Ore Banks One-Half Mile East of Muirkirk [233].—There are two small banks one-half mile east of Muirkirk, 25 by 75 feet and 10 by 40 feet respectively, concerning which no details were obtained.

Duvall Ore Banks [234].—Three-quarters of a mile southeast of Muirkirk is a tract of old workings over 300 yards long and 200 yards wide, on Mrs. C. P. Duvall's property, which have been worked for years. Work was done here in the winter of 1910 by tunneling into the old openings.

Milbrook Ore Bank [235].-One mile east of Muirkirk is a three-acre opening, filled with water, belonging to Mr. John Milbrook. On the east side of it is a small opening made by Mr. Milbrook in the spring of 1910 from which he obtained 50 tons of ore. The old bank was worked in 1863 by Carl Milbrook for George Burroughs, and later for Mr. Charles E. Coffin, for the furnace at Muirkirk. The ore was a good grade of limonite occurring in nodules weighing as much as several tons each. The overburden was about six feet.

Friel Ore Bank [236].-One mile southeast of Muirkirk is an opening 300 by 100 feet filled with water, which was worked until about 1880 by Pat. Friel and Carl Milbrook for Mr. Charles E. Coffin, who leased the ore rights from Miss Tyson.

Tyson Ore Banks [237].-A mile and a quarter southeast of Muirkirk, near the head of Beaverdam Creek, on Miss Tyson's place, are five large ore banks, besides a number of smaller ones. On the west side of the creek is an opening 600 by 200 feet, and south of it another of irregular shape about 100 yards in diameter. On the east side are three openings. Near the road is a narrow one about 100 yards long; a hundred yards south of this is one 600 by 200 feet, and to the southeast, a third, 200 by 150 feet. Many of the smaller holes were made in the spring of 1910, when the work was done on a royalty of 40c. per ton. When these banks were formerly worked on a large scale, the property was leased by the owners of the furnace at Muirkirk, and worked for them.

Green Ore Banks [238].-On a Mr. Green's property, a mile and a half southeast of Muirkirk, is an old opening 150 by 100 feet, and several smaller ones. These were worked again in the spring and winter of 1910 by Mr. Green by means of tunnels and shafts. The ore occurs in gray clay containing a great deal of lignitized wood. The nodules tend to coalesce into bands, the interiors of which are usually carbonate ore, and the exterior weathered to limonite.

Ashland Ore Bank [239].—A quarter of a mile south of the Green Ore Bank is a large bank 300 by 200 feet and 30 feet deep, known as the Ashland Bank. It has not been worked for some years.

John Sadilek Ore Banks [240].-Two miles and a half east of Muirkirk are two ore banks belonging to Mr. John Sadilek. The one north of his house is an old bank. The other, about one hundred yards west of his house, he opened in the winter of 1910, and mined about 70 tons of ore. The ore is both "white ore" and limonite, the former with a limonite shell. The ore bearing clay here comes to the surface, so that there is practically no overburden.

Joseph Sadilek Ore Bank [241].-On property now owned by Mr. John Sadilek, and a quarter of a mile southwest of his banks, is a bank about 50 feet in diameter, which was worked by Joseph Sadilek in the winters of 1882 to 1885, producing a little over 100 tons of ore.

Haker Ore Bank [242].-Three miles southeast of Muirkirk, Henry Haker worked a bank on his place for a year, about seventeen years ago. As the ore was of too low grade the bank was soon abandoned, and is now nearly filled in.

Swampoodle Ore Banks [243].-Two miles east of Beltsville, on property now owned by Mr. George Donaldson and Mr. Charles E. Coffin, is an area about three-quarters of a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide, known as "Swampoodle," in which there are a number of very large openings, besides many smaller ones, giving evidence of large scale operations at one time. These banks were worked from very early times until about six years ago.

Donaldson Ore Banks [244].-A quarter of a mile west of the Swampoodle Ore Banks, on Mr. George Donaldson's property, is an opening about 200 feet in diameter, with several smaller openings nearby, which he worked for about fifteen years until six years ago. At first he shipped the ore to the Stickney furnaces in Baltimore, receiving $4.00 per ton on the cars at Beltsville. At that time he employed from twelve to fourteen men and from two to six carts, and said he could calculate on one ton of ore per man daily. Later the ore was sent to Muirkirk.

Mason Ore Banks [245].-A quarter of a mile south of the Donaldson Ore Banks are two other ore banks, which were worked extensively until about twenty years ago, first by R. B. Mason, and later by Mr. George Donaldson, and the ore shipped to Baltimore furnaces. On the east side of the secondary road is an irregular shaped opening 400 by 100 feet, and on the west side one 700 by 200 feet filled with water.

A quarter of a mile southeast of here, on the south side of the county road, is a small shallow opening 100 by 10 feet, which is so old as to be scarcely noticeable. There was apparently never anything more than a little gouging done here.

Jones Ore Bank [246].-Two miles west of Bowie, Luther D. Jones worked a bank on his place about twenty years ago. It is a small opening along the road about 150 feet long, and extending back twenty-five feet. Several pieces of limonite are still scattered about, resembling the "shell ore" formed by weathering of carbonate nodules. Though this locality is some distance east of the Arundel outcrops, the ore is of the same type; and this and the locality next described, which is also outside of the Arundel area, may be classed with these ores.

Hedgman Ore Banks [247].-Two and a quarter miles east of Branchville are two small openings, belonging to Mr. J. N. S. Hedgman. One is 70 by 30 feet, and the other east of it 50 by 30 feet. No further information was obtained in regard to these, and no ore was visible.

Buck Ore Bank [248].-A half mile north of Branchville is a bank 100 by 50 feet in area, on the property of Mr. M. H. Buck. No ore is now visible and the sides consist of sand and gravel. No further details were obtained regarding this opening.

Skaggs Ore Bank [249].-A quarter of a mile southeast of Branchville is a bank worked until about twenty-five years ago by Geo. L. Skaggs and Robert Burgess, on land belonging to Mr. Thomas Walker. This bank is 120 by 75 feet, and 11 feet deep. It is mentioned in the Tenth Census Report,1 when the output was 50 tons per week and was sent to Baltimore furnaces. A sample of the ore showed 40.85 per cent. Fe and .060 per cent. P. The ore occurs in a stiff bluish clay, in the lower portion of which are nodules composed wholly of "white ore," and in the upper portion nodules of "white ore" with limonite shells. Above the ore-bearing clay is a thin layer of ferruginous gravel and clay, and above this about two feet of sandy loam.

Reed Ore Bank [250].-A quarter mile east of Branchville is an opening 100 by 25 feet which was worked about twenty-five years ago.

THE HEMATITES.

THE RED HEMATITES OF ALLEGANY COUNTY.

The red hematites of the Appalachian area occur in the Clinton formation and are generally called the Clinton ores. These ores are widely distributed throughout the eastern United States, being practically co-extensive with the Clinton formation.

In New York State, they occur in a belt extending from the eastern-central part of the State to the Niagara River. They again become prominent in central and south-central Pennsylvania, from where they extend into Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. They are also well developed in eastern Tennessee, the northwest corner of Georgia and in northeastern Alabama. Besides these ex

1 Tenth Census, 1880, Vol. XV, p. 248.

tensive occurrences, they are found in eastern Wisconsin and in southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. All of these deposits have been worked to some extent but the most extensive work has been done in the Birmingham district of Alabama, where the ores attain their highest economic development.

Distribution of the Clinton Formation in Maryland.

With the exception of two small outcrops in Washington County, west of Hancock, which are of no economic importance, the Clinton rocks are confined in Maryland to Allegany County. They are exposed in narrow belts flanking three anticlinal folds forming Wills, Tussey and Evitts mountains.

WILLS MOUNTAIN AREA.-The westernmost area of exposure of these rocks is on the flanks of the hills of the Wills Mountain anticline which extends across Allegany County in a N. 30° E. direction just west of Cumberland. On account of a pitch to the south of the fold, the two belts of outcrop coalesce at Cresaptown and extend southward as one belt. The character of the fold corresponds to the usual Appalachian structure, being overturned to the west. Hence the outcrop on the west is much narrower than on the east side. The width of the western belt is about 200 yards and of the eastern 400 yards. The length of the outcrop in this area is about twenty-four miles.

EVITTS MOUNTAIN AREA.-The Evitts Mountain area lies about five miles east of the Wills Mountain. The outcrops in this area also conform to the general Appalachian direction of N. 30° E. The two belts of outcrops coalesce 211⁄2 miles south of the Pennsylvania line and extend only two miles beyond this, so that the area of outcrop in Maryland is considerably smaller than that along Wills Mountain. The overturn to the west makes the average width of the outcrops about the same as in the belt to the west. The length of the outcrops is about nine miles.

TUSSEY MOUNTAIN AREA.-Four miles east of the Evitts Mountain area is the Tussey Mountain area. Again the characteristic