have been cultivated with peculiar care, and of which, consequently, there exist numerous varieties, differing very much in appearance from each other and from the original flower. Such are tulips, hyacinths, roses, auriculas, carnations, anemones, ranunculuses, dahlias, etc. The special cultivation of particular flowers was first prosecuted to a remarkable degree in Europe by the Dutch in the beginning of the 17th c., and from the Netherlands a passion for it extended to other countries, particularly to England and Scotland, when the religious persecutions drove many refugees to the British shores; and to this day it prevails most of all where the branches of manufacture introduced by the refugees are carried on. In the little gardens of operatives in some of the manufacturing towns may be seen many of the finest tulips and carnations in Britain. It is still, however, in Holland, and particularly at Haarlem, that this branch of gardening is carried on to the greatest extent, and it is from that quarter that the market of the world is chiefly supplied with bulbs, seeds, etc. Between Alemsei and Leyden are more than twenty acres appropriated to hyacinths alone, which succeed best in a loose sandy soil. The cultivation of roses at Noordwyll, in South Holland, is carried on in considerable fields situated in the dunes, and affords support to many families. Berlin has of late years become the seat of a flower-trade, which partially rivals that of Holland. Some flowers, as dahlias and hollyhocks, are produced in greatest perfection by American cultivators. It has been recently estimated that the daily sale of roses in New York often reaches a total of 100,000 blossoms. In 1892, a flower-market was instituted in Union Square.

In the years 1636 and 1637, an extraordinary flower-mania prevailed in Holland, chiefly with reference to tulips, in which men speculated as we have recently seen them do in railway shares. Bulbs were sold for enormous sums. For a single semper Augus tus (a tulip), 18,000 florins were once paid, and for three such together, 30,000 florins. The ownership of a bulb was often divided into shares. Men sold bulbs, which they did not possess, on condition of delivering them to the buyers within a stipulated time; and of some varieties, far more bulbs were sold than actually existed. But these extravagances soon ceased, although not till they had involved many persons in ruin.— It was not till about the year 1776 that the real flower-trade of Holland reached its greatest importance; from which time it has rather declined. New varieties of tulips and hyacinths are sometimes marked in the Haarlem catalogues at prices from 25 to 150 florins.

FLO'RUS, generally, but on insufficient evidence, called L. Annæus F., was a Roman historian who flourished in the reign of Trajan or Hadrian. Of his life we know absolutely nothing. He wrote an epitome of Roman history (Epitome de Gestis Romanorum), from the foundation of the city to the time of Augustus. This work, which is still extant, is carefully and intelligently composed, but is disfigured by an inflated and metaphorical style. Since the editio princeps-if, indeed, it be such-printed at the Sorbonne in 1471, F.'s epitome has been published times without number. The best modern editions are those of Jahn (Leip. 1852) and Halm (1854).

FLOSS SILK, that which is broken in the reeling. It is afterwards macerated in water, pressed, dried, and spun into yarn, which is useful in making the coarser kind of silk or mixed goods.

FLOTANT (Fr.), used in heraldry to express that the object is flying in the air, as a banner-flotant.

FLOTOW, FRIEDRICH VON, a noted operatic composer of Germany. Born at Teutendorf, in Mecklenburg, in 1812, he was at first intended for the diplomatic profession; but finding a musical career more congenial to him, he took lessons in composition from Reicha, in Paris. His earlier operas were refused by the managers of the Paris theaters; and his reputation was first established by his music to Le Naufrage de la Méduse, produced in 1839 at the Théâtre de la Renaissance, which was a great success. Afterwards, Flotow composed various light operas, including Le Forestier, L'Esclave de Camoëns, Alessandro Stradella, L'Ame en Peine, Martha, which attained great popularity, and Rübezahl, and Zilda, which were popular in France and in Germany, and are characterized by easy and lively dramatic action, readiness of invention, pleasing melody, and graceful instrumentation. F. was, in 1854, appointed intendant of the theater at Schwerin, and was elected a corresponding member of the French institute in 1864. He d. 1883.

FLOTSAM. Wreck, in the legal acceptation of the word, is goods which, having been scattered by a shipwreck, have floated to land. From goods in the position of wreck are distinguished those known to the law of England by the uncouth expressions flotsam, jetsam, and ligan. The first is where the goods continue floating on the surface of the waves; the second is where, being cast into the sea, they sink and remain under water; the third is where they are sunk in the sea, but are tied to a cork, bladder, or buoy, in order that they may be recovered. If no owner appears to claim them, goods in these various positions go to the crown, so that by a royal grant to a man of wrecks, things flotsam, jetsam, or ligan will not pass. See JETSAM, and JETTISON, an important term in the law-merchant, from which jetsam must be carefully distinguished.

The usually accepted distinction between F. and Jetsam (q.v.) is that F. is applied to such goods as are cast out of a vessel by the force of the wind or sea, while Jetsam is the term given to goods intentionally thrown overboard. As to third parties the law makes no distinction. Goods abandoned to the winds and waves are termed derelict, and any person who can save them may do so without being requested, and can recover from one-half to seven-eighths their value for his services.

FLÖTZ (Ger. level), the name given by Werner to the secondary rocks of Lehmann, because, in the district in which he examined them, they were horizontal. He arranged the rocks which form the solid crust of the earth into four classes. 1. The primitive beds without organic remains, such as granite and gneiss; 2. The transition strata, which, from their more or less metamorphic condition, were related to the primitive rocks on the one side, and from their few contained organisms, to the F. on the other; 3. The F. containing all the sedimentary rocks, from the coal-measures up to and including the chalk; and 4. The newer strata, which he called the "overflowed land" or alluvium. When the followers of Werner found that the horizontal position of the F. was a local accident, they abandoned the term, and restored Lehmann's title of sec ondary.

FLOUNDER, Platessa, a genus of fishes, of the flat-fish family (pleuronectida), having one row of cutting teeth in each jaw, and generally pavement-like teeth on the pharynx; the dorsal and anal fins extending nearly the whole length of the body, the dorsal not coming further forward than the center of the upper eye; the tail-fin distinctly separated both from the dorsal and the anal. To this genus belong the plaice, flounder, dab, etc., of the British shores. The species generally known as the F. (P. flesus) is very common, not only on the British shores, but on those of most parts of Europe. Its Swedish name is flundra. Its Scottish name is fleuk or fluke, a name which, with additions, is extended to many other kinds of flat-fish. The F. is often a foot or more in length. Its greatest breadth, without the fins, is about one third of the whole length, rather less than that of the plaice. It is easily distinguished from the plaice by a row of small tubercles on each side of the lateral line.

FLOUR is a popular name given to the finer portions of meal or pulverized grain. Thus, flour, or wheat-flour, is the fine part of ground wheat; pea flour, of pease, etc. See BREAD.

FLOUR. See MILL.

Flour.

FLOUR, ST., a small t. of France, in the department of Cantal, is finely situated on a steep basaltic plateau at an elevation of 3,000 ft., 34 m. e.n.e. of Aurillac. It is entirely built of lava and basalt. It has an exchange, a college, and a seminary. The principal building is the cathedral. A suburb lies at the foot of the rock, and communicates with the town by a winding road cut in the rock. F. has manufactures of earthenware, coarse cloth, and table-linen. Pop. '91, 5308.

FLOURENS, GUSTAVE, 1838–71; a French socialist. In 1863 he gave at the college of France a series of lectures on the history of mankind. His theories as to the manifold origin of the human race gave offense to the clergy, and he was precluded from delivering a second course. He then repaired to Brussels, where he published his lectures under the title of Science de l'Homme; he next visited Constantinople and Athens, took part in the Cretan insurrection of 1866, spent some time in Italy, where an article of his in the Popolo d'Italia caused his arrest and imprisonment; and finally, having returned to France, he nearly lost his life in a duel with Paul de Cassagnac, editor of the Pays. In Paris he devoted his pen to the cause of republicanism, and at length, having failed in an attempt to organize a revolution at Belleville (Feb. 7, 1870), found himself compelled to flee from France. Returning to Paris on the downfall of Napoleon, he soon placed himself at the head of a body of 500 tirailleurs. On account of his insurrectionary proceedings he was taken prisoner at Creteil, near Vincennes, by the provincial government, and confined at Mazas, Dec. 7, 1870, but was released by his men on the night of Jan. 21-2. Mar. 18, he joined the communists. As colonel of the 19th and 20th arrondissements, he took part in an attack on Versailles, and early in the morning of the 3d of April was killed in a hand-to-hand conflict at Rueil, near Malmaison.

FLOURENS, MARIE JEAN PIERRE, a celebrated French physiologist, who was b. in 1794, at Maureilhan, Hérault. After having obtained his degree of doctor of medicine at Montpellier, at the early age of 19, he proceeded to Paris, where he soon became acquainted with the Cuviers, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and other eminent naturalists. For more than 40 years, F. was a voluminous writer on human and comparative anatomy and physiology, on natural history, and on various special departments of the history of the natural and physical sciences. Among his most important works we may mention his Recherches Expérimentales sur les Propriétés et les Fonctions du Système Nerveux dans les Animaux Vertèbres (1824); with a supplementary volume, entitled Expériences sur le Système Nerveux (1825); Recherches sur le Développement des Os et des Dents (1845); Anatomie Générale de la Peau et des Membranes Muqueuses (1843)—a work tending to demonstrate the unity of the human race, by showing that there are no essential differences between the structure of the skin in the negro and the European-and his Théorie Expérimentale de la Formation des Os (1847), perhaps the most celebrated of his works. Among his smaller and popular works, are his Analyse Raisonnée des Travaux de Georges Cuvier (1841); Buffon, Histoire de ses Idées et de ses Travaux (1844); De l'Instinct et de l'Intelligence des Animaux (1841); Examen de la Phrenologie (1842); Histoire de la Découverte de la Circula tion du Sang (1854); De la Longévité Humaine, et de la Quantité de Vie sur le Globe (1854); and his Eloges Historiques-a beautifully written series of scientific biographies.

As early as 1821, F. delivered a course of lectures on "The Physiological Theory of Sensations," and presented some of his first scientific contributions to the academy of sciences, into which body he was admitted as a member in 1828. About this date he was appointed assistant to Cuvier: and in 1832, he succeeded to the full duties of the professorship of natural history in the Jardin du Roi. In 1833, he succeeded Dulong as perpetual secretary of the academy of sciences-an office which he continued to discharge until his death; and in 1840, the French academy elected him a member. He was made a peer of France by Louis Philippe in 1846, and was appointed professor in the collége de France in 1855. He died at Montgeron, near Paris, Dec. 5, 1867.

FLOUR MANUFACTURE, NEW PROCESS OF, is a way of making flour so as to retain that portion of the wheat which by the old methods is eliminated in the form of "middlings." This part of the grain being very nutritious, its retention enhances the value of the new flour and increases its quantity by over 8 per cent. The "new process" has been extensively introduced in the great flour-mills of this country. The grinding is done at a comparatively low rate of speed, and the result is obtained by boltingcloths of a peculiar sort. It is unfortunate that the " new process" has thus far been successfully applied only to spring wheat.

FLOUR, SELF-RAISING, is flour in which has been incorporated, by the process of sifting, a yeast-powder, compressed in proper chemical proportions, of bicarbonate of soda and tartaric acid, or its compound with potassa, the bitartrate of potassa, or creamtartar. Flour thus prepared, after receiving the proper quantity of salt, and being mixed with a due proportion of water or milk, yields carbonic acid gas, under the influence of which the dough becomes porous, when it is ready to be put into the oven and baked. The yeast-powder is sold in bottles or in cans, in quantities suited to family use. As tartaric acid yields no nutritive property, the use of acid phosphate of lime in the form of powder has been introduced in its stead, upon the theory, suggested by prof. Horsford, that it restores to the flour the phosphates of the wheat which were removed with the bran. Liebig commends this process. The great convenience of this

way of making bread is its chief recommendation; the dough may be baked at once, whereas the process of fermentation consumes several hours. As the constituents of the yeast-powder do not act upon each other in the absence of water, it may be mixed in the flour beforehand, and flour thus prepared is extensively sold in the United States under the name of "self-raising flour." The same process may be applied to a mixture of rye and wheat flour, and also to oat or corn meal. See BAKING POWDER.

FLOWER, or BLOSSOM, that part of a phanerogamous plant in which the organs of reproduction (stamens and pistils) are situated, and which consists essentially of a single group of these, generally surrounded by floral envelopes (the calyx and corolla). Both the organs of reproduction and the floral envelopes are metamorphosed leaves, and arise in successive whorls from a much shortened axis, called the thalamus (Gr., a nuptialbed), or torus (Lat., a couch). Flowers are sometimes closely attached to the stem or branch from which they grow, and are then said to be sessile (Lat., sitting); but sometimes there intervenes a flower-stalk or peduncle, either simple or branched. The whole assemblage of flowers of a plant is called its inflorescence (q.v.), and the different kinds of inflorescence, or modes in which the flowers are produced and grouped, are often as characteristic as the diversities in the flowers themselves, although the latter are in general more important with reference to botanical affinities.

In the very large natural order composite, many small flowers are congregated on a common receptacle, and surrounded with bracts in the form of an involucre, as a single flower is surrounded by its calyx. The head of flowers is in this case popularly called a flower; and the individual flowers of which it is composed are by botanists styled florets. This term is also applied to the individual flowers in the spikelets of the grasses (q.v.), of which the glumes are a common involucre.

The order of the whorls in flowers is invariable: the calyx (q.v.) is always exterior to the corolla (q.v.); within the corolla are the stamens (q.v.), or male organs of reproduction; and in the center of all is the pistil (q.v.), the female organ of reproduction. An outer calyx, or whorl of metamorphosed leaves, exterior to the calyx, and usually smaller, is found in some flowers, as mallows, and is called the epicalyx. Within the corolla, there is sometimes an additional or supplementary corolla, called the corona (q.v.), coronet, or crown. When the calyx and corolla are not easily distinguishable, the term perianth (q.v.), or perigone, is employed, as in the lily, crocus, iris, and the greater number of endogenous plants, although even in these there are really two whorls closely united. In some flowers, there are several whorls of leaves forming one or each of the floral envelopes; and in like manner, some have several whorls of stamens, and sometimes there are several whorls of the carpels which form the pistil. In some flowers, certain whorls are entirely wanting; and thus not a few exogenous plants are destitute of the corolla, which is sometimes the case with plants-exceptional apetalous speciesvery nearly allied to others that have it. It is by a similar abortion of a whorl that flowers become unisexual. Both stamens and pistils are generally present in the same flower, which is called a hermaphrodite or perfect flower; but many flowers contain only the male organs of reproduction, and many contain only the female organs, and such flowers are described as unisexual, diclinous (q. v.), or imperfect; and respectively as male or staminiferous, and female or pistilliferous flowers. Male flowers are also called barren or sterile, and female flowers fertile, although their fertility depends on the communication of pollen from the staminiferous flowers. When both male and female flowers are produced on one plant, the species is said to be monacious (Gr., having one house); but when they are on separate plants, it is diacious (Gr., having two houses); those which produce male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers are called polygamous. Sometimes both stamens and pistils are wanting, and the flower is then said to be neuter or empty, as in the case of the florets of the ray in many composite flowers. Sometimes, on the contrary, both calyx and corolla are wanting, and then the flower is said to be naked or achlamydeous (Gr., without covering), as flowers having only one floral envelope are called monochlamydeous, and flowers having both calyx and corolla are called dichlamydeous. Achlamydeous flowers are often grouped in some peculiar manner, and protected by bracts or by a spathe.

Flowers are always regular in their rudimental state-whorls of elevated points or papilla; some of these, however, are not unfrequently abortive, whilst more frequently, some acquire a greater development than others of the same whorl, making the whorl and the flower irregular; and greater varieties of form are common in the metamorphosed leaves which compose the flower than in true leaves themselves. The internodes, or portions of the axis between the whorls, are sometimes also peculiarly developed into disk (q.v.), gynophore, etc. The different whorls often differ in their aestivation (q.v.). But a beautiful symmetry may generally be traced in the arrangement of the parts of flowers, the whorls consisting of the same number of parts, and the parts of each whorl being placed opposite to the spaces of the whorl exterior to it; and this symmetrical plan of the flower remains manifest even when there is abortion or extraordinary devel opment of particular parts. The number of parts in the pistil is, however, often smaller than in the exterior whorls; and sometimes particular parts appear to be divided, and so apparently multiplied, as the long stamens of the cruciferæ, each pair of which is to be